Shinmei-zukuri (神明造) is an ancient Japanese architectural style typical of Ise Grand Shrine's honden, the holiest of Shinto shrines.[1] It is most common in Mie Prefecture.[2]
History
editAncient shrines were constructed according to the style of dwellings (Izumo Taisha)[3][4] or storehouses (Ise Grand Shrine).[3][5] The buildings had gabled roofs, raised floors, plank walls, and were thatched with reed or covered with hinoki cypress bark.[5] Such early shrines did not include a space for worship.[3] Three important forms of ancient shrine architectural styles exist: taisha-zukuri, shinmei-zukuri, and sumiyoshi-zukuri[6] They are exemplified by Izumo Taisha, Nishina Shinmei Shrine and Sumiyoshi Taisha,[7] respectively, and date to before 552.[8] According to the tradition of Shikinen sengū-sai (式年遷宮祭), the buildings or shrines were faithfully rebuilt at regular intervals adhering to the original design. In this manner, ancient styles have been replicated through the centuries to the present day.[4]
Structure
editThis style is characterized by an extreme simplicity. Its basic features can be seen in Japanese architecture from the Kofun period (250–538 C.E.) onwards and it is considered the pinnacle of Japanese traditional architecture.[1] Built in plane-unfinished wood, the honden is either 3x2 ken or 1x1ken in size, has a raised floor, a gabled roof[9] with an entry on one of the non-gabled sides (hirairi or hirairi-zukuri (平入・平入造)), no upward curve at the eaves, and purely decorative logs called chigi (vertical) and katsuogi (horizontal) protruding from the roof's ridge.[2]
Because shrines used to be rebuilt every 20 years, as Ise Shrine still is, shrines of this type are mostly of recent construction. The oldest extant example is Nishina Shinmei Shrine,[10] which gives the name to the style.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b Encyclopedia of Shinto
- ^ a b JAANUS
- ^ a b c Young & Young (2007:50)
- ^ a b Kishida (2008:33)
- ^ a b Fletcher and Cruickshank (1996:724)
- ^ Kishida (2008:34)
- ^ Kishida (2008:35)
- ^ Kishida (2008:126)
- ^ A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall enclosed between the edges of a sloping roof.
- ^ Jinja Kenchiku, Shogakukan Nihon Daihyakka Zensho, accessed on November 29, 2009
References
edit- JAANUS, Shinmei-zukuri accessed on December 1, 2009
- History and Typology of Shrine Architecture, Encyclopedia of Shinto accessed on November 29, 2009
- Kishida, Hideto (2008). Japanese Architecture. READ BOOKS. ISBN 978-1-4437-7281-5. Retrieved 2009-11-11.,
- Young, David; Young, Michiko (2007) [2004]. The art of Japanese architecture. Architecture and Interior Design (illustrated, revised ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-3838-2. Retrieved 2009-11-11.