April 20
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| 2015 (Monday) |
April 20 is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 255 days remain until the end of the year.
Events
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 1303 – The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII.[1]
1601–1900
[edit]- 1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's Rump Parliament.[2]
- 1657 – English Admiral Robert Blake destroys a Spanish silver fleet, under heavy fire from the shore, at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.[3]
- 1657 – Freedom of religion is granted to the Jews of New Amsterdam (later New York City).
- 1752 – Start of Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War, a new phase in the Burmese Civil War (1740–57).
- 1770 – The Georgian king, Erekle II, abandoned by his Russian ally Count Totleben, wins a victory over Ottoman forces at Aspindza.
- 1775 – American Revolutionary War: The Siege of Boston begins, following the battles at Lexington and Concord.
- 1789 – George Washington arrives at Grays Ferry, Philadelphia, while en route to Manhattan for his inauguration.
- 1792 – France declares war against the "King of Hungary and Bohemia", the beginning of the French Revolutionary Wars.
- 1800 – The Septinsular Republic is established.
- 1809 – Two Austrian army corps in Bavaria are defeated by a First French Empire army led by Napoleon at the Battle of Abensberg on the second day of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory.
- 1828 – René Caillié becomes the second non-Muslim to enter Timbuktu, following Major Gordon Laing. He would also be the first to return alive.[4]
- 1836 – U.S. Congress passes an act creating the Wisconsin Territory.
- 1861 – American Civil War: Robert E. Lee resigns his commission in the United States Army in order to command the forces of the state of Virginia.[5]
- 1861 – Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, attempting to display the value of balloons, makes record journey, flying 900 miles from Cincinnati to South Carolina.[6]
- 1862 – Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard complete the experiment disproving the theory of spontaneous generation.
- 1865 – Astronomer Angelo Secchi demonstrates the Secchi disk, which measures water clarity, aboard Pope Pius IX's yacht, the L'Immaculata Concezion.
- 1876 – The April Uprising begins. Its suppression shocks European opinion, and Bulgarian independence becomes a condition for ending the Russo-Turkish War.
- 1884 – Pope Leo XIII publishes the encyclical Humanum genus, condemning Freemasonry.
- 1898 – U.S. President William McKinley signs a joint resolution to Congress for declaration of war against Spain, beginning the Spanish–American War.[7]
1901–present
[edit]- 1902 – Pierre and Marie Curie refine radium chloride.
- 1908 – Opening day of competition in the New South Wales Rugby League.[8]
- 1914 – Nineteen men, women, and children participating in a strike are killed in the Ludlow Massacre during the Colorado Coalfield War.[9]
- 1918 – Manfred von Richthofen, a.k.a. The Red Baron, shoots down his 79th and 80th victims, his final victories before his death the following day.
- 1922 – The Soviet government creates South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within Georgian SSR.
- 1945 – World War II: U.S. troops capture Leipzig, Germany, only to later cede the city to the Soviet Union.
- 1945 – World War II: Führerbunker: On his 56th birthday Adolf Hitler makes his last trip to the surface to award Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth.
- 1945 – Twenty Jewish children used in medical experiments at Neuengamme are killed in the basement of the Bullenhuser Damm school.
- 1949 – Amethyst incident: The People's Liberation Army attacks the HMS Amethyst (F116) travelling to the British embassy in Nanjing during the Chinese Civil War.[10]
- 1946 – The League of Nations officially dissolves, giving most of its power to the United Nations.
- 1961 – Cold War: Failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion of US-backed Cuban exiles against Cuba.
- 1968 – English politician Enoch Powell makes his controversial "Rivers of Blood" speech.[11]
- 1968 – South African Airways Flight 228 crashes near the Hosea Kutako International Airport in South West Africa (now Namibia), killing 123 people.[12]
- 1972 – Apollo program: Apollo 16 Lunar Module, commanded by John Young and piloted by Charles Duke, lands on the Moon.
- 1998 – Air France Flight 422 crashes after taking off from El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá, Colombia, killing all 53 people on board.[13]
- 1999 – Columbine High School massacre: Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold kill 13 people and injure 24 others before committing suicide at Columbine High School in Columbine, Colorado.[14]
- 2004 - The Nicoll Highway in Singapore collapsed, killing four workers.[15]
- 2007 – Johnson Space Center shooting: William Phillips barricades himself with a handgun in NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas before killing a male hostage and himself.[16]
- 2008 – Danica Patrick wins the Indy Japan 300 becoming the first female driver in history to win an Indy car race.[17]
- 2010 – The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explodes in the Gulf of Mexico, killing eleven workers and beginning an oil spill that would last six months.
- 2012 – One hundred twenty-seven people are killed when a plane crashes in a residential area near the Benazir Bhutto International Airport near Islamabad, Pakistan.
- 2013 – A 6.6-magnitude earthquake strikes Lushan County, Ya'an, in China's Sichuan province, killing at least 193 people and injuring thousands.
- 2015 – Ten people are killed in a bomb attack on a convoy carrying food supplies to a United Nations compound in Garowe in the Somali region of Puntland.
- 2020 – For the first time in history, oil prices drop below zero, an effect of the 2020 Russia-Saudi Arabia oil price war.[18]
- 2021 – State of Minnesota v. Derek Michael Chauvin: Derek Chauvin is found guilty of all charges in the murder of George Floyd by the Fourth Judicial District Court of Minnesota.[19]
- 2023 – SpaceX's Starship rocket, the largest and most powerful rocket ever built, launches for the first time. It explodes 4 minutes into flight.[20]
Births
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 1494 – Johannes Agricola, German theologian and reformer (d. 1566)[21]
- 1544 – Renata of Lorraine, Duchess consort of Bavaria (d. 1602)
- 1586 – Rose of Lima, Peruvian mystic and saint (d. 1617)
1601–1900
[edit]- 1633 – Emperor Go-Kōmyō of Japan (d. 1654)
- 1646 – Charles Plumier, French botanist and author (d. 1704)
- 1650 – William Bedloe, English spy (d. 1680)
- 1718 – David Brainerd, American missionary (d. 1747)
- 1723 – Cornelius Harnett, American merchant, farmer, and politician (d. 1781)[22]
- 1727 – Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau, Belgian-Austrian minister and diplomat (d. 1794)
- 1745 – Philippe Pinel, French physician and psychiatrist (d. 1826)
- 1748 – Georg Michael Telemann, German composer and theologian (d. 1831)
- 1808 – Napoleon III, French politician, 1st President of France, Emperor of French Second Empire (d. 1873)
- 1816 – Bogoslav Šulek, Croatian philologist, historian, and lexicographer (d. 1895)
- 1818 – Heinrich Göbel, German-American mechanic and engineer (d. 1893)
- 1826 – Dinah Craik, English author and poet (d. 1887)
- 1839 – Carol I of Romania, King of Romania (d. 1914)
- 1840 – Odilon Redon, French painter and illustrator (d. 1916)
- 1850 – Daniel Chester French, American sculptor, designed the Lincoln statue (d. 1931)
- 1851 – Alexander Dianin, Russian chemist (d. 1918)
- 1851 – Siegmund Lubin, Polish-American businessman, founded the Lubin Manufacturing Company (d. 1923)
- 1860 – Justinien de Clary, French target shooter (d. 1933)
- 1871 – Sydney Chapman, English economist and civil servant (d. 1951)
- 1873 – James Harcourt, English character actor (d. 1951)
- 1875 – Vladimir Vidrić, Croatian poet and lawyer (d. 1909)
- 1879 – Paul Poiret, French fashion designer (d. 1944)
- 1882 – Holland Smith, American general (d. 1967)
- 1884 – Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1966)
- 1884 – Oliver Kirk, American boxer (d. 1960)
- 1884 – Daniel Varoujan, Armenian poet and educator (d. 1915)
- 1889 – Albert Jean Amateau, Turkish rabbi, lawyer, and activist (d. 1996)
- 1889 – Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland (d. 1918)
- 1889 – Marie-Antoinette de Geuser, French mystic (d. 1918)
- 1889 – Adolf Hitler, Austrian-born German politician, Führer of Nazi Germany (d. 1945)
- 1889 – Tonny Kessler, Dutch footballer (d. 1960)
- 1890 – Maurice Duplessis, Canadian lawyer and politician, 16th Premier of Quebec (d. 1959)
- 1890 – Adolf Schärf, Austrian soldier and politician, 6th President of Austria (d. 1965)
- 1891 – Dave Bancroft, American baseball player and manager (d. 1972)
- 1893 – Harold Lloyd, American actor, comedian, and producer (d. 1971)
- 1893 – Joan Miró, Spanish painter and sculptor (d. 1983)
- 1895 – Henry de Montherlant, French essayist, novelist, and dramatist (d. 1972)
- 1899 – Alan Arnett McLeod, Canadian lieutenant, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1918)
1901–present
[edit]- 1904 – Bruce Cabot, American actor (d. 1972)
- 1907 – Miran Bakhsh, Pakistani cricketer (d. 1991)[23]
- 1907 – Augoustinos Kantiotes, Greek bishop (d. 2010)
- 1908 – Lionel Hampton, American vibraphone player, pianist, bandleader, and actor (d. 2002)
- 1910 – Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, Turkish diplomat and politician (d. 1961)
- 1913 – Mimis Fotopoulos, Greek actor and poet (d. 1986)
- 1913 – Willi Hennig, German biologist and entomologist (d. 1976)
- 1914 – Betty Lou Gerson, American actress (d. 1999)
- 1915 – Joseph Wolpe, South African psychotherapist and physician (d. 1997)
- 1916 – Nasiba Zeynalova, Azerbaijani actress (d. 2004)
- 1918 – Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007)
- 1919 – Richard Hillary, Australian lieutenant and pilot (d. 1943)
- 1920 – Frances Ames, South African neurologist, psychiatrist, and human rights activist (d. 2002)
- 1920 – Clement Isong, Nigerian banker and politician, Governor of Cross River State (d. 2000)
- 1920 – John Paul Stevens, American lawyer and jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2019)[24]
- 1921 – Katarína Kolníková, Slovak actress (d. 2006)[25]
- 1923 – Mother Angelica, American nun and broadcaster, founded Eternal Word Television Network (d. 2016)[26]
- 1923 – Irene Lieblich, Polish-American painter and illustrator (d. 2008)
- 1923 – Tito Puente, American drummer and producer (d. 2000)[27]
- 1924 – Nina Foch, Dutch-American actress (d. 2008)[28]
- 1924 – Leslie Phillips, English actor and producer (d. 2022)[29]
- 1924 – Guy Rocher, Canadian sociologist and academic
- 1925 – Ernie Stautner, German-American football player and coach (d. 2006)
- 1925 – Elena Verdugo, American actress (d. 2017)
- 1927 – Bud Cullen, Canadian judge and politician, 1st Canadian Minister of Employment and Immigration (d. 2005)
- 1927 – Phil Hill, American race car driver (d. 2008)
- 1927 – K. Alex Müller, Swiss physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2023)[30]
- 1928 – Robert Byrne, American chess player and author (d. 2013)
- 1928 – Johnny Gavin, Irish international footballer (d. 2007)[31]
- 1930 – Dwight Gustafson, American composer and conductor (d. 2014)
- 1930 – Antony Jay, English director and screenwriter (d. 2016)
- 1931 – Michael Allenby, 3rd Viscount Allenby, English lieutenant and politician (d. 2014)
- 1931 – John Eccles, 2nd Viscount Eccles, English businessman and politician
- 1932 – Myriam Bru, French actress
- 1936 – Lisa Davis, English-American actress
- 1936 – Pauli Ellefsen, Faroese technician, surveyor, and politician, 6th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 2012)[32]
- 1936 – Pat Roberts, American captain, journalist, and politician[33]
- 1937 – Jiří Dienstbier, Czech journalist and politician, Czech Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2011)
- 1937 – Harvey Quaytman, American painter and educator (d. 2002)[34]
- 1937 – George Takei, American actor[35]
- 1938 – Betty Cuthbert, Australian sprinter (d. 2017)[36]
- 1938 – Manfred Kinder, German runner[37]
- 1938 – Eszter Tamási, Hungarian actress (d. 1991)
- 1939 – Peter S. Beagle, American author and screenwriter
- 1939 – Gro Harlem Brundtland, Norwegian physician and politician, 22nd Prime Minister of Norway
- 1939 – Johnny Tillotson, American singer-songwriter
- 1940 – James Gammon, American actor (d. 2010)[38]
- 1941 – Ryan O'Neal, American actor (d. 2023)[39]
- 1943 – Alan Beith, English academic and politician
- 1943 – John Eliot Gardiner, English conductor and director
- 1944 – Toivo Aare, Estonian journalist and author (d. 1999)
- 1945 – Michael Brandon, American actor and director
- 1945 – Olga Karlatos, Greek actress and Bermudian lawyer
- 1945 – Thein Sein, Burmese general and politician, 8th President of Burma
- 1945 – Naftali Temu, Kenyan runner (d. 2003)
- 1945 – Steve Spurrier, American football player and coach[40]
- 1946 – Sandro Chia, Italian painter and sculptor
- 1947 – Rita Dionne-Marsolais, Canadian economist and politician
- 1947 – Viktor Suvorov, Russian intelligence officer, historian, and author
- 1948 – Matthias Kuhle, German geographer and academic (d. 2015)
- 1949 – Veronica Cartwright, English-American actress[41]
- 1949 – Toller Cranston, Canadian-Mexican figure skater and painter (d. 2015)
- 1949 – Massimo D'Alema, Italian journalist and politician, 76th Prime Minister of Italy
- 1949 – Jessica Lange, American actress
- 1950 – Alexander Lebed, Russian general and politician (d. 2002)
- 1950 – N. Chandrababu Naidu, Indian politician, 13th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
- 1951 – Luther Vandross, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2005)[42]
- 1952 – Louka Katseli, Greek economist and politician
- 1953 – Sebastian Faulks, English journalist and author[43]
- 1953 – James Chance, American musician (d. 2024)[44]
- 1955 – Donald Pettit, American engineer and astronaut[45]
- 1955 – Svante Pääbo, Swedish geneticist and Nobel Laureate [46]
- 1956 – Beatrice Ask, Swedish politician, Swedish Minister for Justice[47]
- 1956 – Peter Chelsom, English film director, writer, and actor
- 1956 – Kakha Bendukidze, Georgian economist and politician (d. 2014)[48]
- 1958 – Viacheslav Fetisov, Russian ice hockey player and coach
- 1960 – Debbie Flintoff-King, Australian hurdler and coach[49]
- 1961 – Don Mattingly, American baseball player, coach, and manager
- 1961 – Konstantin Lavronenko, Russian actor
- 1963 – Rachel Whiteread, English sculptor
- 1964 – John Carney, American football player[50]
- 1964 – Crispin Glover, American actor and filmmaker[51]
- 1964 – Andy Serkis, English actor and director
- 1964 – Rosalynn Sumners, American figure skater[52]
- 1965 – Kostis Chatzidakis, Greek politician, Ministry of Economy, Infrastructure, Shipping and Tourism
- 1965 – Léa Fazer, Swiss film director, screenwriter and actress
- 1965 – Mark Mallia, Maltese painter and sculptor (d. 2024)[53]
- 1966 – David Chalmers, Australian philosopher and academic
- 1966 – David Filo, American businessman, co-founded Yahoo!
- 1967 – Mike Portnoy, American drummer and songwriter[54]
- 1968 – Julia Morris, Australian entertainer
- 1969 – Felix Baumgartner, Austrian daredevil[55]
- 1969 – Will Hodgman, Australian politician, 45th Premier of Tasmania[56]
- 1970 – Shemar Moore, American actor[57]
- 1971 – Allan Houston, American basketball player[58]
- 1972 – Carmen Electra, American model and actress[59]
- 1972 – Stephen Marley, Jamaican-American musician[60]
- 1973 – Julie Powell, American food writer and memoirist (d. 2022)[61]
- 1975 – Killer Mike, American rapper[62]
- 1978 – Carl Greenidge, English cricketer[63]
- 1980 – Emma Husar, Australian politician[64]
- 1983 – Miranda Kerr, Australian model[65]
- 1987 – Jorge Pinto, Portuguese politician[66]
- 1988 – Brandon Belt, American baseball player[67]
- 1989 – Vannesa Rosales, Venezuelan activist and teacher[68]
- 1990 – Jason Behrendorff, Australian cricketer[69]
- 1991 – Luke Kuechly, American football player[70]
- 1997 – Alexander Zverev, German tennis player[71]
Deaths
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 689 – Cædwalla, king of Wessex (b. 659)[72]
- 888 – Xi Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 862)
- 1099 – Peter Bartholomew (b. 1061)[73]
- 1164 – Antipope Victor IV
- 1176 – Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English-Irish politician, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland (b. 1130)
- 1248 – Güyük Khan, Mongol ruler, 3rd Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (b. 1206)
- 1284 – Hōjō Tokimune, regent of Japan (b. 1251)
- 1314 – Pope Clement V (b. 1264)
- 1322 – Simon Rinalducci, Italian Augustinian friar
- 1502 – Mary of Looz-Heinsberg, Dutch noble (b. 1424)[74][75][76][77][78]
- 1521 – Zhengde, Chinese emperor (b. 1491)
- 1534 – Elizabeth Barton, English nun and martyr (b. 1506)
- 1558 – Johannes Bugenhagen, German priest and theologian (b. 1485)
1601–1900
[edit]- 1643 – Christoph Demantius, German composer and poet (b. 1567)
- 1703 – Lancelot Addison, English clergyman and educator (b. 1632)
- 1769 – Chief Pontiac, American tribal leader (b. 1720)
- 1831 – John Abernethy, English surgeon and anatomist (b. 1764)
- 1873 – William Tite, English architect, designed the Royal Exchange (b. 1798)
- 1874 – Alexander H. Bailey, American lawyer, judge, and politician (b. 1817)
- 1881 – William Burges, English architect and designer (b. 1827)
- 1886 – Charles-François-Frédéric, marquis de Montholon-Sémonville, French general and diplomat, French ambassador to the United States (b. 1814)
- 1887 – Muhammad Sharif Pasha, Greek-Egyptian politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1826)
- 1899 – Joseph Wolf, German ornithologist and illustrator (b. 1820)
1901–present
[edit]- 1902 – Joaquim de Sousa Andrade, Brazilian poet and educator (b. 1833)
- 1912 – Bram Stoker, Anglo-Irish novelist and critic, created Count Dracula (b. 1847)
- 1918 – Jussi Merinen, Finnish politician (b. 1873)[79]
- 1918 – Karl Ferdinand Braun, German-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1850)
- 1927 – Enrique Simonet, Spanish painter and educator (b. 1866)
- 1929 – Prince Henry of Prussia (b. 1862)
- 1931 – Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, 5th Baronet, Scottish-English fencer and businessman (b. 1862)
- 1932 – Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician and philosopher (b. 1858)
- 1935 – John Cameron, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1872)
- 1935 – Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, English fashion designer (b. 1863)
- 1942 – Jüri Jaakson, Estonian businessman and politician, 6th State Elder of Estonia (b. 1870)
- 1944 – Elmer Gedeon, American baseball player and pilot (b. 1917)
- 1945 – Erwin Bumke, Polish-German jurist and politician (b. 1874)
- 1946 – Mae Busch, Australian actress (b. 1891)
- 1947 – Christian X of Denmark (b. 1870)
- 1951 – Ivanoe Bonomi, Italian politician, 25th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1873)
- 1967 – Léo-Paul Desrosiers, Canadian journalist and author (b. 1896)
- 1968 – Rudolph Dirks, German-American illustrator (b. 1877)
- 1969 – Vjekoslav Luburić, Croatian Ustaše official and concentration camp administrator (b. 1914)
- 1980 – M. Canagaratnam, Sri Lankan politician (b. 1924)
- 1982 – Archibald MacLeish, American poet, playwright, and lawyer (b. 1892)
- 1986 – Sibte Hassan, Pakistani journalist, scholar, and activist (b. 1916)
- 1991 – Steve Marriott, English singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1947)
- 1991 – Don Siegel, American director and producer (b. 1912)
- 1992 – Marjorie Gestring, American springboard diver (b. 1922)
- 1992 – Benny Hill, English comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1924)
- 1993 – Cantinflas, Mexican actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1911)
- 1995 – Milovan Đilas, Yugoslav communist, politician, theorist and author (b. 1911)
- 1996 – Trần Văn Trà, Vietnamese general and politician (b. 1918)
- 1999 – Rick Rude, American professional wrestler (b. 1958)[80][81]
- 1999 – Rachel Scott, American victim of Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)[82]
- 1999 – Cassie Bernall, American victim of Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)[83]
- 2001 – Giuseppe Sinopoli, Italian conductor and composer (b. 1946)
- 2002 – Alan Dale, American singer (b. 1925)
- 2003 – Bernard Katz, German-English biophysicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- 2004 – Lizzy Mercier Descloux, French musician, singer-songwriter, composer, actress, writer and painter (b. 1956)
- 2005 – Fumio Niwa, Japanese journalist and author (b. 1904)
- 2007 – Andrew Hill, American pianist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1931)
- 2007 – Michael Fu Tieshan, Chinese bishop (b. 1931)
- 2008 – Monica Lovinescu, Romanian journalist and author (b. 1923)
- 2010 – Dorothy Height, American educator and activist (b. 1912)
- 2011 – Tim Hetherington, English photographer and journalist (b. 1970)
- 2012 – Bert Weedon, English guitarist and songwriter (b. 1920)[84]
- 2014 – Neville Wran, Australian politician, 35th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1926)[85]
- 2016 – Victoria Wood, British comedian, actress and writer (b. 1953)
- 2018 – Avicii, Swedish DJ and musician (b. 1989)[86]
- 2021 – Idriss Déby, Chadian politician and military officer (b. 1952)[87]
- 2021 – Monte Hellman, American film director (b. 1929)[88]
- 2021 – Les McKeown, Scottish pop singer (b. 1955)[89]
- 2022 – Gavin Millar, Scottish film director (b. 1938)[90]
- 2024 – Antonio Cantafora, Italian film and television actor (b. 1944)[91]
- 2024 – Andrew Davis, English conductor (b. 1944)[92]
- 2024 – Roman Gabriel, Filipino-American NBA American footballer[93]
- 2024 – Lourdes Portillo, Mexican film director, producer, and writer (b. 1943)[94]
Holidays and observances
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Torgil Magnuson (2004). Urban Transformation of Medieval Rome, 312-1420. Swedish Institute in Rome. p. 121. ISBN 978-91-7042-167-9.
- ^ William Robison; Ronald H. Fritze (1996). Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689. Greenwood Press. p. 147. ISBN 9780313283918.
- ^ Manganiello, Stephen C (2004). The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639-1660. Scarecrow Press. p. 481. ISBN 978-0-8108-5100-9.
- ^ Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain: une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. p. 95. ISBN 978-2-84498-137-0.
- ^ Pryor, Elizabeth Brown (Winter 2008). "Robert E. Lee's 'Severest Struggle'". American Heritage. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
- ^ Daniel, Clifton (1989). Chronicle of America. Chronicle publication. p. 364. ISBN 0-13-133745-9.
- ^ McCallum, Jack (2008). Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 306. ISBN 978-1-85109-693-0.
- ^ Cunneen, Chris (2001). The best ever Australian Sports Writing. Australia: Black Inc. p. 321. ISBN 1-86395-266-7. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ Rees, Jonathan (2013). "Ludlow Massacre". In Dubofsky, Melvyn (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor, and Economic History. Volume 1: Abra to Mutu. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 483–484. ISBN 978-0-19-999304-8.
- ^ Murfett, Malcolm H. (May 1991). "A Pyrrhic Victory: HMS Amethyst and the Damage to Anglo-Chinese Relations in 1949". War & Society. 9 (1): 121–140. doi:10.1179/072924791791202396. ISSN 0729-2473.
- ^ Anthony F Heath; Sin Yi Cheung; Shawna N. Smith (25 October 2007). Unequal Chances: Ethnic Minorities in Western Labour Markets. OUP/British Academy. p. 512. ISBN 978-0-19-726386-0.
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- ^ "Danica Patrick makes history with Indy Japan 300 win". CBC News. April 21, 2008. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
- ^ Mark DeCambre (April 22, 2020). "About 150-years of oil-price history in one chart illustrates crude's spectacular plunge below $0 a barrel". Market Watch.
- ^ Allen, Jonathan; Layne, Nathan; Borter, Gabriella (April 21, 2021). "Minneapolis jury convicts ex-policeman Derek Chauvin of murdering George Floyd". Reuters. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ "Musk's SpaceX big rocket explodes on test flight". BBC News. 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
- ^ Joseph Whitaker (1993). An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ... J. Whitaker. p. 14.
- ^ John Hill Wheeler (1966). Reminiscences and Memoirs of North Carolina and Eminent North Carolinians. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8063-0375-8.
- ^ Miran Bakhsh, CricketArchive. Retrieved 13 April 2020. (subscription required)
- ^ Greenhouse, Linda (July 16, 2019). "Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens, Who Led Court's Liberal Wing, Dies at 99". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
- ^ "Pred 100 rokmi sa narodila nezabudnuteľná herečka Katarína Kolníková". Pravda.sk (in Slovak). 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
- ^ New Catholic Encyclopedia: Ead-Fre. Thomson/Gale. 2003. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-7876-4009-5.
- ^ Steven Joseph Loza (1999). Tito Puente and the Making of Latin Music. University of Illinois Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-252-06778-5.
- ^ Gerald Gardner; Jim Bellows (2007). 80: From Ben Bradlee to Lena Horne to Carl Reiner, Our Most Famous Eighty Year Olds Reveal Why They Never Felt So Young. Sourcebooks, Inc. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-4022-4823-8.
- ^ Genzlinger, Neil (10 November 2022). "Leslie Phillips, 98, British Comic Actor And Sagacious Object in 'Harry Potter'". The New York Times. p. B12. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ Dylan Loeb McClain (January 18, 2023). "K. Alex Müller, Innovator in Ceramic Superconductors, Dies at 95". New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
- ^ "Johnny Gavin". 11v11.com. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ Folketinget. J. H. Schultz bogtr. 1988. p. 125. ISBN 978-87-569-6636-8.
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