Wikipedia

Monarch Airlines

This article is about the defunct British airline. For the defunct American airline, see Monarch Airlines (1946–1950).

Monarch Airlines, simply known as Monarch, was a British charter and scheduled airline founded by Bill Hodgson and Don Peacock and financed by the Swiss Sergio Mantegazza family. The company later became a low-cost airline[3][4] in 2004 before abandoning charter flying completely. The airline's headquarters were based at London–Luton, and it had operating bases at Birmingham, Leeds/Bradford, London–Gatwick and Manchester.

Monarch Airlines
IATA ICAO Call sign
ZB[1] MON MONARCH
Founded5 June 1967
Commenced operations5 April 1968
Ceased operations2 October 2017[2]
AOC #365
Operating bases
Frequent-flyer programVantage Club
Fleet size35 (at closure)
Destinations43 (at closure)
Parent companyMonarch Airlines Holdings
HeadquartersLuton, United Kingdom
Key people
  • Andrew Swaffield, CEO
Employees2,300 (at closure)

When Monarch entered administration in 2017, it was the biggest airline collapse in UK history up to that point, leaving nearly 100,000 passengers and holidaymakers stranded.[5] However, on 23 September 2019, Thomas Cook also collapsed, leaving 150,000 people stranded, and went on to become the largest UK airline ever to collapse.[6] The airline held a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Type A Operating Licence. This licence allowed Monarch to carry passengers, cargo, and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.[7][8]

History

edit

1960s

edit
 
One of Monarch's oldest aircraft, a Bristol Britannia 300 which can be seen today at Duxford Airfield

On 5 June 1967, Monarch Airlines was established by a pair of British businesspeople, Bill Hodgson and Don Peacock, both of whom had previously been directors at the airline British Eagle.[9] Unlike typical airlines at the time, Monarch was founded with the express intent of conveying British holidaymakers to tourism hotspots and desirable getaway destinations throughout Europe. Particularly at a time when air travel was traditionally feasible only to the rich, Monarch took another unusual step. The airline's ambition was to promote the service towards the demands and needs of the average family, rather than it being marketed solely for wealthier clients.[9]

The business was operated as a subsidiary of Globus Getaway Holdings and received financial backing from the Swiss Sergio Mantegazza family.[10][11] At the time of Monarch's inception, the Mantegazza family were the owners of UK-based tour operator Cosmos Tours.[12][13] Sister company Engineering Limited (which would later become Monarch Aircraft Engineering Limited) performed maintenance on the company's aircraft.[14] On 5 April 1968, Monarch commenced commercial airline operations. Monarch conducted a charter flight from Luton Airport, London to Madrid, Spain, using a Bristol 175 Britannia 300 turboprop formerly operated by British airline company Caledonian Airways.[11][15][16]

The airline's initial fleet comprised a pair of Bristol Britannias (both ex-Caledonian Airways) serviced in a single hangar at Luton.[11][9] During 1969, the firm's second year of operation, Monarch was able to acquire additional Britannias from the administrators of troubled airline British Eagle.[17] Shortly after, the airliner reached a milestone in the form of 250,000 passengers carried within a 12-month period, which at that point was operating an expanded fleet of six Britannias.[18]

1970s

edit
 
Monarch Airlines Boeing 720, in the livery of the era, at London Luton Airport in 1979

During 1971, Monarch entered the jet age, having completed arrangements for the acquisition of an initial batch of three Boeing 720B jetliners to its fleet.[19][20][21] The airline's first commercial jet service took to the air on 13 December 1971.[18] Co-founder Bob Hodgson later praised the low noise levels of the Boeing 720, favourably referring to them as being "whispering giants".[9] The introduction of the company's first jet aircraft type also coincided with the adoption of a revised livery.[18]

By the 1970s, there was a strong demand amongst the wider British population for the package holiday format, to which Monarch was able to capitalise upon greatly.[9] During 1972, the airline recorded having carried 500,000 passengers with the space of a single year for the first time.[18] However, during the 1970s energy crisis, in which the price of oil spiked dramatically, many airlines experienced periods of considerable financial hardship. One of Monarch's rivals in the package holiday sector, Court Line, was forced into receivership. While the company took on several former staff from Court Line, Monarch itself was not immune to these difficulties either.[9]

By 1976, Monarch had transitioned to an all-jet fleet, following the sale of the airline's last Britannia to Greek cargo charter airline Afrek on 21 May of that year.[a][22][23] Two years earlier, the airline had retired its last passenger-configured Britannia, which operated the type's final commercial passenger flight in Europe on 9 October 1974.[24][25] The changeover to an all-jet fleet was brought about as a result of (first) the acquisition of a further two second-hand Boeing 720Bs, as well as (second) the addition of a pair of BAC One-Eleven 500s, sourced from (first) British Caledonian and (second) the administrators of the failed Court Line respectively.[22][26][27]

1980s

edit
 
Monarch Airlines 1980s logo
 
Monarch Airlines BAC 1-11 at Faro Airport in 1986

At the end of 1980, Monarch Airlines took delivery of its first new jet aircraft, a pair of Boeing 737-200 Advanced. Monarch acquired the aircraft on an operating lease from Bavaria Leasing (then a unit of Hapag Lloyd Airlines).[28][29] One of the newly delivered 737s operated from Tegel Airport in then West Berlin (in the days before the German reunification) at the beginning of the 1981 summer season.[29] The Berlin-based aircraft operated short to medium-haul charter flights to the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands under contract to Flug-Union Berlin, at the time one of West Berlin's leading package tour operators. Monarch had taken over Flug-Union Berlin's charter programme from Laker Airways.[30] The addition of the 737s expanded Monarch's fleet to 11 jet aircraft, comprising one Boeing 707-320C, five Boeing 720Bs, three BAC One-Eleven 500s and two Boeing 737-200 Advs.[28]

During 1981, new stations opened at Gatwick, Glasgow, Manchester and Berlin Tegel[18][30] making it the first time Monarch Airlines carried a million passengers in a single year. 1981 was also the year Monarch became the first charter airline to order the Boeing 757-200, a high-capacity medium-haul single-aisle plane powered by Rolls-Royce RB211-535C engines.[31] Monarch's 757 order represented a significant change for a small airline.[32] The first delivered 757 entered service in the spring of 1983,[32] coinciding with the introduction of an updated livery, the third in the airline's history. During the mid-1980s, sister company Monarch Aircraft Engineering Limited opened several new facilities at Luton to expand the firm's maintenance capabilities. Amongst other things, it enabled the 757 fleet to be maintained in-house.[14]

During spring 1985, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) awarded Monarch licences to commence scheduled services to Málaga, Menorca and Tenerife. These licences allowed the airline to launch its first-ever scheduled service from Luton to Menorca on 5 July 1986, under the brand name "Monarch crown service".[18] This event signified the first time in which Monarch was in direct competition with rival airlines, rather than just as a component of a tour operator.[9]

During 1986, Monarch acquired their first Boeing 737-300 airliner. From November 1988, four of Monarch's 737-300s were leased out to Euroberlin France, a Berlin Tegel-based Franco-German joint venture airline that was 51% owned by Air France and 49% by Lufthansa.[33][34] Apart from the aircraft itself, Monarch Airlines also provided the flight deck crew and maintenance support (through sister company Monarch Aircraft Engineering) for this airline. By 1990, seven 737-300s are assigned to the Euroberlin wet lease.[35][36]

On 1 May 1988, Monarch operated the first ETOPS Transatlantic operation under CAA regulations. The Boeing 757-200ER G-MONJ operated Luton to Orlando via Gander with 235 passengers. This operation became the first British-operated twin-jet ever to cross the North Atlantic with passengers. Since then, this feat has become commonplace for North Atlantic crossings. That same year, Monarch Airlines reached another milestone; the firm carried more than two million passengers within a year.[18]

1990s

edit

In 1990, Monarch introduced the Airbus A300-600R, its first wide-body aircraft type. Monarch also opened a new purpose-built headquarters that housed the airline's Boeing 757 flight simulator at its Luton base.[18][35] During the early 1990s, the company operated several Boeing 767-300ER wide-body aircraft on behalf of Alitalia Team, a subsidiary of Italy's flag carrier, under a wet-lease arrangement similar to a previous deal Monarch formed with Euroberlin France.[37] In 1993, Monarch Airlines introduced the Airbus A320 aircraft followed by the larger Airbus A321 in 1997.[17] The Airbus A320 replaced the airline's fleet of Boeing 737-300s.[38][39]

 
Boeing 757-200 in the old livery, Alicante Airport, Spain

After 1995, Monarch came under increasing pressure from newly formed budget airlines.[9] It would eventually stop all charter flying ten years later. This announcement was in response to customers abandoning Monarch's offering of package tours in favour of independent tours on seat-only low-cost airlines.[9]

During May 1997, Monarch Airlines launched a new scheduled route between Gibraltar and Luton, with additional flights to Gibraltar by the company established from Birmingham, Gatwick and Manchester. Monarch continued to operate flights on the Gibraltar-Luton route until the firm's collapse.[40] During the late 1990s, a new in-flight service referred to as Monarch Plus, included pre-booked seats, free headsets and improved dining options, such as duck breast instead of turkey stroganoff, for an additional £30 per person.[41]

During 1998, Monarch Airlines leased a pair of McDonnell Douglas MD-11 wide-body aircraft from American airline World Airways for its long-haul operations. This lease was interim for the delivery of a pair of new Airbus A330-200 wide-body aircraft. Following the arrival of the A330 in 1999,[42][43][44] Monarch opted to return the leased MD-11s to World Airways.[18][45] The adoption of the A330 wide-bodies permitted Monarch to serve long-haul charter destinations with a two class seating configuration, which was another first for the airline.[18][44]

2000s

edit
 
Airbus A320 at Aberdeen Airport with flymonarch.com written at the front, the airline's original web address

During 2002, Monarch retired the sole McDonnell Douglas DC-10 from service and donated it to the Manchester Airport Aviation Viewing Park. That same year, Monarch also unveiled a brand-new livery – the airline's fourth. Also, the company rebranded its Monarch Crown Service scheduled division as Monarch Scheduled.[18] Monarch Scheduled continued to offer a full-service product, including free catering, bar service, hot towels, newspapers and in-flight entertainment (IFE).

During 2003, Monarch Scheduled announced that it would open a new base at Gatwick Airport. On 1 May 2003, this base opened, initially offering services to Alicante, Faro and Málaga.[46] On 15 December 2004, Monarch Scheduled announced that it would open a new base at Birmingham Airport. The station opened in April 2005 with new routes to Málaga and Tenerife.[47]

In 2004, following the success of the low-fares, no-frills airlines such as easyJet, Monarch decided to adopt a modified low-cost model, featuring additional charges for food and drink. In 2005 (until 2010), Monarch leased a Boeing 767-300ER from MyTravel Airways (which then became Thomas Cook Airlines) to expand its long-haul fleet.

During November 2005, Monarch opened a base in Málaga.[48] The airline based one Airbus A320 aircraft there. Monarch launched three scheduled services from Málaga to Aberdeen, Blackpool and Newquay. The Málaga-Newquay route was discontinued on 30 April 2006. About a year later, Monarch retired the Málaga-Blackpool service due to low demand. On 27 October 2007, the airliner withdrew the Málaga-Aberdeen route as well,[49] resulting in the closure of Monarch's Málaga base.

 
Airbus A321-200, (G-OZBU) in the 2009 livery, taking off from Manchester Airport
 
Monarch logo, used between 2002 and 2008

To operate scheduled services from Manchester, an Airbus A321 was acquired. Monarch became the airport's second-largest passenger airline in 2005 with 1.72m passengers using its services from/to the airport.[50] Monarch's total passenger numbers increased from 4.55m in 2002[51] to 6.5m in 2008.[52]

In August 2006, Monarch ordered six Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner widebodied jets, primarily for use on long-haul routes. Delivery was planned to start in 2010; however, delays to the 787 project pushed back delivery to 2013,[53][54] and in September 2011, the airline announced the cancellation of the order, citing its strategic decision to concentrate on its short-/medium-haul operations.[55][56]

On 27 April 2007, Monarch Airlines started flights to Ibiza partnered with club brand HedKandi, naming the partnership "FlyKandi". One of Monarch's Boeing 757s (G-MOND) received a special FlyKandi livery with billboard FlyKandi titles and a special tail motif. The HedKandi partnership lasted for the 2007 summer season, with flights to Ibiza sold from four major UK airports. It was then renewed for the 2008 summer season, offering the same services. This time FlyKandi livery was applied to G-MONJ. HedKandi CDs and radio stations were available for purchase and to listen to onboard Monarch aircraft.

In October 2007, Monarch became the first airline in Europe to accept PayPal as a flight payment option on its website.[57]

During 2008, Monarch changed the name of its website from flymonarch.com to monarch.co.uk. It also changed its advertising slogan to "The Low Fare Airline That Cares".[58]

 
Monarch's CelebAir aircraft

During 2008, Monarch provided the aircraft, an Airbus A321, to launch the ITV2 television programme CelebAir. Celebrities were trained and took on duties performed by airline staff, such as cabin crew. The destinations to which CelebAir flew were mainly Monarch's scheduled destinations, including Málaga, Alicante, Tenerife, Faro, Ibiza, Mahón and Larnaca. These flights carried fare-paying passengers. The programme first aired on 2 September 2008. The programme has now finished with Lisa Maffia winning the series, Amy Lamé finishing second and Chico Slimani finishing third.

2010 to 2014

edit

After many years of operating profitably, Monarch Group, the parent company of Monarch Airlines and Cosmos Holidays, reported a large pre-tax loss of £32.3m in the financial year ending in 2009. This loss necessitated a £45m cash injection from the Mantegazzas who had co-owned the group since its inception. Monarch Airlines also changed its focus from being primarily a charter airline to becoming a predominantly "scheduled leisure airline." Monarch targeted 80% of its business to being "scheduled" (compared with only 20% in 2005). The new strategy resulted in the introduction of additional scheduled services to new destinations in Egypt, Turkey, Greece, Spain and Portugal, including the launch on 23 May 2011 of a three-times-weekly scheduled service to the Greek island of Corfu — the airline's first scheduled Greek destination – from London Luton.[59][60][61][62]

 
Airbus A321-200 at Manchester Airport in the Prince William & Kate Royal Wedding scheme

Monarch abolished all debit card charges in favour of a single £10 flat rate applied to credit card transactions. This change was a bid to increase the airliner's attractiveness as a viable alternative to EasyJet and Ryanair, its main low-cost competitors. To highlight these differences as additional selling points, Monarch introduced the advertising slogan Fly Your Way Every Day. Monarch also introduced a rebrand incorporating the airline's old capital "M" and crown, as well as the airline's fifth livery.[60]

Although Monarch made a £1.4m profit in 2010, it reported a £45m loss in the financial year ending 31 October 2011. This loss was a result of high jet fuel prices against the backdrop of a stagnant economy, as well as political turmoil in the Middle East. Higher fuel prices increased the airline's annual fuel bill by £50m.

On 3 November 2011, Monarch received a £75m rescue package for the airline. Monarch also announced a launch of 14 additional routes serving new destinations in Italy, Croatia and Greece from their bases. The new flights commenced at the start of the 2012 summer season. Monarch also received two Airbus A320 aircraft to support the increased level of activity. The addition of these aircraft was the first stage of a medium-term plan to increase the fleet size to 40 aircraft in support of the airline's goal to carry 10 million passengers annually. Growing the fleet to increase passenger numbers was supposed to allow the airline to spread its fixed costs over a higher output level, resulting in greater economies of scale.[62][63][64]

On 3 May 2012, Monarch announced that they were to open a new base at East Midlands Airport in Autumn 2012. The new station will replace some routes previously flown by Bmibaby, who ceased operations completely on 9 September 2012.[65] On 8 May 2012, the airline announced operations from Leeds/Bradford with two new winter destinations, Munich and Grenoble. They also announced plans for a large expansion in summer 2013. [66] On 10 July 2012, Monarch announced a launch of a new base at Leeds/Bradford with 12 new destinations.[67] The base opened on 22 March 2013. As of mid-2012, Globus Travel's shareholders included Amerald Investments (88%), Atlantic Financial Services (7%) and Abaco Holdings (4%). On 13 December 2012, Monarch announced that they had come on board as a new sponsor for Leeds United AFC. This sponsorship promotes Monarch's base and routes at Leeds Bradford Airport.

 
Monarch used to operate two Airbus A330-200s until it ceased long-haul operations in April 2015.
 
Cabin aboard a Monarch aircraft; Monarch was in the process of replacing the reclining seats with new non-reclining, lightweight seats at the time of closure.

On 1 July 2013, Monarch announced an order for a further two Airbus A321s. The aircraft was due to be delivered in April and May 2015, but it changed to just a single A320 in April 2015. On 12 December 2013, Monarch announced that Monarch Airlines had returned to profit in the year ending October 2013 and that passenger numbers were up 9.5% to 7 million and in line to carry more than 10 million by 2016. In the same announcement, Monarch confirmed that it planned to order 60 new aircraft in an order worth $6 Billion for delivery up to 2024 and would announce the successful tender in Q1 of 2014 from either Airbus/Boeing and Bombardier.

In July 2014 the airline announced that it had selected Boeing, with the 737MAX, as the preferred bidder for 30 new aircraft.[68] Monarch confirmed the order in October 2014, with deliveries due to take place from Q2 of 2018.[69]

2014 to 2017: troubles and end of operations

edit

In August 2014, Monarch announced it was undergoing a strategic review of the company which would involve cost reduction initiatives.[70] As part of the plan, Monarch announced the closure of their East Midlands base on 14 August 2014.[71] The company also embarked on a heavy redundancy exercise and reduction of payroll mainly aimed at onboard cabin management in preparation for the company sale in October 2014.

On 24 October 2014, Monarch Holdings was acquired from the Globus Travel Group by the private investment company and turnaround specialist Greybull Capital. This purchase, for a nominal sum, was just hours before Monarch's licence with the Civil Aviation Authority expired. Greybull was to own 90% of the airline, with the remaining 10% held by the group's pension fund[72] and provide access to £125m of new capital.[73] As part of the deal, Monarch announced that it would downsize its fleet from 42 to 34 aircraft, as well as renegotiate leases on ten aircraft. Monarch will also cease long-haul and charter operations from April 2015, converting to a low-cost model focusing on short-haul leisure routes. However, the new finance was said to secure the order for 30 Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft signed up to at the 2014 Farnborough Air Show.[74]

Following the downsize in operations, Monarch Airlines carried 5.7 million passengers during 2015, a 19% reduction compared with 2014.[75] However, demand for flights on Monarch's major holiday routes to Egypt and Turkey continued to fall because of passenger fears raised by the Syrian civil war, the Egyptian political crisis and the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.[76]

On 25 September 2016, online rumours surfaced about Monarch Airlines' imminent bankruptcy, which the airline strongly denied.[77][78] The Civil Aviation Authority had commenced commandeering spare planes from other airlines for potential repatriation of British citizens at short notice.[79] However, in the following days, Monarch obtained additional funds from shareholders, and on 30 September 2016, its Civil Aviation Authority ATOL licence was temporarily extended until 12 October.[76] On 12 October 2016, Monarch Airlines successfully retained its ATOL licence after it received an additional £165m in investment funding. At the time, the cash injection was believed to have come from Greybull Capital.[80] However, one year later, it was revealed that Boeing had provided the majority of the sum to save the struggling airline.[81][82]

In September 2017, reports emerged of Monarch facing difficulties over its license, as had happened in the previous year. On Saturday 30 September 2017, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) extended Monarch's licence for 24 hours due to financial issues.[83] Once again the Civil Aviation Authority had commenced commandeering spare planes from other airlines which included ten planes from Qatar Airways.[84] Furthermore, although Monarch had received an extension to its license, it tripled fares. These price increases showed a deliberate attempt to effectively price itself out of the market and reduce exposure to any claims.[85]

During the late evening on 1 October 2017, the airline cancelled late-night flights to Ibiza at the boarding stage as the deadline for its licence loomed.[86] On the morning of 2 October at 03:19 BST, the airline's final flight, ZB3785 from Tel Aviv to Manchester, landed.[87] Shortly afterwards at approximately 04:00 BST, the CAA confirmed that Monarch Airlines (along with its subsidiaries) ceased operations with immediate effect and had entered administration. This announcement left 110,000 passengers stranded overseas, and 300,000 future bookings cancelled.[88]

A total of 38 aircraft from 15 European, Middle Eastern, and Canadian operators, including Qatar Airways (10 aircraft), Titan Airways (five aircraft), Air Transat (four aircraft), Freebird Airlines and Wamos Air (three aircraft each), and smaller numbers from other airlines and charter operators, were chartered to repatriate British citizens from abroad. The aircraft used for the operation ranged in size from a Boeing 737-300 to a Boeing 747-400.[89][90] In total, the operation cost £60 million, funded by the Air Travel Trust Fund which in turn is funded by an airline and passenger levy.[91][92] The operation was the UK's biggest ever post-war repatriation at the time. Two years later, Thomas Cook made an even bigger collapse.[6]

Monarch was also the largest airline ever to have ceased trading in the UK until the collapse of Thomas Cook in 2019. The causal factors of Monarch's demise were various. First, vicious competition and excess capacity on routes to southern Europe from other low-cost rivals must have played a part in this scenario. Second, travel fears resulting from terrorism in North Africa and also around Europe such as the military coup in Turkey and the 2016 Nice truck attack became the suspect reason. Third, Brexit fears caused the depreciation of the pound sterling, which increased operating costs such as fuel costs, aircraft leasing costs, and airport landing fees.[6]

In April 2021, Monarch Airlines was dissolved after moving out of administration.[93]

Cabin and services

edit

As Monarch positioned itself as a low-cost carrier, the airline offered several services for an optional extra fee. This included options such as hold luggage, increased luggage allowance, allocated seating, priority services and in-flight catering.[94]

Cabin

Monarch's aircraft operated in an all-economy layout. Several extra space seats were located towards the front of the cabin and adjacent to exit doors.

In-flight entertainment

Monarch provided an in-flight magazine named Passport.[95] Its contents included travel guides, a map of Monarch's destinations, interviews and company news.

In-flight catering and retail

Monarch offered food and drink available to purchase on board all flights. The menu included a range of hot and cold food items as well as hot and cold drinks, alcoholic beverages and soft drinks.

A range of onboard tax-free/duty-free goods was available to purchase from the Love to Shop inflight magazine.[96]

Vantage Club loyalty scheme

Monarch operated a loyalty scheme named Vantage Club. It rewarded regular customers travelling with the airline with additional travel privileges and benefits. There were three membership tier levels - Indigo, Silver and Gold.[97]

Corporate affairs

edit

At the time of closure Monarch's head office, along with that of Monarch Group, was in Prospect House, on the grounds of London Luton Airport.[98][99]

Ownership and structure

edit

Monarch Airlines was part of the Monarch Group, of which the holding company was Monarch Holdings Ltd., which is 90% owned by Greybull Capital. The group's pension fund holds the remaining 10%.[72]

Other subsidiaries of the Monarch Group include Monarch Holidays (previously branded as Cosmos Holidays, but reverted to Globus in 2017), Monarch Hotels, Avro Flights,[100] and Monarch Aircraft Engineering Limited (MAEL). Following the collapse of the other companies, MAEL would survive for another 15 months as a stand-alone company focused on third-party maintenance checks.[101] Burdened by the debt load of the collapsed airline, MAEL would meet the same fate as the rest of the Monarch business on 4 January 2019, with portions sold off piecemeal to competitors[102]

edit

Operational activities over recent years, broken down between scheduled and charter flights, were:

Year Scheduled Charter All services
Total passengers Total flights Load factor Passenger change YoY Total passengers Total flights Load factor Passenger change YoY Total passengers Total flights Load factor Passenger change YoY
2005 2,558,218 16,473 74.1% 2,794,378 12,773 87.7% 5,352,596 29,246 82.5%
2006 3,134,230 19,834 76.2%  022.5% 2,654,004 12,422 86.3%  005.0% 5,788,234 32,256 82.0%  008.1%
2007 3,625,732 22,443 78.9%  015.7% 2,521,233 11,849 85.9%  005.0% 6,146,965 34,292 82.6%  006.2%
2008 3,870,298 23,158 81.0%  006.7% 2,630,528 12,449 86.1%  004.3% 6,500,826 35,607 83.6%  005.8%
2009 3,668,528 21,581 81.3%  005.2% 2,453,557 12,598 85.8%  006.7% 6,122,085 34,179 83.6%  005.8%
2010 3,691,355 20,640 84.6%  000.6% 2,103,347 10,576 85.9%  014.3% 5,794,702 31,216 85.2%  005.3%
2011 4,541,172 24,468 85.6%  023.0% 1,391,291 7,660 80.9%  033.9% 5,932,463 32,128 84.1%  002.4%
2012 5,355,252 29,112 87.7%  017.9% 00943,935 6,416 79.0%  032.2% 6,299,187 35,528 85.6%  006.2%
2013 6,032,879 33,916 86.0%  012.7% 00788,789 4,505 80.6%  016.4% 6,821,668 38,421 85.1%  008.3%
2014 6,269,624 37,806 81.8%  003.9% 00757,956 4,537 77.1%  003.9% 7,027,580 42,343 81.1%  003.0%
2015 5,496,455 33,409 82.7%  0012.3% 00226,780 1,387 70.7%  070.0% 5,723,235 34,796 82.3%  0018.6%
2016 — 5,434,081 35,619 75.9%  005.0%
2017 — 3,403,637 21,133 80.5%  0037.4%
Source: UK Civil Aviation Authority[75]

Fleet

edit

Fleet at closure

edit
 
Monarch Airlines Airbus A320-200
 
Monarch Airlines Airbus A321-200
 
Monarch BAC One-Eleven 500

At the time of closure, the Monarch Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

Monarch Airlines fleet
Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Notes
Airbus A320-200 9 — 174[103] Planned to be replaced by Boeing 737 MAX.[104]
Airbus A321-200 25 — 214[105] Planned to be replaced by Boeing 737 MAX.[104] Four Airbus A321-200 aircraft were purchased by and delivered to Thomas Cook Airlines in 2018 and the rest was sold to other airlines by 2018. Launch customer
Boeing 737-800 1 — 186[106] Leased from Pegasus Airlines.[107]
Boeing 737 MAX 8 — 45 — Was planned to be delivered from Q2 2018.[69][108]
Total 35 45

Historical fleet

edit

Monarch had operated the following aircraft in its history:

Monarch Airlines historical fleet
Aircraft Total Period of operation
Airbus A300-600R 4 1991 – 2014
Airbus A330-200 2 1999 - 2015 These two aircraft were later used by the CAA, leased from Wamos for the repatriation flights in October 2017.
BAC One-Eleven 500 3 1974 – 1986
Boeing 707-120B 4 1978 – 1981
Boeing 707-320C 1 1981
Boeing 720B 7 1971 – 1983
Boeing 737-200 6 1981 – 1987
Boeing 737-300 12 1988–1997 Replaced by Airbus A320-200s and Airbus A321-200s
Boeing 757-200 11 1983 – 2015
Boeing 767-300ER 1 2005 – 2010 G-DIMB leased from MyTravel Airways for five years
Bristol Britannia 300 8 1967 – 1976 One preserved by Duxford Aviation Society at Imperial War Museum Duxford
McDonnell Douglas DC-10 1 1996 – 2002 Nose and forward fuselage section preserved at Manchester Airport Viewing Park
McDonnell Douglas MD-11 1 August 1998 - November 1998 Leased from World Airways - Registered N273WA from 14 May to 14 August 1998 & N277WA from 14 August to 3 November 1998

Awards

edit
  • FlightOnTime.info Most Improved UK Charter Airline for Punctuality – Summer 2007[109]
  • Travel Trade Gazette Airline of the Year – Leisure 2006 and 2007[110]
  • TravelWeekly Globe Travel Awards – Best Charter Airline 2009,[111] 2010[112] and 2011[113]
  • World's greenest airline ITB Berlin travel show – The number 1 greenest airline 2011[114]
  • TravelMole Best Airline Website 2012[115]

Accidents and incidents

edit
  • On 14 January 1985, a Boeing 757 (Registration G-MOND) flying Monarch Flight 390 from Tenerife to Luton suffered two mid-flight explosions. Soon after, the aircraft lost electrical power, and smoke began filling the cabin, leading to an emergency landing in Portugal. The cause was leaking lavatory fluid which had come into contact with electrical wiring, resulting in severe electrical arcing. This event created smoke and power surges and caused the aircraft's electronic flight interfaces to fail and blank out. It was the first known British-operated aircraft to suffer a severe Kapton-related problem.[116]
  • On 22 May 2002, a Boeing 757-200 (Registration G-MONC) suffered structural damage to the forward fuselage in the area of the nose landing gear during landing at Gibraltar Airport while operating a flight from Luton. The captain had used an incorrect landing technique, applying full nose-down elevator. This control input resulted in a high pitch-down rate at nosewheel touchdown, exceeding the design limits, before the aircraft's nosewheel had touched the ground. No fatalities occurred.[117]
  • On 17 March 2006, the flight deck crew of a Boeing 757-200 (Registration G-MONE) lost visual contact with the runway after passing the Visual Decision Point (VDP) while attempting to land at Gibraltar Airport. During the subsequent go-around, the crew did not follow the correct missed approach procedures. However, air traffic control (ATC) provided effective heading control to avoid striking the high ground. The lowest altitude of the aircraft when overland was 2,100 ft. (The highest point overland, just south of the airfield, is 1,420 ft.) Following the incident, ATC and Monarch Airlines changed their procedures to reduce the chances of repeating a similar occurrence.[118]

See also

edit

References

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ The same aircraft was re-purchased in 1984 and, subsequent to its overhaul at Luton, sold on to Cuban operator Aero Caribbean.

Citations

edit
  1. ^ "IATA - Airline and Airport Code Search". iata.org. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  2. ^ "Monarch Airlines has ceased trading". CAA. Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  3. ^ "Monarch Airlines Profile.". CAPA. Retrieved on 14 October 2017.
  4. ^ "Contact Us – Press Office." Monarch Airlines, Retrieved: 6 November 2010.
  5. ^ "Monarch goes into administration, Sky news".
  6. ^ a b c R.C. (2 October 2017). "Monarch Airlines goes into administration". The Economist.
  7. ^ "Airline licence holders". Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  8. ^ "UK Aeroplane and Helicopter AOC Holders (D-M)". Civil Aviation Authority. 12 October 2016. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hooker, Lucy. "Monarch's rise and fall charts British holiday trends." BBC News, 3 October 2017.
  10. ^ Flight International 11 April 1968, p. 543.
  11. ^ a b c Maslen Airliner World July 2008, p. 33.
  12. ^ Brown Eager to See Monarch Reigning.[permanent dead link‍] Travel Trade Gazette Archive issue, 16 February 2007.
  13. ^ Maslen Airliner World July 2008, p. 32.
  14. ^ a b "History." Monarch Aircraft Engineering, Retrieved: 26 October 2017.
  15. ^ Flying the nation for 40 years! Were you one of our first passengers? Monarch Airlines, 3 March 2008.
  16. ^ Flight International 10 April 1969, p. 583.
  17. ^ a b Hales-Dutton Air International February 2010, p. 48.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "History". Monarch Airlines. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2007.
  19. ^ "Monarch's First Jet". Flight International. Vol. 100, no. 3265. 7 October 1971. p. 564.
  20. ^ "Jet Monarch". Flight International. Vol. 100, no. 3273. 2 December 1971. p. 890.
  21. ^ Stroud Flight International 18 May 1972, Supplement p. 33.
  22. ^ a b Stroud Flight International 9 April 1977, p. 969.
  23. ^ "RAF Britannia Fleet – XM496 Regulus". The Bristol Britannia XM496 Preservation Society. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  24. ^ photo caption Flight International, 17 October 1974, p. 515
  25. ^ "Bristol Aeroplane Company – Bristol Type 175 Britannia". flightline. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  26. ^ Stroud, Michael (20 March 1975). "World Airline Directory: Monarch Airlines Ltd". Flight International. Vol. 108, no. 3445. p. 494.
  27. ^ Stroud, Michael (10 April 1976). "World Airline Directory 1976". Flight International. p. 945.
  28. ^ a b "World Airline Directory 1981". Flight International. March 1981.
  29. ^ a b "New operators for Boeing 737", Flight International, 18 October 1980, p. 1493
  30. ^ a b Berlin Airport Company, April 1981 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports, Berlin Airport Company, West Berlin, 1981
  31. ^ "Our History - History - About Us". Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  32. ^ a b "World Airline Directory 1983". Flight International. March 1983.
  33. ^ "World Airline Directory 1989". Flight International. March 1989.
  34. ^ Berlin Airport Company, November 1988 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports, Berlin Airport Company, West Berlin, 1988
  35. ^ a b "World Airline Directory 1990". Flight International. March 1990.
  36. ^ Berlin Airport Company, November 1989 Monthly Timetable Booklet for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports, Berlin Airport Company, West Berlin, 1989.
  37. ^ "World Airline Directory 1992". Flight International. March 1992.
  38. ^ "World Airline Directory 1994". Flight International. March 1994.
  39. ^ "World Airline Directory 1995". Flight International. March 1995.
  40. ^ "Monarch Marks 20 Years of London Luton to Gibraltar Services." Gibraltar Airport, Retrieved: 27 October 2017.
  41. ^ Tisdall, Nigel. "Tenerife: The parts lager doesn't reach." Telegraph, 1 May 1999.
  42. ^ "1999 - 3426 - Flight Archive". Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  43. ^ "Long-range workout, Monarch – long haul charters", Flight International, 17–23 November 1999, p. 44
  44. ^ a b "Long-range workout, Monarch long haul charters", Flight International, 17–23 November 1999, p. 45.
  45. ^ "World Airline Directory 1999". Flight International. March 1999.
  46. ^ "Monarch Scheduled arrives at London Gatwick". 17 April 2003. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  47. ^ "2008 News Archive – Flights – Monarch Scheduled launches new Birmingham base and adds Madrid and Almeria from Manchester". 15 December 2004. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  48. ^ "Flight News: New Monarch flights to Malaga". flightmapping.com. 21 July 2005. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  49. ^ "Flight News: Monarch axes Malaga flights from Aberdeen". flightmapping.com. 27 July 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  50. ^ "Traffic Statistics Report 2005". Manchester Airport Plc. June 2006. pp. 11, 16.
  51. ^ "Airline annual data 2002 - All services" (PDF). UK Civil Aviation Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  52. ^ "Data and analysis - UK Civil Aviation Authority". Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  53. ^ "787". Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  54. ^ Hales-Dutton Air International February 2010, p. 46.
  55. ^ "Monarch cancels Dreamliner order". Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  56. ^ "UK's Monarch Airlines cancels entire 787 order". Flightglobal. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  57. ^ "Which Airlines Accept Paypal Payments for Flights?". AirTravelGenius.com. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  58. ^ "Archive Archives - Monarch Blog". Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  59. ^ The Sunday Times (Business: Swiss billionaires bail out ailing Monarch – again), Times Newspapers Ltd, London, 30 October 2011
  60. ^ a b "Business: Monarch's bright future with sunshine flights". Manchester Evening News. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  61. ^ "2011 News – Flights – Monarch launches a host of new flights in May!". 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  62. ^ a b "Monarch to increase fleet after cash injection from owners". TTG Digital. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  63. ^ The Times (Business: Monarch makes a soft landing after £45m loss), Times Newspapers Ltd, London, 4 November 2011
  64. ^ "Economies of Scale and Scope – 2 (Where do Scale Economies come from?)" (PDF). Indivisibilities and the Spreading of Fixed Costs. John Wiley & Sons. 17 March 2009. p. 45. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  65. ^ "Airlines swoop to plug gap left by bmibaby". Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  66. ^ "Monarch Airlines launch new scheduled flights from Leeds Bradford International Airport". Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  67. ^ "Archive Archives - Monarch Blog". Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  68. ^ "Monarch Airlines selects Boeing as preferred bidder for Fleet Replacement" Archived 8 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine boeing.co.uk July 2014
  69. ^ a b "monarch finalizes order for boeing-737-max-8s" Archived 17 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine monarch.co.uk
  70. ^ Monarch Confirms Strategic Review
  71. ^ "Monarch to stop flying from East Midlands airport". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  72. ^ a b "Raft of UK firms jump aboard Monarch's bumper restructuring deal - The Lawyer - Legal News and Jobs - Advancing the business of law". 28 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  73. ^ Monarch Under New Ownership Aviation News December 2014 page 7
  74. ^ "Monarch Sold". Airliner World: 8. December 2014.
  75. ^ a b "UK Airline Data". UK Civil Aviation Authority. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  76. ^ a b "Monarch holidays protection extended". BBC News. 30 September 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  77. ^ "Monarch airlines says flights operating as normal". BBC News. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  78. ^ "Monarch Airlines denies rumours of financial trouble". Press Association. Guardian (UK). Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  79. ^ Monarch Shadow Airline 2016
  80. ^ Monaghan, Angela. "Monarch Airlines receives £165m lifeline to keep flying". Guardian. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  81. ^ "Boeing helped finance bailout of Monarch Airlines". Financial Times. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  82. ^ Boeing Injects £165 Million
  83. ^ "Monarch awaits holiday licence decision". BBC News. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  84. ^ Isaac, Anna (1 October 2017). "Monarch Airlines' future uncertain as 'plans drawn up to rescue 100,000 passengers'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  85. ^ Monaghan, Angela (30 September 2017). "Monarch's future hanging in the balance as midnight deadline looms". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  86. ^ "Monarch Flights CAncelled as ATOL Deadline Looms". Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  87. ^ "Monarch 3785 - Monday 2 October 2017". flightaware.com. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  88. ^ "UK Civil Aviation Authority". caa.co.uk. Retrieved 2 October 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  89. ^ Topham, Gwyn (2 October 2017). "Monarch Airlines collapse: UK's biggest peacetime repatriation under way". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  90. ^ "Monarch Airlines ceases operations". Flightradar24. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  91. ^ "About the Air Travel Trust". Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  92. ^ "Monarch rescue flights 'to cost £60m'". BBC News. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  93. ^ "Monarch Group officially dissolved after 2017 collapse". ttgmedia.com.
  94. ^ "Travel Extras - Monarch". Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  95. ^ "Monarch Passport Magazine". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013.
  96. ^ "Monarch Love To Shop magazine". Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  97. ^ "Monarch Vantage Club". Monarch.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017.
  98. ^ "Write to Us". Monarch Airlines. 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2017. Monarch Airlines Prospect House Prospect Way London Luton Airport Luton Bedfordshire LU2 9NU ENGLAND{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  99. ^ "Head and Divisional Offices". Monarch Group. 8 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2017. The Monarch Group and Monarch Airlines Prospect House Prospect Way London Luton Airport Luton Bedfordshire LU2 9NU UK{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  100. ^ "Website Terms of Use - Monarch". Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  101. ^ Dron, Alan (3 October 2017). "Monarch's engineering arm continues as standalone operation". ATWOnline. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  102. ^ Monarch Aircraft Engineering Collapses
  103. ^ "Airbus A320-200 Seat Map". monarch.co.uk. Monarch Airlines. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  104. ^ a b "Boeing: Monarch Airlines Finalizes Order for 30 737 MAX 8s". www.boeing.com. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  105. ^ "Airbus A321-200 Seat Map". monarch.co.uk. Monarch Airlines. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  106. ^ "Monarch outlines S17 Boeing 737 operations". Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  107. ^ "Monarch starts 737 changeover - Airliners.net". www.airliners.net. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  108. ^ "Boeing, Monarch Announce 737 MAX Services Agreements and New Engineering Joint Venture Partnership". Monarch Blog. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  109. ^ "Summer 2007 UK Charter Airline Delays & Punctuality". FlightOnTime.info. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  110. ^ "achievements / awards". monarch.co.uk. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  111. ^ "Awards #1". Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  112. ^ "Awards #2". Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  113. ^ "Archive Archives - Monarch Blog". Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  114. ^ "Travel – News & Advice: World's greenest airlines unveiled". The Independent. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  115. ^ "Monarch Airlines Wins Best Airline Website Award". Digital Marmalade. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  116. ^ "Die-by-Wire: Panorama." BBC, 12 July 1999.
  117. ^ Monarch Accident G-MONC
  118. ^ Monarch Accident G-MONE

Bibliography

edit
  • British Independent Airlines since 1946, Volume 3 of 4. A.C. Merton Jones. Merseyside Aviation Society & LAAS. Liverpool, 1976. ISBN 0-902420-09-7.
  • Berlin Airport Company – Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports, April and October issues (German language edition only), 1981. West Berlin, Germany: Berlin Airport Company.
  • "Flight International". Flight International. Sutton, UK: Reed Business Information. ISSN 0015-3710. (various backdated issues relating to Monarch Airlines, 1968–2007)
  • Hales-Dutton, Bruce (February 2010). "Prudence Reigns at Monarch". Air International. Vol. 78, no. 2. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Maslen, R. (July 2008). "The 40-year-old start-up – Monarch Airlines". Airliner World. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.
  • Simons, Graham M. (1993). The Spirit of Dan-Air. Peterborough, UK: GMS Enterprises. ISBN 1-870384-20-2.
  • Simons, Graham M. (1999). It was nice to fly with friends! The story of Air Europe. Peterborough, UK: GMS Enterprises. ISBN 1-870384-69-5.
  • Stroud, John (18 May 1972). "World Airline Directory". Supplement. Flight International. Vol. 101, no. 3296. pp. 1–52.
  • Stroud, John (9 April 1977). "World Airline Directory". Flight International. Vol. 111, no. 3552. pp. 915–990.
  • Airliner World, July 2008. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.
  • "World Airline Survey". Flight International. Vol. 93, no. 3083. 11 April 1968. pp. 511–560.
  • "World Airline Survey". Flight International. Vol. 95, no. 3135. 10 April 1969. pp. 549–600.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monarch Airlines.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarch_Airlines&oldid=1244364469"