Mae Sot (Thai: แม่สอด, pronounced [mɛ̂ː sɔ̀ːt]; Burmese: မဲဆောက်, [mɛ́ sʰaʊʔ]; Shan: မႄႈသွတ်ႇ, [ɛ sʰaaj]) is a city in western Thailand that shares a border with Myanmar to the west. It is notable as a trade hub and for its substantial population of Burmese migrants and refugees. The city is part of Tak Province, 87 km from the city of Tak and 492 km from Bangkok. It is home to the district headquarters of Mae Sot District, and is the main gateway between Thailand and Burma. As a result, it has gained notoriety for its trade in gems and teak, as well as black market services such as human trafficking and illicit drugs.
Mae Sot
แม่สอด | |
|---|---|
| City of Mae Sot เทศบาลนครแม่สอด | |
 Aerial view of Mae Sot | |
 Seal | |
  Mae Sot Location in Thailand | |
| Coordinates: 16°42′47″N 98°34′29″E / 16.71306°N 98.57472°E | |
| Country |  Thailand |
| Province | Tak |
| District | Mae Sot |
| Government | |
| • Type | City Municipality |
| • Mayor | Thoedkiat Chinsoranan |
| Area | |
• Total | 27.2 km2 (10.5 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• Total | 52,350 [1] |
| Time zone | UTC+07:00 (ICT) |
| Postcode | 63110 |
| Area code | (+66) 55 |
| Website | nakhonmaesotcity |
History
editIn 1937 Mae Sot was a local administration, administered by a headman, usually called village headman or village chief (ผู้ใหญ่บ้าน phu yai ban).[2] Its population at the time was approximately 12,000 people. On 30 September 1939 Mae Sot was established as a municipalitity[3] and governed 27 villages. It was upgraded to a city municipality in 2010.[4]
In 1997, the Thai–Myanmar Friendship Bridge opened across the Moei River connecting Mae Sot with Myawaddy.[5] An additional border crossing, the second Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bridge, was opened In 2019 to the north west of Mae Sot to handle goods traffic.[6]
In recent decades, the city has become home to thousands of Burmese migrants.[7] Industries in Mae Sot have grown, especially in the areas related to international trade and manufacturing in textiles, garments, gemstones, jade and teak.[8] By 2004, the numbers of Burmese migrants in Mae Sot had reached between 70,000 and 100,000.[9]
Geography
editThe neighboring districts of Mae Sot include Mae Pa tambon administrative organization (TAO) in the north, Mae Tao (TAO) to the south, Mae Pa and Phra That Pha Daeng (TAO) to the east, and the Tha Sai Luat Sub-district Municipality to the west.
Economy
edit
Trade with Burma constitutes the largest portion of Mae Sot's economy. It has an established market for commodities such as wholesale gems and teak. Most of the town's service industries are supported by Burmese migrants who work in sweat-shops and factories throughout the region. The town also suffers from a black market in illegal smuggling, human trafficking, and narcotics. The Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bridge is the primary gateway for trade with Burma. The border region, several kilometres west from central Mae Sot, includes the Rim Moei Market that deals in imported goods and woodwork.[citation needed]
Gen Prayut Chan-o-cha, the junta leader and prime minister, in May 2015 invoked his authority under Section 44 of the Interim Charter to declare the area of Wang Takhian in Tha Sai Luat subdistrict of Mae Sot a special economic zone (SEZ). The current plan is to transform nearly 2,200 rai of land of Tha Sai Luat into an SEZ. The government has offered to compensate displaced villagers at 7,000-12,000 baht per rai of land and resettle villagers in another district of Tak. As of July 2016[update] the current market price of a rai of land in Mae Sot is almost one million baht, leading villagers to reject the offer.[10]
Mae Sot is located on the East-West Economic Corridor, which connects Burma, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam.[11]
Climate
editMae Sot has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are dry and very warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is very hot with the average daily maximum at 36.8 °C (98.2 °F). The monsoon season runs from May to October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm.
| Climate data for Mae Sot (1991–2020, extremes 1951-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35.4 (95.7) |
38.7 (101.7) |
40.3 (104.5) |
41.5 (106.7) |
41.6 (106.9) |
36.6 (97.9) |
35.6 (96.1) |
35.4 (95.7) |
35.8 (96.4) |
38.7 (101.7) |
36.5 (97.7) |
35.7 (96.3) |
41.6 (106.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 32.0 (89.6) |
34.3 (93.7) |
36.1 (97.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
34.8 (94.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.5 (86.9) |
31.8 (89.2) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.2 (88.2) |
33.0 (91.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
24.9 (76.8) |
27.5 (81.5) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.5 (79.7) |
25.1 (77.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
26.1 (78.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.0 (60.8) |
17.1 (62.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.5 (72.5) |
19.6 (67.3) |
16.6 (61.9) |
21.1 (70.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.8 (53.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.5 (67.1) |
21.5 (70.7) |
20.9 (69.6) |
20.6 (69.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
4.5 (40.1) |
4.5 (40.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 7.5 (0.30) |
6.8 (0.27) |
20.9 (0.82) |
36.1 (1.42) |
153.5 (6.04) |
246.8 (9.72) |
372.9 (14.68) |
353.6 (13.92) |
204.7 (8.06) |
91.6 (3.61) |
19.4 (0.76) |
6.7 (0.26) |
1,520.5 (59.86) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 12.5 | 20.5 | 23.3 | 23.7 | 16.6 | 8.2 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 113 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 70.7 | 63.3 | 60.9 | 63.2 | 74.8 | 83.3 | 85.7 | 86.7 | 84.4 | 80.9 | 75.3 | 72.9 | 75.2 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 16.6 (61.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.9 (69.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 275.9 | 259.9 | 275.9 | 243.0 | 158.1 | 57.0 | 58.9 | 58.9 | 108.0 | 179.8 | 219.0 | 275.9 | 2,170.3 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 8.9 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 8.1 | 5.1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 3.6 | 5.8 | 7.3 | 8.9 | 6.0 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department (sun 1981–2010)[13](extremes)[14] | |||||||||||||
References
edit- ^ a b ส่วนวิจัยและพัฒนาระบบ รูปแบบและโครงสร้าง. "ส่วนวิจัยและพัฒนาระบบ รูปแบบและโครงสร้าง สำนักพัฒนาระบบ รูปแบบและโครงสร้าง กรมส่งเสริมการปกครองท้องถิ่น." [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: [1][permanent dead link] 2557. สืบค้น 6 กุมภาพันธ์ 2558.
- ^ Yudthaphon Vichianin (Aug 5, 2003). "Village Chief Lee". Thai Language Program. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Archived from the original (interactive) on March 24, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
- ^ "พระราชกฤษฎีกาจัดตั้งเทศบาลตำบลแม่สอด จังหวัดตาก พุทธศักราช ๒๔๘๒" (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 56 (ก): 959–962. 1939-09-30. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 10, 2015.
- ^ "ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง เปลี่ยนแปลงฐานะเทศบาลเมืองแม่สอด อำเภอแม่สอด จังหวัดตาก เป็นเทศบาลนครแม่สอด" (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 127 (พิเศษ 50 ง): 7. 2010-04-21. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2011.
- ^ "Thailand and Myanmar mark 20th anniversary of first Friendship bridge". Thai PBS English News Service. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
- ^ "Thai-Myanmar bridge opens". Bangkok Post. 20 Mar 2019. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
- ^ "Life on the Burma-Thai border". BBC News. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "Illicit trade on the Thai-Burma border". BBC News. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ Arnold, D (2004). The situation of Burmese Migrant Workers. The Southeast Asia Research Centre (SEARC).
- ^ "Local farmers suffer as Thai junta pleases big companies". Prachatai English. 2016-07-11. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
- ^ "Second Thailand-Myanmar Friendship Bridge to Stimulate Cross-border Trade | Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS)". greatermekong.org. Retrieved 2024-06-15.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ "ปริมาณการใช้น้ำของพืชอ้างอิงโดยวิธีของ Penman Monteith (Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by Penman Monteith)" (PDF) (in Thai). Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department. p. 28. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ "Climatological Data for the Period 1981–2010". Thai Meteorological Department. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
External links
edit
Mae Sot travel guide from Wikivoyage
