Wikipedia

List of countries by government debt

This is a list of countries by government debt. Gross government debt is government financial liabilities that are debt instruments.[1]: 81  A debt instrument is a financial claim that requires payment of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor in the future. Examples include debt securities (such as bonds and bills), loans, and government employee pension obligations.[1]: 207  Net debt equals gross debt minus financial assets that are debt instruments.[1]: 208, s7.243  Net debt estimates are not always available since some government assets are difficult to value, such as loans made at concessional rates.[1]: 208–209, s7.246 

100% or more, 75%–100%, 50%–75%, 25%–50%, less than 25%, no data. Total (gross) government debt as a percent of GDP by IMF in 2024.
General government debt in OECD (% of GDP)

Changes in government debt over time reflect primarily borrowing due to past government deficits.[2] A deficit occurs when a government's expenditures exceed revenues.[3][1]: 79–82 

In the list below, government debt is measured for the general government sector because the level of government responsible for programs (for example, health care) differs across countries, and the general government comprises central, state, provincial, regional, and local governments, and social security funds.[1]: 18, s2.58, s2.59 

To make the numbers comparable across countries of different size, government debt is measured as a percentage of a country's gross domestic product (GDP). For context on the magnitude of the debt numbers, European Union member countries have an agreement, the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP), to maintain a general government gross debt of no more than 60% of GDP.[4] The aim of the SGP is to prevent excessive debt burdens.[5]

Government debt as a percentage of GDP

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Main article: Debt-to-GDP ratio

When data is not available, numbers are International Monetary Fund (IMF) staff estimates.

General government debt as a % of GDP
Country and region General government

gross debt 2024[6]

Gross debt[7]
2022 		Net debt[8]
2021
  Afghanistan - -
  Albania 58 67.581 64.1
  Algeria 46.4 52.397 51.9
  Andorra 34.7 38.788
  Angola 70.3 67.050
  Antigua and Barbuda 76.4 90.562
  Argentina 86.2 84.466
  Armenia 53.1 49.273
  Aruba 76.2 92.004
  Australia 49.6 55.702 34.6
  Austria 75.4 77.786 60.6
  Azerbaijan 18.3 20.675
  Bahamas 84 89.414
  Bahrain 126.7 117.587
  Bangladesh 41.4 39.088
  Barbados 107.5 120.781 134.3
  Belarus 48.6 39.753
  Belgium 105 105.270 93.7
  Belize 62.9 64.141
  Benin 53.4 52.386
  Bhutan 111.4 124.795
  Bolivia 86.7 82.616 70.6
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 29.7 29.556 22.0
  Botswana 17.9 19.949 14.2
  Brazil 86.7 85.906 57.2
  Brunei Darussalam 2.3 2.063
  Bulgaria 23.4 21.844 13.7
  Burkina Faso 63.3 54.309
  Burundi 72.2 68.300
  Cape Verde 112.2 127.407 130.5
  Cambodia 26.4 36.533
  Cameroon 39.2 46.432 44.1
  Canada 104.7 106.590 31.6
  Central African Republic 55.6 50.687
  Chad 32.3 50.367
  Chile 40.5 37.977 20.1
  China 88.6 77.097
  Colombia 54.4 63.626 56.8
  Comoros 35.5 29.064
  Democratic Republic of the Congo 11.1 14.580
  Republic of the Congo 94.6 99.565
  Costa Rica 60.6 63.768
  Côte d'Ivoire 57.7 56.750
  Croatia 59.5 67.535
  Cuba - -
  Cyprus 70.7 86.501 51.0
  Czech Republic 45.1 42.349 26.4
  Denmark 29.2 29.658 11.0
  Djibouti 56.5 40.614 45.8
  Dominica 98.7 104.788
  Dominican Republic 59.5 58.919 49.3
  Ecuador 56.5 57.303
  Egypt 96.4 88.534 84.5
  El Salvador 84.4 77.236
  Equatorial Guinea 37.7 27.147 29.7
  Eritrea - 163.769
  Estonia 23 17.160 4.4
  Eswatini 37.2 45.353 38.0
  Ethiopia 30.5 46.372 49.6
  Fiji 81.1 92.802 82.2
  Finland 81.4 74.807 34.1
  France 111.6 111.063 101.1
  Gabon 73.1 55.054
  Gambia 64.3 83.952
  Georgia (country) 38.8 39.772
  Germany 63.7 66.535 47.0
  Ghana 83.6 88.767 77.3
  Greece 159 177.434
  Grenada 61.2 64.508
  Guatemala 27.6 30.127
  Guinea 35.1 33.404
  Guinea-Bissau 76.5 79.529
  Guyana 31.2 27.809 38.4
  Haiti 14.9 25.010
  Honduras 44.6 50.022
  Hong Kong SAR 9 4.255
  Hungary 73.5 76.351 69.8
  Iceland 58.7 68.726 59.5
  India 82.5 83.126
  Indonesia 39.3 39.934 37.9
  Iran 25.5 34.006 36.1
  Iraq 48.2 43.300
  Ireland 41.2 45.190 50.4
  Israel 67.3 60.931 65.1
  Italy 136.9 144.696 138.3
  Jamaica 67.5 84.124
  Japan 251.2 261.289 168.1
  Jordan 91.4 89.425 91.8
  Kazakhstan 24.2 23.497 -3.3
  Kenya 73 67.936 62.6
  Kiribati 9.9 15.214
  South Korea 56.6 54.331 20.9
  North Korea - -
  Kosovo 18.4 19.319
  Kuwait 7.1 2.923
  Kyrgyz Republic 47.2 53.528
  Laos 115.5 128.514
  Latvia 43.2 41.609 34.5
  Lebanon - -
  Lesotho 63.2 57.907 17.5
  Liberia 56.5 55.366 48.6
  Libya - -
  Lithuania 36.2 39.561 39.8
  Luxembourg 28 24.305 -10.8
  Macau 0 0.000
  Madagascar 56.1 56.989
  Malawi 74.9 70.139
  Malaysia 66.4 66.265
  Maldives 121.1 114.943
  Mali 55.1 53.218 44.8
  Malta 53.6 55.829 46.2
  Marshall Islands 17.3 21.196
  Mauritania 48.5 47.740 48.6
  Mauritius 81 80.869
  Mexico 55.6 56.029 49.9
  Micronesia 10.6 14.026
  Moldova 37.3 33.523
  Mongolia 47.9 82.427
  Montenegro 62.3 71.231
  Morocco 70.4 68.788 68.4
  Mozambique 96.9 104.516
  Myanmar 58.5 63.896
  Namibia 65.4 71.278 70.8
  Nauru 23.4 24.265
    Nepal 43 43.830
  Netherlands 47.7 48.507 42.8
  New Zealand 47.4 52.792 14.5
  Nicaragua 39.2 45.956
  Niger 48.9 51.076 45.0
  Nigeria 46.6 38.017 36.2
  North Macedonia 54.6 51.799 52.3
  Norway 38 39.603 -86.7
  Oman 35.4 40.148 25.5
  Pakistan 71.8 75.753 67.4
  Palau 80 -
  Panama 54.1 54.892 40.8
  Papua New Guinea 52.1 49.193
  Paraguay 43.1 40.870 33.4
  Peru 33 33.373 19.2
  Philippines 56.9 57.520
  Poland 55.1 49.577 40.8
  Portugal 94.7 116.048 120.1
  Puerto Rico 17.2 16.312
  Qatar 37.3 45.308
  Romania 53 48.728 42.3
  Russia 20.8 19.597
  Rwanda 69.9 64.425
  Saint Kitts and Nevis 51.7 64.752
  Saint Lucia 75.8 83.484
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 87.5 86.799
  Samoa 29.1 43.727
  San Marino 68.7 81.166
  São Tomé and Príncipe 42.6 58.099
  Saudi Arabia 27.5 22.573 17.7
  Senegal 72.5 74.970
  Serbia 49.1 53.539 52.6
  Seychelles 58.3 63.427 62.4
  Sierra Leone 69.7 98.848
  Singapore 175.2 134.159
  Slovakia 59.3 58.821 51.3
  Slovenia 67.5 70.245 49.5
  Solomon Islands 19.8 16.853 7.3
  Somalia - - -
  South Africa 75.4 71.016 63.2
  South Sudan 48.3 39.639 64.6
  Spain 106.3 111.978 102.8
  Sri Lanka - 117.661 -
  Sudan 344.4 127.552 -
  Suriname 87.9 123.158 -
  Sweden 36 31.686 8.5
   Switzerland 36.7 39.122 21.6
  Syria - - -
  Taiwan 22.5 27.465 26.5
  Tajikistan 30.8 34.631 -
  Tanzania 46.1 41.622 -
  Thailand 64.5 60.542 -
  Timor-Leste 14.2 7.490 -
  Togo 68.3 68.037 -
  Tonga 43.8 46.581
  Trinidad and Tobago 56 53.750 11.5
  Tunisia 78.6 79.364
  Turkey 29.5 31.178 33.8
  Turkmenistan 4.7 5.186
  Tuvalu 7 7.587
  Uganda 49.7 50.834
  Ukraine 95.6 81.693
  United Arab Emirates 30.3 29.958
  United Kingdom 101.8 102.636 84.3
  United States 121 121.683 99.6
  Uruguay 61.9 61.000 54.7
  Uzbekistan 36 34.295
  Vanuatu 44 45.752
  Venezuela - 157.809
  Vietnam 33.5 37.091
  Palestinian territories - 59.776
  Yemen 81.4 73.531 69.3
  Zambia - - 117.5
  Zimbabwe 98.5 92.824

Public debt per capita

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The figures here are represented per capita.

Country (PPP) [9][10][11] (Forex) [9][10][12] Year
  Japan * $102,503 $91,768 2017
  Singapore * $97,852 $60,016 2017
  Qatar * $77,278 $37,990 2017
  Greece * $50,562 $33,905 2017
  Italy * $49,060 $41,056 2017
  Ireland * $47,822 $44,871 2017
  Belgium * $47,291 $44,119 2017
  United States * $46,645 $46,645 2017
  Canada * $44,348 $41,323 2017
  Bahrain * $43,659 $21,673 2017
  France * $41,040 $37,189 2017
  Austria * $39,419 $37,310 2017
  United Kingdom * $39,311 $35,320 2017
  Portugal * $38,127 $26,462 2017
  Bermuda * $37,015 $37,015 2016
  Spain * $35,466 $26,210 2017
  Germany * $33,349 $29,394 2017
  Aruba * $30,674 $19,918 2016
  Netherlands * $30,452 $27,415 2017
  Barbados * $28,001 $26,777 2017
  Finland * $27,111 $27,986 2017
  Switzerland * $26,367 $34,225 2017
  Norway * $25,900 $27,095 2017
  Cyprus * $25,047 $17,103 2017
  Slovenia * $24,939 $17,110 2017
  Luxembourg * $23,582 $23,742 2017
  Israel * $22,922 $25,351 2017
  Malta * $21,746 $14,204 2017
  Antigua and Barbuda * $21,709 $13,796 2017
  Australia * $21,695 $23,990 2017
  Hungary * $21,693 $10,427 2017
  Lebanon * $21,238 $13,039 2017
  Iceland * $21,169 $28,505 2017
  Sweden * $21,048 $21,763 2017
  Kuwait * $20,462 $8,525 2017
  Puerto Rico * $20,360 $16,320 2017
  Bahamas * $19,796 $19,960 2017
  Oman * $19,326 $7,196 2017
  U.S. Virgin Islands * $19,292 $25,819 2017
  Croatia * $18,601 $9,976 2017
  Seychelles * $18,482 $10,068 2017
  Saint Kitts and Nevis * $18,363 $11,420 2017
  Taiwan * $18,027 $8,682 2017
  Denmark * $17,487 $19,784 2017
  Slovakia * $16,798 $8,970 2017
  Andorra * $15,915 $12,973 2016
  Malaysia * $15,873 $5,313 2017
  South Korea * $15,633 $11,830 2017
  Uruguay * $15,241 $11,540 2017
  Poland * $14,829 $6,912 2017
  Equatorial Guinea * $14,783 $5,858 2017
  Trinidad and Tobago * $14,735 $7,834 2017
  San Marino * $14,726 $11,722 2017
  United Arab Emirates * $14,133 $7,769 2017
  Faroe Islands * $13,728 $18,969 2015
  Mauritius * $13,262 $6,253 2017
  New Zealand * $13,180 $14,045 2017
  Brazil * $13,064 $8,265 2017
  Lithuania * $13,000 $6,717 2017
  Egypt * $12,474 $2,450 2017
  Czech Republic * $12,206 $7,007 2017
  Montenegro * $12,122 $5,234 2017
  Argentina * $11,884 $8,217 2017
  Mongolia * $11,701 $3,281 2017
  Maldives * $11,236 $7,335 2017
  Saint Lucia * $10,859 $7,202 2017
  Gabon * $10,847 $4,418 2017
  Mexico * $10,618 $4,962 2017
  Panama * $10,353 $6,150 2017
  Grenada * $10,252 $7,021 2017
  Nauru * $10,235 $7,293 2017
  Latvia * $10,194 $5,724 2017
  Suriname * $10,069 $3,963 2017
  Belarus * $10,055 $3,051 2017
  Bhutan * $9,993 $3,336 2017
  Sri Lanka * $9,663 $3,060 2017
  Iraq * $9,644 $2,858 2017
  Jamaica * $9,360 $5,305 2017
  Serbia * $9,333 $3,658 2017
  Azerbaijan * $9,273 $2,190 2017
  Saudi Arabia * $9,226 $3,569 2017
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * $9,167 $5,688 2017
  Dominica * $8,747 $6,223 2017
  Albania * $8,457 $3,070 2017
  Tunisia * $8,406 $2,439 2017
  Cape Verde * $8,360 $3,931 2017
  Romania * $8,291 $3,634 2017
  Belize * $8,257 $4,757 2017
  Costa Rica * $8,230 $5,713 2017
  Jordan * $8,161 $3,680 2017
  China * $7,878 $4,077 2017
  Iran * $7,802 $2,049 2017
  Guam * $7,631 $7,631 2017
  Turkey * $7,613 $2,966 2017
  Congo * $7,594 $2,253 2017
  Thailand * $7,548 $2,781 2017
  South Africa * $7,342 $3,343 2017
  Colombia * $7,298 $3,225 2017
  Curaçao * $6,912 $12,375 2014
  Dominican Republic * $6,249 $2,748 2017
  Ukraine * $5,970 $1,811 2017
  Chile * $5,952 $3,647 2017
  Cuba * $5,879 $4,024 2017
  North Macedonia * $5,755 $2,109 2017
  Morocco * $5,665 $2,074 2017
  El Salvador * $5,615 $2,723 2017
  Turkmenistan * $5,519 $2,019 2017
  Greenland * $5,437 $5,005 2016
  Ecuador * $5,311 $2,870 2017
  Kazakhstan * $5,311 $1,769 2017
  Gibraltar * $5,203 $5,203 2014
  India * $5,202 $1,429 2017
  Bulgaria * $5,198 $1,928 2017
  Sudan * $5,003 $1,292 2017
  Armenia * $4,990 $2,032 2017
  Venezuela * $4,684 $2,579 2017
  Bosnia and Herzegovina * $4,600 $1,864 2017
  Fiji * $4,555 $2,582 2017
  Guyana * $4,441 $2,510 2017
  Russia * $4,380 $1,721 2017
  Mauritania * $4,347 $1,241 2017
  Laos * $4,338 $1,492 2017
  Namibia * $4,337 $2,159 2017
  Algeria * $4,159 $1,106 2017
  Angola * $4,145 $2,709 2017
  Vietnam * $3,911 $1,329 2017
  Georgia * $3,632 $1,382 2017
  Bolivia * $3,628 $1,637 2017
  Indonesia * $3,562 $1,112 2017
  Peru * $3,488 $1,737 2017
  Ghana * $3,424 $1,201 2017
  Pakistan * $3,420 $983 2017
  Philippines * $3,305 $1,182 2017
  Eswatini * $3,030 $1,154 2017
  Estonia * $3,013 $1,878 2017
  São Tomé and Príncipe * $2,966 $1,699 2017
  Palau * $2,957 $3,271 2017
  Samoa * $2,773 $2,051 2017
  Tonga * $2,666 $2,053 2017
  Zambia * $2,645 $986 2017
  Paraguay * $2,468 $1,081 2017
  Syria * $2,450 $1,199 2016
  Botswana * $2,428 $1,082 2017
  Gambia * $2,336 $623 2017
  Kyrgyzstan * $2,216 $724 2017
  Kosovo * $2,178 $788 2017
  Moldova * $2,173 $876 2017
  Brunei * $2,105 $754 2017
  Eritrea * $2,066 $1,277 2017
  Guatemala * $2,057 $1,126 2017
  Anguilla * $2,024 $2,024 2013
  Zimbabwe * $2,010 $1,035 2017
  Burma * $1,992 $406 2017
  Nicaragua * $1,992 $756 2017
  Honduras * $1,992 $988 2017
  Yemen * $1,913 $813 2017
  West Bank $1,850 $857 2015
  Kenya * $1,833 $887 2017
  Uzbekistan * $1,805 $395 2017
  Senegal * $1,762 $679 2017
  Ivory Coast * $1,739 $724 2017
  Northern Mariana Islands * $1,696 $1,696 2017
  Tajikistan * $1,665 $418 2017
  Papua New Guinea * $1,585 $1,041 2017
  American Samoa * $1,579 $1,579 2017
  Bangladesh * $1,433 $543 2017
  Tuvalu * $1,394 $1,328 2017
  Somalia * $1,392 $480 2017
  Mozambique * $1,391 $472 2017
  Djibouti * $1,309 $730 2017
  Vanuatu * $1,297 $1,462 2017
  Cameroon * $1,289 $504 2017
  South Sudan * $1,229 $188 2017
  Benin * $1,222 $445 2017
  Nigeria * $1,201 $403 2017
  Togo * $1,201 $441 2017
  Cambodia * $1,187 $408 2017
  Sierra Leone * $1,169 $366 2017
  Lesotho * $1,143 $472 2017
  Tanzania * $1,084 $345 2017
  Ethiopia * $1,003 $404 2017
  Chad * $949 $327 2017
  Guinea-Bissau * $932 $397 2017
  Guinea * $894 $328 2017
  Uganda * $873 $261 2017
  Micronesia * $823 $775 2017
  Rwanda * $820 $304 2017
  Mali * $792 $295 2017
  Nepal * $703 $221 2017
  Burkina Faso * $692 $243 2017
  Malawi * $669 $186 2017
  Marshall Islands * $660 $748 2017
  Haiti * $576 $248 2017
  Madagascar * $559 $161 2017
  Kiribati * $546 $474 2017
  Comoros * $520 $257 2017
  Niger * $498 $188 2017
  Liberia * $437 $235 2017
  Libya * $431 $213 2017
  Burundi * $349 $148 2017
  Central African Republic * $312 $178 2017
  East Timor * $213 $80 2017
  Solomon Islands * $189 $185 2017
  DR Congo * $146 $88 2017
  Afghanistan * $139 $41 2017
  Hong Kong * $63 $47 2017
  Falkland Islands * $0 $0 2015
  Macau * $0 $0 2017

See also

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Nation specific

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f International Monetary Fund (2014). "Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014" (PDF).
  2. ^ OECD Data. "General government debt". OECD.org.
  3. ^ OECD Data. "General government deficit". OECD.org.
  4. ^ "Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union – PROTOCOLS – Protocol (No 12) on the excessive deficit procedure".
  5. ^ "Applying the rules of the stability and growth pact".
  6. ^ "General government gross debt". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
  7. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
  8. ^ International Monetary Fund (October 2022). "World Economic Outlook Database".
  9. ^ a b "Country Comparison :: Population – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on December 18, 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Field Listing :: Public debt – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018.
  11. ^ "Field Listing :: GDP (purchasing power parity) – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019.
  12. ^ "Field Listing :: GDP (official exchange rate) – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019.
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