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Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party

The Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party (Arabic: حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي Hizb Al-Taliyeh Lubnan Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki) is a political party in Lebanon. The party was led by Abd al-Majid al-Rafei[3][4] until his death in July 2017. It is the Lebanese regional branch of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party. The party held its second congress in October 2011. Founders of the party included Dr. Abd al-Majid al-Rafe'ii, Jihad George Karam, Rafiq Naseeb al-Faqih,Rashid Abo Falah,Karam Mohamed al-Sahili, Hani Mohammad Sho'aib, Ammar Mohammad Shibli, Hassan Khalil Gharib and Wassef El Harakeh.[4] Although formally affiliated to the Sunni-dominated regime in Baghdad, the majority of the party's members were Lebanese Shiites.[5]

Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party
حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي
LeaderAbd al-Majid al-Rafei
Founded1966 (1966)
HeadquartersBeirut, Lebanon
IdeologyBa'athism
Socialism
Secularism
Saddamism
Anti-Zionism
Political positionRight-wing[n 1]
International affiliationIraqi-led Ba'ath Party
ColorsBlack, Red, White and Green
Parliament of Lebanon
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Party flag
Logo of the Ba'ath Party

The existence of the Lebanese branch of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party has much longer roots than its Syrian-led counterpart. Following the 1966 split in the Ba'ath Party between Iraqi and Syrian-dominated factions, the pro-Iraqi party was led by Abd al-Majid Rafei.[6][7]

At first, the pro-Iraqi party and the pro-Syrian party worked side-by-side in the Lebanese National Movement (also known as the National Front), but with tension increasing between them, the two parties were on a war footing.[8] The party was active in 1960s demonstrations,[9] and al-Rafei was detained by Lebanese authorities for his political activities.[10] However, he was a candidate from Tripoli in the 1968 general election.[11] The party expanded during the first half of the 1970s,[12] and in the 1972 general election al-Rafi was elected to parliament from Tripoli.[13] Ali al-Khalil, a former member, was elected from Tyre. The party was active in Southern Lebanon. In Nabatieh it was headed by Hani Mohammad Shoaib. The party was built with generous aid from Iraq.[14]

Syrias Intervention in Lebanon

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Lebanese Civil War

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Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party
حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي
LeadersAbd al-Majid al-Rafei
Tahsein al-Atrash
Dates of operation1975-1991
HeadquartersWest Beirut
Active regionsLebanon
Part ofLebanese National Movement
Allies  Progressive Socialist Party (PSP)
  Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
  Iraq
Opponents  Lebanese Front
  Lebanese Forces
  Lebanese Army
  Internal Security Forces
  Amal Movement
  Syrian Army
  Israel Defense Forces (IDF)
Battles and warsLebanese Civil War

During the Lebanese Civil War, the Lebanese parliament formed the National Dialogue Committee in 1975. Assem Qanso of the pro-Syrian party became a member, but no figures from the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath Party were given a seat on the committee.[15] The party was a member of the Lebanese National Movement, a political alliance led by Kamal Jumblatt of the Progressive Socialist Party, and had an organized a militia of around 2000 armed men that received its funding and weapons by Iraq.[16][17]

The party was a big critic of both Syria and Israels invasions of Lebanon. The party supported the Lebanese arab identity and wanted an arab state. It was a main factor in the battle of the hotels and Israels invasions of Lebanon 1978 and 1982.

Following the execution of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr by Saddam Hussein in April 1980, the party came into conflict with Amal Movement, which culminated in tit-for-tat assassinations and clashes in Shia majority suburbs of Dahieh until late 1981.[18][19] In November 1981, Tahsein al-Atrash, leader of the Ba'ath branch at the time, was shot dead.[20]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The Iraqi Ba'ath represents the "right-wing"[1][2] of the Ba'ath movement.

References

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  1. ^ Sassoon 2012, p. 30, The rift between the Ba'th parties in Syria and Iraq widened. In February 1966, a military coup by the party's left wing in Syria forced 'Aflaq and the Syrian leadership to seek refuge in Iraq. From that point on, despite short periods of rapprochement, the chasm between the so-called left-wing in Syria and the right-wing supported by al-Bakr and Saddam Hussein was never bridged..
  2. ^
    • Alla, Malumud Ata (1974). Arab Struggle for Economic Independence. Progress. p. 62. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024. This struggle sharpened after the Right-wing Baathists seized power in Iraq in 1963 and instituted a reign of terror against the Communists and other progressive forces, which considerably weakened the influence of the Baath Party in all the Arab countries.
    • Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. p. 41. ISBN 0-06-050543-5.
    • A. I. Dawisha, (1976). Egypt in the Arab World: The Elements of Foreign Policy. American Political Science Review. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0333191958. "Then in July 1968, a coup occurred in Baghdad which brought in the right-wing faction of the Baath party."
    • Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (2006). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 82-84. ISBN 978-1576079409.
    • Alan John Day, ed. (1983). Political Dissent An International Guide to Dissident, Extra-parliamentary, Guerrilla, and Illegal Political Movements. Gale Research Company. p. 223. ISBN 9780810320505.
  3. ^ Aḥmad, Aḥmad Yūsuf. al-Ḥarb al-isrāʼīlīya ʻalā Lubnān: at-tadāʻīyāt al-lubnānīya wa-'l-isrāʼīlīya wa-taʼtīrātuhā al-ʻarabīya wa-'l-iqlīmīya wa-'d-duwalīya ; buḥūt wa-munāqašāt an-Nadwa al-Fikrīya allatī naẓẓamahā Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥda al-ʻArabīya. Bairūt: Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥda al-ʻArabīya, 2006.
  4. ^ a b Staff writer. جمعية سياسية باسم "حزب طليعة لبنان العربي الاشتراكي" [Political society as the "vanguard party, Arab Socialist Party of Lebanon] (in Arabic). Lebanon Knowledge Development Gateway. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  5. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  6. ^ Solh, Raghid El-. Lebanon and Arabism. London: I. B. Tauris in association with the Centre for Lebanese Studies, 2004. p. 331
  7. ^ Rabinovich, Itamar, and Itamar Rabinovich. The War for Lebanon, 1970-1985. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985. p. 79
  8. ^ Rabinovich, Itamar (1985). The war for Lebanon, 1970–1985. Cornell University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8014-9313-3.
  9. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  10. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  11. ^ Zumiyya, Jamal (1972). The parliamentary election of Lebanon 1968. Vol. 2. BRILL Archive. p. 106.
  12. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  13. ^ Tachau, Frank (1994). Political parties of the Middle East and North Africa. Greenwood Press. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-313-26649-2.
  14. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  15. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  16. ^ El-Khazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.
  17. ^ Cassese, Antonio (1986). The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 205. ISBN 978-90-247-3247-0.
  18. ^ Reisinezhad, Arash (2018). The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89947-3. ISBN 9783319899473. S2CID 187523435.
  19. ^ Shaery-Eisenlohr, Roschanack (2011). Shi'ite Lebanon: Transnational Religion and the Making of National Identities. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231144278.
  20. ^ O'Ballance, Edgar (1998). Civil war in Lebanon, 1975–92. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-312-21593-4.

Sources

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