Wikipedia

Wolfgang Falck

Wolfgang Falck (19 August 1910 – 13 March 2007) was a World War II German Luftwaffe pilot and wing commander and one of the key organisers of the German night fighter defences. As a fighter ace, he claimed eight enemy aircraft shot down in 90 combat missions.

Wolfgang Falck
Wolfgang Falck
Born(1910-08-19)19 August 1910
Berlin
Died13 March 2007(2007-03-13) (aged 96)
St. Ulrich (Tyrol)/Austria
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1931–1945
RankOberst (colonel)
UnitZG 76, ZG 1, NJG 1
CommandsNJG 1
Battles / wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Born in Berlin, Falck volunteered for military service in the Reichsheer of the Weimar Republic in 1931. In parallel, he was accepted for flight training with the Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule, a covert military-training organization, and at the Lipetsk fighter-pilot school.

Early life and career

edit

On 7 April 1931, he began his pilot training at the Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule (DVS—German Air Transport School) at Schleißheim. He and 29 other trainees were part of Kameradschaft 31 (camaraderie of 1931), abbreviated "K 31". Among the members of "K 31" were future Luftwaffe staff officers Bernd von Brauchitsch, Günther Radusch, Günther Lützow, Ralph von Rettberg and Hannes Trautloft. Falck graduated from the DVS on 19 February 1932.[1] In February 1933 he attended the Infantry School at Dresden for officer training and made Leutnant (second lieutenant) in October 1934. In March 1935, Leutnant Falck became an instructor at the DVS at Schleissheim and in April 1936 promoted to Oberleutnant.

In September 1936, Falck married Marilies von Berchem.[2] Marilies was the daughter of Otto Freiherr von Berchem and his wife Hedwig von Berchem, née Freiin von Stauffenberg.[3] The two were married at the Trinity Church in Munich. Falck's best man was Lützow, his friend from "K 31".[4] Their son Klaus was born on 21 June 1937.[5]

In March 1937, Falck was appointed adjutant to Oberstleutnant Gerd von Massow, the Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of Jagdgeschwader 132 "Richthofen" (JG 132—132nd Fighter Wing).[6] On 1 August 1938, he was appointed Staffelkapitän of 8. Staffel (8th squadron), a squadron of the newly created III. Gruppe (3rd group) of JG 132, which was based at Jüterbog-Damm.[7] On 1 November, III. Gruppe was renamed to II. Gruppe of Zerstörergeschwader 141 (ZG 141—141st Destroyer Wing), a unit which became the I. Gruppe of Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76—76th Destroyer Wing) on 1 May 1939. In consequence, Falck commanded the 5. Staffel of ZG 141, and later the 2. Staffel of ZG 76. Initially based at Pardubitz, present-day Pardubice in the Czech Republic, the Gruppe was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 110 C-1 heavy fighter.[8] During the prelude of World War II on 25 August 1939 I. Gruppe of ZG 76 deployed to an airfield at Ohlau to the southeast of Breslau.[9]

World War II

edit

On Friday 1 September 1939, German forces invaded Poland starting World War II in Europe. I. Gruppe of ZG 76 participated in this campaign and was based at Märzdorf, present-day Bohdíkov in the Czech Republic, under the command of 6. Fliegerdivision (6th Air Division).[10] On 5 September, Falck claimed his first aerial victory when he shot down a PZL.23 Karaś in combat near Dalików. He claimed two further aerial victories over Polish Air Force aircraft on 11 September. He was credited with the destruction of a Fokker F.IX 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) southeast of Biała Podlaska and a PWS-26 12 km (7.5 mi) southwest of Biała Podlaska.[11]

 
A ZG 76 Bf 110C similar to those flown by Falck

In October, the unit was then relocated, at first to Bönninghardt and on 16 December to Jever, to protect the northern seaboard and the Kriegsmarine naval bases.[12] During the Battle of the Heligoland Bight on 18 December 1939, he was credited with the destruction of a Royal Air Force (RAF) Vickers Wellington twin-engine bomber on a mission to Wilhelmshaven. A Freya radar on Wangerooge, under the command of Leutnant Hermann Diehl, had detected the approaching bombers.[13] Falck had claimed two Wellington bombers shot down southwest of Heligoland, but only one was confirmed.[11] Falck's aircraft was severely damaged, resulting in a forced landing.[14] On 10 January 1940, Falck claimed a Bristol Blenheim bomber from No. 110 Squadron shot down, followed by another No. 110 Squadron Blenheim bomber on 17 February.[15] Blenheim P4859 shot down on 10 January, was on a mission searching for shipping over the North Sea. The crew, pilot Sergeant Henry Hanne, observer Sergeant George Llewelyn William, and Aircraftman 1st Class (AC1) Edwin Vick were killed in action.[16] On 17 February, Blenheim N6211 was also on a search for shipping mission before it was intercepted by Falck. The crew, Sergeant Frederick John Raymond Bigg, Sergeant William Barnard Woods, and AC1 Jack Orchard, were reported as missing in action.[17]

In February 1940, Hauptmann Falck was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of I. Gruppe of Zerstörergeschwader 1 (ZG 1—1st Destroyer Wing), based at Düsseldorf. The Gruppe was relocated to the Baltic coast in April and on 9 April, Falck led the unit during the invasion of Denmark. He recorded his seventh (and final) victory, shooting down a Danish Fokker D.XXI taking off from Værløse.[15][18] On the night of 30 April and 1 May, 50 RAF Armstrong Whitworth Whitley, Vickers Wellington and Handley Page Hampden bombers attacked Luftwaffe airfields in Norway. Falck, his comrade from "K 31" Radusch, Oberleutnant Werner Streib, and another pilot, followed the bombers shortly before sunup on their flight back to England. The pilots attacked the bombers without claiming any aerial victories. Following this encounter, Falck submitted a comprehensive tactical report on his night interception ideas and experiences to the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM—Ministry of Aviation). Shortly after, Generaloberst Erhard Milch, at the time a state secretary in the RLM and temporary commander of Luftflotte 5 (Air Fleet 5), visited Falck and discussed his ideas personally with him.[19]

I. Gruppe of ZG 1 participated in the Battle of France. On 22 June 1940, General der Flieger Albert Kesselring called Falck that Hermann Göring, commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, had tasked him with the creation of the first night fighter unit. His orders were to relocate to Düsseldorf immediately. Four days later, he was ordered to a meeting held at Wassenaar in the German-occupied Netherlands. This meeting was attended by Göring, the Generals Kesselring, Bruno Loerzer, Ernst Udet and Friedrich Christiansen, among others.[20] During the meeting, Göring appointed Falck as Geschwaderkommodore and tasked him with creation of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing).[21]

Creation of the Nachtjagdwaffe

edit
 
Night fighter force emblem.

The emblem of the night fighter force was a creation of Oberleutnant Victor Mölders, brother of Werner Mölders. The emblem, which in parts was based on Falck's family coat of arms, depicts a silver falcon on the dark sky with a red lightning bolt over a section of the globe pointing at London.[22] To support the creation and organization of the nocturnal aerial defenses, the 1. Nachtjagd-Division (1st Night Fighter Division) was created on 17 July 1940. This division was placed under the command of Oberst Josef Kammhuber and was made operational by 1 August at Zeist in the Netherlands.[23] That day, Kammhuber's command structure was further augmented and reorganized as XII. Fliegerkorps (12th Air Corps).[24]

Falck received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 7 October 1940 in Berlin.[25][26] He was to command NJG 1 for three years and in partnership with General Kammhuber develop a highly effective night fighter force.

On 1 July 1943, Falck was promoted to Oberst and transferred to the Generalstab as Kammhuber's representative at the Luftwaffenführungsstab. Falck was then sent to Berlin and appointed within the Luftwaffenbefehlshaber Mitte, as overall responsible for the day and night fighter defence of the Reich.

He was then appointed Jagdfliegerführer Balkan based at Pančevo from June 1944. Falck then became General Flieger-Ausbildung, responsible for all Luftwaffe training schools, shortly after. Falck was a friend of Claus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg and came under suspicion by the Gestapo after the 20 July Plot.

In March 1945 he was given command of fighters based in the Rhineland, but did not take up the role, becoming a prisoner of the American Forces on 3 May 1945 in Bavaria.

Post-war career

edit

Released in June 1945, Falck had a variety of jobs, including farming, working for a pharmaceutical company, and working for the British Army as a Civil Officer at the stores section of the 47th Royal Engineers. He attended night school and studied business, which resulted in a job selling playing cards. In 1961, he was approached by North American Aviation to undertake an aviation consultancy post. In 1966 he joined McDonnell Douglas. On retirement from business in 1986, he lived in St Ulrich in Austria. He continued flying post war, being a member of many flying clubs.

Documentary

edit

In 1997, Falck appeared in the last episode of the documentary The Nazis: A Warning from History, named Fighting to the end. Falck was amongst several German war veterans who explained what motivated them to continue fighting late in the war. Falck himself explained the motivations of the Nachtjagdgeschwader (Night Fighter Wings) during the Defence of the Reich campaign. Falck served as president of the German veterans organization Gemeinschaft der Jagdflieger from 18 October 1975 to 8 October 1977.[27]

Summary of career

edit

Aerial victory claims

edit

Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces: Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 7 aerial victory claims, plus one additional unconfirmed claim. This figure includes three claims over Poland and four on the Western Front.[11]

Awards

edit

References

edit

Citations

edit
  1. ^ Braatz 2005, pp. 28, 50.
  2. ^ Falck & Braatz 2004, p. 65.
  3. ^ Falck & Braatz 2004, pp. 280, 283.
  4. ^ Falck & Braatz 2004, p. 75.
  5. ^ Falck & Braatz 2004, p. 81.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2000, p. 108.
  7. ^ Prien et al. 2000, pp. 145–146.
  8. ^ Prien et al. 2000, pp. 376–377.
  9. ^ Hinchliffe 2003, p. 34.
  10. ^ Hooton 1994, p. 179.
  11. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 299.
  12. ^ Hinchliffe 1998, p. 26.
  13. ^ Hinchliffe 1998, p. 27.
  14. ^ Holmes 2010, p. 72.
  15. ^ a b Goss 2018, p. 124.
  16. ^ Bowman 2016b, pp. 12–13.
  17. ^ Bowman 2016b, p. 13.
  18. ^ Hooton 1994, p. 222.
  19. ^ Hinchliffe 1998, pp. 27–28.
  20. ^ Hinchliffe 1998, p. 33.
  21. ^ Hinchliffe 1998, p. 34.
  22. ^ Scutts 1998, pp. 10–11.
  23. ^ Scutts 1998, p. 12.
  24. ^ Scutts 1998, p. 17.
  25. ^ Scutts 1998, p. 15.
  26. ^ Mackay 2000, p. 114.
  27. ^ "Namhafte Persönlichkeiten". Gemeinschaft der Flieger deutscher Streitkräfte e.V. (in German). Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  28. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 302.
  29. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 177, 490.

Bibliography

edit
  • Addison, Paul; Crang, Jeremy (2006). Firestorm: The Bombing of Dresden 1945. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-1-84413-928-6.
  • Aders, Gebhard (1978). History of the German Night Fighter Force, 1917–1945. London: Janes. ISBN 978-0-354-01247-8.
  • Balss, Michael (1997). Deutsche Nachtjagd. Materialverluste in Ausbildung und Einsatz Erganzungen zu Personalverlusten in Ausbildung und Einsatz (in German). VDM Heinz Nickel. ISBN 978-3-925480-36-2.
  • Bergström, Christer (2015). The Battle of Britain: An Epic Conflict Revisited. Oxford, UK: Casemate. ISBN 978-1612-00347-4.
  • Boiten, Theo (1997). Nachtjagd: the night fighter versus bomber war over the Third Reich, 1939–45. London: Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-86126-086-4.
  • Boiten, Theo (1999). Night Airwar: Personal Recollections of the Conflict Over Europe, 1939-45. London: Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-86126-298-1.
  • Boog, Horst; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2006). Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943-1944/5. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822889-9.
  • Bowman, Martin (2011). 100 Group (Bomber Support): RAF Bomber Command in World War II. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-418-0.
  • Bowman, Martin (2016a). Nuremberg: The Blackest Night in RAF History: 30/31 March 1944. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-5211-2.
  • Bowman, Martin (2016b). Nachtjagd, Defenders of the Reich 1940–1943. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-4738-4986-0.
  • Bowman, Martin; Davey, Chris (2013). Mosquito Bomber/Fighter-Bomber Units 1942–45. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0049-7.
  • Braatz, Kurt [in German] (2005). Gott oder ein Flugzeug – Leben und Sterben des Jagdfliegers Günther Lützow [God or an Airplane – Life and Death of Fighter Pilot Günther Lützow] (in German). Moosburg, Germany: NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9807935-6-8.
  • Caldwell, Donald L.; Muller, Richard R. (2007). The Luftwaffe over Germany: Defense of the Reich. London, UK: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-712-0.
  • Chorley, W. R. (1992). Royal Air Force Bomber Command Losses of the Second World War: Aircraft and Crew Losses, 1944. London: Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 978-0-904597-91-2.
  • Cooper, Alan (1992). Air Battle of the Ruhr. London: Airlife Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-85310-201-1.
  • Cooper, Alan (2013). Bombers Over Berlin: The RAF Offensive November 1943 - March 1944. London: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-78159-065-2.
  • Everitt, Chris (1985). The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book. London: Pen & Sword Aviation. ISBN 978-1-78346-360-2.
  • Falck, Wolfgang; Braatz, Kurt [in German] (2004). Falkenjahre. Erinnerungen 1910–2003 [Years of the Falcon. Memories 1910–2003] (in German). Moosburg, Germany: NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9807935-2-0.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Foreman, John; Parry, Simon; Mathews, Johannes (2004). Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939–1945. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-0-9538061-4-0.
  • Franks, Norman (1994). The Battle of the Airfields: 1 January 1945. London: Grub St. ISBN 978-1-898697-15-2.
  • Goss, Chris (2018). Knights of the Battle of Britain — Luftwaffe Aircrew Awarded the Knight's Cross in 1940. Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52672-651-3.
  • Hall, R. Cargill (1998). Case Studies in Strategic Bombardment. University of the Pacific. ISBN 978-1-4102-2480-4.
  • Hinchliffe, Peter (1998). Luftkrieg bei Nacht 1939–1945 [Air War at Night 1939–1945] (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-613-01861-7.
  • Hinchliffe, Peter (2003). "The Lent Papers" Helmut Lent. Bristol, UK: Cerberus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84145-105-3.
  • Holmes, Robin (2010). The Battle of the Heligoland Bight, 1939: The Royal Air Force and the Luftwaffe's Baptism of Fire. London: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-906502-56-0.
  • Hooton, E.R. (1994). Phoenix Triumphant; The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe. London: Arms & Armour Press. ISBN 978-1-85409-181-9.
  • Mackay, Ron (2000). Messerschmitt Bf 110. Wiltshire: he Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-86126-313-1.
  • Manrho, John; Pütz, Ron (2004). Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope-The Attack on Allied Airfields, New Year's Day 1945. Ottringham, UK: Hikoki Publications. ISBN 978-1-902109-40-4.
  • Mason, Francis (1969). Battle Over Britain. London, UK: McWhirter Twins. ISBN 978-0-901928-00-9.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2014). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-18-9.
  • Middlebrook, Martin (2006). The Peenemunde Raid. Barnsley: Pen 7 Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-336-7.
  • Murray, Williamson (1983). Strategy for defeat : the Luftwaffe, 1933-1945. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Air University Press (US Air Force). ISBN 978-1-58566-010-0.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Parker, Danny S (1998). To Win The Winter Sky: Air War over the Ardennes, 1944-1945. Pennsylvania: Combined. ISBN 978-0-938289-35-7.
  • Parry, Simon (2003). Intruders over Britain: The Luftwaffe Night Fighter Offensive 1940 to 1945. London: Air Research Publications. ISBN 978-1-871187-16-8.
  • Price, Alfred (1973). Battle Over The Reich. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-0481-8.
  • Price, Alfred (1991). Last year of the Luftwaffe, May 1944 - May 1945. London: Greenhill. ISBN 978-1-85367-440-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2000). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 1—Vorkriegszeit und Einsatz über Polen—1934 bis 1939 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 1—Pre-War Period and Action over Poland—1934 to 1939] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-54-0.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Scutts, Jerry (1998). German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-696-5.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Tooze, Adam (2006). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. London, UK: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-14-100348-1.
  • Weal, John (2012) [1999]. Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstörer Aces of World War 2. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 25. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-753-5.
  • Webster, C K; Frankland, Noble (1961). Butler, J R M (ed.). The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany: 1939–1945. History of the Second World War. Vol. II. London: HMSO.
edit
Military offices
Preceded by
none
 Commander of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1
26 June 1940 – 1 July 1943 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Oberstleutnant Bernhard Woldenga
 Commander of Jagdfliegerführer Rumänien
June 1944 – 7 October 1944 		Succeeded by
disbanded
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Falck&oldid=1206206798"