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1948 United States presidential election in Virginia

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Main article: 1948 United States presidential election
1948 United States presidential election in Virginia
← 1944 November 2, 1948 1952 →
 
Nominee Harry S. Truman Thomas E. Dewey Strom Thurmond
Party Democratic Republican States’ Rights
Home state Missouri New York South Carolina
Running mate Alben W. Barkley Earl Warren Fielding L. Wright
Electoral vote 11 0 0
Popular vote 200,786 172,070 43,393
Percentage 47.89% 41.04% 10.35%
County Results
President before election

Harry S. Truman
Democratic

Elected President

Harry S. Truman
Democratic

Elections in Virginia
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The 1948 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 2, 1948, throughout the 48 contiguous states. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

For the previous four decades Virginia had almost completely disenfranchised its black and poor white populations through the use of a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests.[1] So restricted was suffrage in this period that it has been calculated that a third of Virginia's electorate during the first half of the twentieth century comprised state employees and officeholders.[1]

This limited electorate allowed Virginian politics to be controlled for four decades by the Byrd Organization, as progressive “antiorganization” factions were rendered impotent by the inability of almost all their potential electorate to vote.[2] Historical fusion with the “Readjuster” Democrats,[3] defection of substantial proportions of the Northeast-aligned white electorate of the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia over free silver,[4] and an early move towards a “lily white” Jim Crow party[3] meant Republicans retained a small but permanent number of legislative seats and local offices in the western part of the state.[5] In 1928 a combination of growing middle-class Republicanism in the cities and anti-Catholicism against Al Smith in the Tidewater[6] allowed the GOP to carry Virginia and elect three Congressmen, including one representing the local district of emerging machine leader Byrd.[7] However, from 1932 with the state severely affected by the Depression, Republican strength declined below its low pre-1928 level, although Byrd himself became highly critical of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal policies as early as 1940.[8]

Virginia’s delegates at the 1948 Democratic National Convention were all opposed to incumbent President Harry S. Truman after his proposal for black civil rights titled To Secure These Rights. Nevertheless, the presence of viable Republican opposition in the southwest and Shenandoah Valley meant that Byrd refused to endorse either South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond, who received the nomination of the States’ Rights Democratic Party, or Republican nominee New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey,[9] largely because of fear of losing several seats in the House to resurgent Republicans.[9]

Campaign

[edit]

Despite the failure of local federal officeholders to endorse him, Thurmond campaigned extensively in Virginia during October, arguing that Truman, Dewey and Progressive candidate Henry A. Wallace all had platforms that would destroy the existing “American way of life”.[10] The Item argued that Byrd did support Thurmond and that his tour was helping the South Carolina Governor,[11] although other polls did not imply this. Neither Dewey nor Truman campaigned in Virginia, and despite the fact that all federal representatives supported the incumbent president, local party officials of the Byrd Organization did little to work for Truman and running mate Alben W. Barkley.[12]

Despite all polls expecting Dewey to carry the state, Truman would win quite comfortably, although the Democratic margin fell by more than seventeen points vis-à-vis the 1944 election.

11% of white voters supported Thurmond.[13]

Clifford K. Berryman's editorial cartoon of October 19, 1948. One of the cards says that, according to a poll, Dewey would succeed in Virginia.

Polls

[edit]
Source Ranking As of
Chattanooga Daily Times[14] Lean R (flip) October 15, 1948
The Montgomery Advertiser[15] Likely R (flip) October 24, 1948
The Miami News[16] Likely R (flip) October 25, 1948
Mount Vernon Argus[17] Likely R (flip) November 1, 1948
Oakland Tribune[18] Tilt R (flip) November 1, 1948

Results

[edit]
1948 United States presidential election in Virginia[19]
Party Candidate Votes Percentage Electoral votes
Democratic Harry S. Truman (inc.) 200,786 47.89% 11
Republican Thomas E. Dewey 172,070 41.04% 0
States’ Rights Strom Thurmond 43,393 10.35% 0
Progressive Henry A. Wallace 2,047 0.49% 0
Socialist Norman Thomas 726 0.17% 0
Socialist Labor Edward Teichert 234 0.06% 0
Totals 419,256 100.00% 11

Results by county or independent city

[edit]
1948 United States presidential election in Virginia by counties and independent cities[20][21][22]
Harry S. Truman
Democratic 		Thomas Edmund Dewey
Republican 		James Strom Thurmond
States’ Rights 		Henry Agard Wallace
Progressive 		Various candidates
Other parties 		Margin Total votes cast
# % # % # % # % # % # %
Accomack County 1,669 53.77% 1,088 35.05% 339 10.92% 5 0.16% 3 0.10% 581 18.72% 3,104
Albemarle County 1,178 48.22% 984 40.28% 271 11.09% 4 0.16% 6 0.25% 194 7.94% 2,443
Alleghany County 2,253 58.52% 1,425 37.01% 147 3.82% 14 0.36% 11 0.29% 828 21.51% 3,850
Amelia County 443 41.87% 372 35.16% 237 22.40% 4 0.38% 2 0.19% 71 6.71% 1,058
Amherst County 1,481 60.06% 460 18.65% 507 20.56% 4 0.16% 14 0.57% 974[a] 39.50% 2,466
Appomattox County 1,182 70.95% 238 14.29% 241 14.47% 3 0.18% 2 0.12% 941[a] 56.48% 1,666
Arlington County 7,798 38.77% 10,774 53.57% 1,121 5.57% 267 1.33% 151 0.75% -2,976 -14.80% 20,111
Augusta County 1,355 39.23% 1,690 48.93% 401 11.61% 2 0.06% 6 0.17% -335 -9.70% 3,454
Bath County 375 39.98% 488 52.03% 70 7.46% 5 0.53% 0 0.00% -113 -12.05% 938
Bedford County 1,556 43.11% 1,084 30.04% 963 26.68% 2 0.06% 4 0.11% 472 13.08% 3,609
Bland County 738 45.33% 822 50.49% 66 4.05% 1 0.06% 1 0.06% -84 -5.16% 1,628
Botetourt County 1,026 39.00% 1,363 51.81% 230 8.74% 10 0.38% 2 0.08% -337 -12.81% 2,631
Brunswick County 1,067 48.46% 229 10.40% 895 40.64% 3 0.14% 8 0.36% 172[a] 7.81% 2,202
Buchanan County 3,174 59.61% 2,085 39.15% 51 0.96% 7 0.13% 8 0.15% 1,089 20.45% 5,325
Buckingham County 728 57.46% 354 27.94% 185 14.60% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 374 29.52% 1,267
Campbell County 1,554 54.03% 668 23.23% 644 22.39% 3 0.10% 7 0.24% 886 30.81% 2,876
Caroline County 731 55.72% 397 30.26% 182 13.87% 2 0.15% 0 0.00% 334 25.46% 1,312
Carroll County 1,196 32.00% 2,456 65.72% 76 2.03% 5 0.13% 4 0.11% -1,260 -33.72% 3,737
Charles City County 258 51.91% 167 33.60% 69 13.88% 2 0.40% 1 0.20% 91 18.31% 497
Charlotte County 964 57.83% 285 17.10% 417 25.01% 0 0.00% 1 0.06% 547[a] 32.81% 1,667
Chesterfield County 2,600 54.97% 1,428 30.19% 671 14.19% 18 0.38% 13 0.27% 1,172 24.78% 4,730
Clarke County 482 41.62% 384 33.16% 284 24.53% 3 0.26% 5 0.43% 98 8.46% 1,158
Craig County 456 57.29% 317 39.82% 23 2.89% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 139 17.46% 796
Culpeper County 804 47.32% 682 40.14% 211 12.42% 2 0.12% 0 0.00% 122 7.18% 1,699
Cumberland County 424 52.15% 219 26.94% 169 20.79% 0 0.00% 1 0.12% 205 25.22% 813
Dickenson County 2,945 56.94% 2,197 42.48% 16 0.31% 12 0.23% 2 0.04% 748 14.46% 5,172
Dinwiddie County 961 64.07% 261 17.40% 268 17.87% 7 0.47% 3 0.20% 693[a] 46.20% 1,500
Elizabeth City County 2,744 57.31% 1,617 33.77% 364 7.60% 47 0.98% 16 0.33% 1,127 23.54% 4,788
Essex County 329 50.54% 221 33.95% 99 15.21% 1 0.15% 1 0.15% 108 16.59% 651
Fairfax County 3,719 39.19% 4,930 51.95% 705 7.43% 79 0.83% 56 0.59% -1,211 -12.76% 9,489
Fauquier County 1,291 48.41% 1,102 41.32% 265 9.94% 3 0.11% 6 0.22% 189 7.09% 2,667
Floyd County 434 24.87% 1,266 72.55% 42 2.41% 1 0.06% 2 0.11% -832 -47.68% 1,745
Fluvanna County 447 52.46% 319 37.44% 83 9.74% 2 0.23% 1 0.12% 128 15.02% 852
Franklin County 1,343 47.74% 1,100 39.10% 348 12.37% 13 0.46% 9 0.32% 243 8.64% 2,813
Frederick County 1,244 51.75% 921 38.31% 239 9.94% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 323 13.44% 2,404
Giles County 1,529 49.09% 1,448 46.48% 131 4.21% 4 0.13% 3 0.10% 81 2.60% 3,115
Gloucester County 719 56.44% 434 34.07% 117 9.18% 3 0.24% 1 0.08% 285 22.37% 1,274
Goochland County 683 59.91% 292 25.61% 154 13.51% 8 0.70% 3 0.26% 391 34.30% 1,140
Grayson County 2,741 41.73% 3,669 55.86% 152 2.31% 3 0.05% 3 0.05% -928 -14.13% 6,568
Greene County 261 36.55% 420 58.82% 28 3.92% 3 0.42% 2 0.28% -159 -22.27% 714
Greensville County 710 49.75% 301 21.09% 404 28.31% 4 0.28% 8 0.56% 306[a] 21.44% 1,427
Halifax County 1,323 34.19% 521 13.46% 2,007 51.86% 7 0.18% 12 0.31% -684[a] -17.67% 3,870
Hanover County 1,048 47.59% 838 38.06% 294 13.35% 14 0.64% 8 0.36% 210 9.54% 2,202
Henrico County 2,321 46.70% 2,092 42.09% 508 10.22% 36 0.72% 13 0.26% 229 4.61% 4,970
Henry County 1,318 51.95% 730 28.77% 474 18.68% 7 0.28% 8 0.32% 588 23.18% 2,537
Highland County 423 38.81% 579 53.12% 85 7.80% 1 0.09% 2 0.18% -156 -14.31% 1,090
Isle of Wight County 1,064 66.88% 442 27.78% 81 5.09% 2 0.13% 2 0.13% 622 39.09% 1,591
James City County 198 44.49% 177 39.78% 68 15.28% 1 0.22% 1 0.22% 21 4.72% 445
King and Queen County 293 53.56% 171 31.26% 82 14.99% 0 0.00% 1 0.18% 122 22.30% 547
King George County 248 34.44% 316 43.89% 152 21.11% 2 0.28% 2 0.28% -68 -9.44% 720
King William County 476 49.02% 348 35.84% 138 14.21% 5 0.51% 4 0.41% 128 13.18% 971
Lancaster County 560 47.70% 459 39.10% 149 12.69% 4 0.34% 2 0.17% 101 8.60% 1,174
Lee County 4,069 48.06% 4,297 50.76% 86 1.02% 7 0.08% 7 0.08% -228 -2.69% 8,466
Loudoun County 1,545 47.61% 1,430 44.07% 246 7.58% 10 0.31% 14 0.43% 115 3.54% 3,245
Louisa County 782 46.24% 701 41.45% 201 11.89% 6 0.35% 1 0.06% 81 4.79% 1,691
Lunenburg County 1,126 65.54% 251 14.61% 335 19.50% 3 0.17% 3 0.17% 791[a] 46.04% 1,718
Madison County 428 36.03% 662 55.72% 89 7.49% 2 0.17% 7 0.59% -234 -19.70% 1,188
Mathews County 458 44.42% 490 47.53% 81 7.86% 2 0.19% 0 0.00% -32 -3.10% 1,031
Mecklenburg County 2,117 69.34% 513 16.80% 422 13.82% 1 0.03% 0 0.00% 1,604 52.54% 3,053
Middlesex County 457 51.99% 271 30.83% 148 16.84% 1 0.11% 2 0.23% 186 21.16% 879
Montgomery County 1,126 32.42% 2,070 59.60% 254 7.31% 5 0.14% 18 0.52% -944 -27.18% 3,473
Nansemond County 2,115 76.27% 413 14.89% 179 6.46% 66 2.38% 0 0.00% 1,702 61.38% 2,773
Nelson County 1,204 69.16% 371 21.31% 164 9.42% 1 0.06% 1 0.06% 833 47.85% 1,741
New Kent County 277 53.89% 140 27.24% 92 17.90% 1 0.19% 4 0.78% 137 26.65% 514
Norfolk County 4,696 66.24% 1,830 25.81% 536 7.56% 21 0.30% 6 0.08% 2,866 40.43% 7,089
Northampton County 997 56.71% 525 29.86% 229 13.03% 5 0.28% 2 0.11% 472 26.85% 1,758
Northumberland County 429 37.43% 535 46.68% 178 15.53% 2 0.17% 2 0.17% -106 -9.25% 1,146
Nottoway County 1,004 51.15% 486 24.76% 467 23.79% 2 0.10% 4 0.20% 518 26.39% 1,963
Orange County 856 46.22% 726 39.20% 264 14.25% 3 0.16% 3 0.16% 130 7.02% 1,852
Page County 1,611 39.73% 2,236 55.14% 172 4.24% 33 0.81% 3 0.07% -625 -15.41% 4,055
Patrick County 760 41.30% 648 35.22% 430 23.37% 1 0.05% 1 0.05% 112 6.09% 1,840
Pittsylvania County 3,149 55.58% 1,164 20.54% 1,321 23.31% 11 0.19% 21 0.37% 1,828[a] 32.26% 5,666
Powhatan County 338 50.98% 238 35.90% 83 12.52% 2 0.30% 2 0.30% 100 15.08% 663
Prince Edward County 740 43.07% 459 26.72% 510 29.69% 2 0.12% 7 0.41% 230[a] 13.39% 1,718
Prince George County 745 61.57% 317 26.20% 138 11.40% 7 0.58% 3 0.25% 428 35.37% 1,210
Princess Anne County 2,008 54.05% 1,329 35.77% 361 9.72% 12 0.32% 5 0.13% 679 18.28% 3,715
Prince William County 1,162 55.78% 760 36.49% 151 7.25% 6 0.29% 4 0.19% 402 19.30% 2,083
Pulaski County 1,412 40.90% 1,691 48.99% 344 9.97% 3 0.09% 2 0.06% -279 -8.08% 3,452
Rappahannock County 617 59.67% 311 30.08% 100 9.67% 3 0.29% 3 0.29% 306 29.59% 1,034
Richmond County 240 39.02% 296 48.13% 70 11.38% 3 0.49% 6 0.98% -56 -9.11% 615
Roanoke County 2,876 38.58% 3,988 53.49% 568 7.62% 18 0.24% 5 0.07% -1,112 -14.92% 7,455
Rockbridge County 994 43.52% 1,062 46.50% 217 9.50% 5 0.22% 6 0.26% -68 -2.98% 2,284
Rockingham County 1,680 32.42% 3,219 62.12% 260 5.02% 8 0.15% 15 0.29% -1,539 -29.70% 5,182
Russell County 2,689 51.29% 2,447 46.67% 103 1.96% 2 0.04% 2 0.04% 242 4.62% 5,243
Scott County 2,676 42.67% 3,520 56.12% 63 1.00% 6 0.10% 7 0.11% -844 -13.46% 6,272
Shenandoah County 1,603 30.95% 3,349 64.65% 214 4.13% 8 0.15% 6 0.12% -1,746 -33.71% 5,180
Smyth County 1,750 36.29% 2,897 60.08% 161 3.34% 4 0.08% 10 0.21% -1,147 -23.79% 4,822
Southampton County 1,462 69.62% 339 16.14% 291 13.86% 5 0.24% 3 0.14% 1,123 53.48% 2,100
Spotsylvania County 818 54.17% 517 34.24% 170 11.26% 4 0.26% 1 0.07% 301 19.93% 1,510
Stafford County 708 44.84% 732 46.36% 129 8.17% 6 0.38% 4 0.25% -24 -1.52% 1,579
Surry County 460 59.43% 134 17.31% 180 23.26% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 280[a] 36.18% 774
Sussex County 614 50.33% 244 20.00% 355 29.10% 3 0.25% 4 0.33% 259[a] 21.23% 1,220
Tazewell County 2,258 47.98% 2,278 48.41% 163 3.46% 6 0.13% 1 0.02% -20 -0.42% 4,706
Warren County 1,291 51.99% 1,016 40.92% 166 6.69% 6 0.24% 4 0.16% 275 11.08% 2,483
Washington County 2,510 44.09% 2,972 52.20% 187 3.28% 11 0.19% 13 0.23% -462 -8.12% 5,693
Westmoreland County 503 39.42% 568 44.51% 197 15.44% 7 0.55% 1 0.08% -65 -5.09% 1,276
Wise County 4,862 61.98% 2,836 36.15% 133 1.70% 8 0.10% 6 0.08% 2,026 25.83% 7,845
Wythe County 976 29.26% 2,077 62.26% 279 8.36% 3 0.09% 1 0.03% -1,101 -33.00% 3,336
York County 826 60.03% 418 30.38% 119 8.65% 6 0.44% 7 0.51% 408 29.65% 1,376
Alexandria City 3,917 44.99% 3,903 44.83% 777 8.92% 67 0.77% 43 0.49% 14 0.16% 8,707
Bristol City 1,451 58.94% 879 35.70% 125 5.08% 7 0.28% 0 0.00% 572 23.23% 2,462
Buena Vista City 297 52.75% 234 41.56% 31 5.51% 1 0.18% 0 0.00% 63 11.19% 563
Charlottesville City 1,527 45.35% 1,419 42.14% 387 11.49% 15 0.45% 19 0.56% 108 3.21% 3,367
Clifton Forge City 818 58.22% 451 32.10% 131 9.32% 4 0.28% 1 0.07% 367 26.12% 1,405
Danville City 2,334 42.84% 1,579 28.98% 1,511 27.73% 11 0.20% 13 0.24% 755 13.86% 5,448
Fredericksburg City 816 42.26% 810 41.95% 290 15.02% 9 0.47% 6 0.31% 6 0.31% 1,931
Hampton City 727 58.87% 371 30.04% 123 9.96% 13 1.05% 1 0.08% 356 28.83% 1,235
Harrisonburg City 751 31.93% 1,377 58.55% 208 8.84% 8 0.34% 8 0.34% -626 -26.62% 2,352
Hopewell City 1,242 62.70% 570 28.77% 150 7.57% 16 0.81% 3 0.15% 672 33.92% 1,981
Lynchburg City 2,480 36.76% 2,373 35.17% 1,841 27.29% 23 0.34% 30 0.44% 107 1.59% 6,747
Martinsville City 814 39.50% 642 31.15% 598 29.02% 6 0.29% 1 0.05% 172 8.35% 2,061
Newport News City 3,420 65.28% 1,453 27.73% 284 5.42% 71 1.36% 11 0.21% 1,967 37.55% 5,239
Norfolk City 9,370 50.76% 7,556 40.93% 1,255 6.80% 259 1.40% 20 0.11% 1,814 9.83% 18,460
Petersburg City 2,019 52.70% 1,189 31.04% 599 15.64% 16 0.42% 8 0.21% 830 21.67% 3,831
Portsmouth City 4,612 62.48% 2,056 27.86% 615 8.33% 82 1.11% 16 0.22% 2,556 34.63% 7,381
Radford City 826 46.80% 850 48.16% 80 4.53% 6 0.34% 3 0.17% -24 -1.36% 1,765
Richmond City 16,466 46.64% 14,549 41.21% 3,892 11.03% 307 0.87% 87 0.25% 1,917 5.43% 35,301
Roanoke City 5,343 40.48% 6,542 49.56% 1,244 9.42% 60 0.45% 11 0.08% -1,199 -9.08% 13,200
South Norfolk City 857 66.80% 347 27.05% 73 5.69% 6 0.47% 0 0.00% 510 39.75% 1,283
Staunton City 914 34.19% 1,323 49.49% 418 15.64% 9 0.34% 9 0.34% -409 -15.30% 2,673
Suffolk City 1,030 49.76% 741 35.80% 246 11.88% 51 2.46% 2 0.10% 289 13.96% 2,070
Warwick City 1,822 57.57% 1,014 32.04% 306 9.67% 13 0.41% 10 0.32% 808 25.53% 3,165
Waynesboro City 839 46.77% 833 46.43% 118 6.58% 0 0.00% 4 0.22% 6 0.33% 1,794
Williamsburg City 312 36.75% 334 39.34% 191 22.50% 8 0.94% 4 0.47% -22 -2.59% 849
Winchester City 894 35.11% 1,272 49.96% 371 14.57% 7 0.27% 2 0.08% -378 -14.85% 2,546
Totals 200,786 47.89% 172,070 41.04% 43,393 10.35% 2,047 0.49% 960 0.23% 28,716 6.85% 419,256

Counties and Independent Cities that flipped from Democratic to Republican

[edit]

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Dixiecrat

[edit]

Analysis

[edit]

Ultimately, Virginia was won by Truman with 47.89 percent of the vote to Dewey's 41.04 percent and Thurmond's 10.35 percent. This contradicted polls that expected Dewey to carry the state with around 47 percent of the vote to Truman's 45 percent and 7 to 8 percent for Thurmond.[23] This election nonetheless accelerated the major losses Franklin D. Roosevelt experienced in the Washington D.C. suburbs and the Shenandoah Valley at the previous election — losses which would pave the way for Virginia voting Republican in thirteen of the next fourteen presidential elections.[24]

As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which the Fifth Congressional District has supported a Democratic presidential candidate. It is also the last election when Hanover County, King William County, Lancaster County, Middlesex County and Orange County have supported a Democratic presidential nominee.[25] Chesterfield County and Lynchburg City would not vote Democratic again at a presidential level until 2020, Henrico County not until 2008, Albemarle County and Danville City not until 2004, Prince Edward County not until 1996 and Amelia County not until 1976.[25]

This remains the last occasion Virginia voted to the left of Delaware, and was also the last time until 2012 that Virginia voted for a different candidate than Indiana.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l In this county or city where Thurmond ran second ahead of Dewey, the margin given is Truman vote minus Thurmond vote.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Kousser, J. Morgan (1974). The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN 0-300-01696-4.
  2. ^ Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. pp. 20–25.
  3. ^ a b Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. (March 19, 2020). Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865-1968. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–221. ISBN 978-1107158436.
  4. ^ Moger, Allen. "The Rift in Virginia Democracy in 1896". The Journal of Southern History. 4 (3): 295–317. doi:10.2307/2191291. JSTOR 2191291.
  5. ^ Phillips, Kevin P. (1969). The Emerging Republican Majority. Arlington House. pp. 193, 219. ISBN 0870000586.
  6. ^ Phillips. The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 195
  7. ^ Hawkes (junior), Robert T. (July 1974). "The Emergence of a Leader: Harry Flood Byrd, Governor of Virginia, 1926-1930". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 82 (3): 259–281.
  8. ^ Davidson, Chandler; Grofman, Bernard (1994). Quiet revolution in the South: the impact of the Voting rights act, 1965-1990. Princeton University Press. pp. 275–276. ISBN 0691032475.
  9. ^ a b Guthrie, Paul Daniel (1955). The Dixiecrat Movement of 1948 (Thesis). Bowling Green State University. pp. 179–181. Docket 144207.
  10. ^ "Thurmond Says Party Holds Hope to U.S.". Daily Press. Newport News, Virginia. October 10, 1948. p. 1.
  11. ^ "Tour Pays Off: Thurmond Is Said Gaining Strength Rapidly in Once-Lukewarm Virginia". The Item. Sumter, South Carolina. October 9, 1948. p. 1.
  12. ^ "The Break-Up of the South's Political Pattern". Norfolk Ledger-Dispatch. Norfolk, Virginia. October 16, 1948. p. 6.
  13. ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 147.
  14. ^ Gallup, George (October 15, 1948). "Only Four States Go to Dixiecrats". Chattanooga Daily Times. Chattanooga, Tennessee. p. 6-A.
  15. ^ Moss, Charles (October 24, 1948). "Virginia". The Montgomery Advertiser. Montgomery, Alabama. p. 16.
  16. ^ Johnston, Ben B. (October 25, 1948). "Virginia". The Miami News. Miami, Florida. p. 8.
  17. ^ Tucker, Ray (November 1, 1948). "Truman Whistling in a White House Graveyard, Says Tucker, Predicting It'll Be a Dewey Sweep". Mount Vernon Argus. Mount Vernon, New York. p. 8.
  18. ^ Gallup, George (November 1, 1948). "Final Gallup Poll Shows Dewey Winning Election with Wide Electoral Vote Margin". Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. pp. 1–2.
  19. ^ "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2, 1948" (PDF). Clerk of the House of Representatives. p. 42.
  20. ^ "1948 Presidential Election Popular Vote". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €15)
  21. ^ "Popular Vote for Strom Thurmond". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €15)
  22. ^ "Popular Vote for Henry Wallace". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €15)
  23. ^ Mosteller, Frederick (1949). The pre-election polls of 1948; report to the Committee on Analysis of Pre-election Polls and Forecasts. New York City: Social Science Research Council. Committee on Analysis of Pre-election Polls and Forecasts. p. 27.
  24. ^ Atkinson, Frank B. (2006). The Dynamic Dominion: Realignment and the Rise of Two-party Competition in Virginia, 1945-1980. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742552098.
  25. ^ a b Menendez, Albert J. (2005). The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004. McFarland. pp. 327–331. ISBN 0786422173.

Works cited

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