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Bergen Light Rail

Coordinates: 60°23′33″N 5°19′24″E / 60.39250°N 5.32333°E / 60.39250; 5.32333
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the modern light rail system in Bergen, Norway. For the city's historic tram system, see Bergen Tramway. For the New Jersey light rail system, see Hudson–Bergen Light Rail.

Bergen Light Rail
Trams 224 and 204 at the Byparken terminus
Trams 224 and 204 at the Byparken terminus
Network of Bergen light rail
Network of Bergen light rail
Overview
OwnerVestland County Municipality through Bybanen AS
LocaleBergen, Norway
Transit typeLight rail
Number of lines2
Number of stations35
Daily ridership50,000–60,000 (2018)[1]
Operation
Began operation22 June 2010
Operator(s)Keolis Norge on behalf of Skyss
Train length42 m (138 ft)
Headway5–10 minutes
Technical
System length28.4 km (17.6 mi)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Minimum radius of curvature25 m (82 ft)
Electrification750 V DC overhead wire
Average speed28 km/h (17 mph)
Top speed70 km/h (43 mph)
System map

Legend
 Byparken
Nonneseter Bergen station
Bystasjonen Bus interchange
Nygård
Florida
Nygård Bridge
 Danmarksplass
Kronstad
Brann stadion
Wergeland
Wergeland Tunnel
 Sletten
Slettebakken
Slettebakken Tunnel
 Fantoft
Fantoft Tunnel
 Paradis
Tveiterås Tunnel
 Hop
Nesttun
Nesttun sentrum
Nettunhaug Tunnel
 Skjoldskiftet
Mårdalen
Skjold Tunnel
 Skjold
Lagunen
Folldal Tunnel
 Råstølen
Sandslivegen
Sandslimarka
Kokstad
Birkelandsskiftet
terminal
Bus interchange Parking
Kokstadflaten
Kokstad Depot
Bergen Lufthavn
Flesland
Bergen Airport, Flesland
This diagram:

Bergen Light Rail (Norwegian: Bybanen) is a light rail system in Bergen, Norway. The first stage of the project was a twenty-station stretch between the city center and Nesttun, where the first 15 stations comprising a 9.8-kilometre (6.1 mi) stretch opened in 2010,[2] and the second was a 3.6-kilometre (2.2 mi) stretch from Nesttun to Lagunen which opened in June 2013.[3] A third stretch from Lagunen to Bergen Airport, Flesland opened in 2017.[4] The second line between Kaigaten and Fyllingsdalen opened on 21 November 2022.[5] Further plans for the project involve mooted extensions to Åsane and Storavatnet.[6]

Plans for rail transit have existed since the 1970s, following the 1965 closing of the Bergen Tramway. A rapid transit design was first discarded, and in the 1990s a light rail line was proposed. The decision to start construction was made in 2005. The first stage was built by the municipality with financing from the state and the toll road ring, based on the Bergen Program. Ownership, maintenance and further extensions and vehicles are the responsibility of Hordaland County Municipality through its wholly owned subsidiary Bybanen AS. Operation is governed by public service obligation contracts issued by the county public transport authority Skyss. From 2010 to 2017 the line and its 20[7] Variobahn trams were operated by Keolis Norge (formerly Fjord1 Partner).

History

[edit]

Background

[edit]

The first public transport in Bergen was the Bergen Tramway, which operated between 1897 and 1965. It was limited to the inner parts of the city and did not reach the suburbs. The city council therefore decided to close it, arguing that the future lay in private cars, diesel buses and trolleybuses. In the 1960s, the removal on restriction on car sales created more traffic than the roads could handle and consequently both buses and cars began increasingly being stuck in rush-hour queues. The municipality and the Norwegian Public Roads Administration started looking at rectifying the situation by building a ring road around the city, and by alternative means of public transport.[8]

Prior to the shortening of the main Bergen Line railway with the Ulriken Tunnel, the Bergen–Nesttun Line was an important commuter rail service, feeding suburban residents from Fana into the city center. In 1917, the section was the most heavily trafficked railway in the country, with a travel time between 20 and 27 minutes. There were up to 27 trains per day, of which five continued to Garnes. In 1918, the line was proposed for doubling and electrification: the latter was completed in 1954. The same year, annual ridership were down to 870,000 passengers. After the opening of the Ulriken Tunnel commuter trains were kept for six months, with the last trip ran on 31 January 1965.[8]

During the 1970s, plans had existed for an extensive rapid transit system, with an underground section in the city center. Inspired by the successful Oslo Metro that had opened in 1966, similar plans were developed. The proposed network was close to the current long-term plans for the light rail system, and consisted of three branches from the city center to Flaktveit, Olsvik and the airport. Four-car trains would operate at ten-minute headways. The suggestion was discussed by the city council in 1973, but no decision was taken. As an alternative, expansion of the railway from Bergen to Eidsvåg, Åsane and Nesttun was proposed. Fast commuter trains could then be supplemented with buses.[8]

Demonstration by Natur og Ungdom in favor of light rail (2008)

During the 1980s and 1990s, a toll ring was constructed around Bergen to finance a massive investment in motorways. This included European Route E39 north and south of the center, the road to the airport, and west to Loddefjord and Storavatnet. Bridges were constructed to Lindås, Askøy and Sotra, and large parking garages were built in the city center. Despite this congestion continued, and it was no better in the 2000s than in the 1970s. Proposals to build bus lanes and traffic signal preemption was disregarded by the Public Roads Administration.[8]

In 1995, the municipal bus company Bergen Sporvei made a proposal to establish what they called the Lightning Tram, from Varden in Fyllingsdalen via a tunnel to Møhlenpris and the city center, then make a 120° turn and return along the route of the Bergen trolleybus to Birkelundstoppen. The same year, the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature proposed a more extensive system, the Environmental Tram, which more closely resembles the current proposals. From the city center, it would run northwards via Åsane to Flaktveit and southwards via Rådal to the airport (not via Nesttun). The southern section would have branches from Hop to Nesttun and Midttun, and from Minde westwards to Fyllingsdalen and Loddefjord.[9] Later, Bergen Sporvei's successor, Gaia Trafikk, proposed building a bus rapid transit.[10]

Political process

[edit]

The plans launched by the city administration most closely resembled the Environmental Tram, with slight changes. The initial plans involved a line from the city center via Nesttun to the airport at Flesland. It became part of a political compromise, the Bergen Program, which ensured a number of road investments at the same time as the light rail system, all financed through the toll ring. However, a lack of funds made it necessary to build the line to Nesttun only, instead of all the way to the airport. The initial decision was taken by Bergen City Council on 13 March 2000, in the Parliament of Norway in 2002,[11] and with the financing secured, by the city council in 2005. Only the Progress Party and the Pensioners' Party voted against light rail. Forty per cent is financed by the state, the remainder by the county, the municipality and through the toll ring.[12]

Construction at Nesttun Terminal

The arguments for light rail were mainly related to the environment, urban development and reduction in road congestion. Light rail is estimated to increase the use of public transport from Fana, reducing both local and global pollution. The roads do not have capacity for further growth, and any increase in public transport would need to be taken along the light rail routes on buses—this would give higher operating costs for public transport or higher investment costs for roads. Around the stations, high-density commercial and residential centers can be established. Opponents of the project argued that it is unfair that public transport be funded by car drivers through toll roads. Protests from people in northern and western areas of the city have risen, since they are paying for the system but will not receive the benefits. Another issue has been speed: the line to Nesttun has 15 stops in 10 kilometers (6.2 mi), giving an average speed of 28 km/h (17 mph). For people living south of Nesttun, this will give a longer travel time to the city center than with direct buses that do not make intermediate stops.[13][14][15][16][17]

The naming of the stations caused local debate. A draft for names were made by the municipal administration and then sent to the borough councils in Fana, Årstad and Bergenhus. Four names were changed: Nonneseteren from Jernbanen, Florida from Strømmen, Brann stadion from Nymark and Hop from Troldhaugen. Brann stadion and Troldhaugen were afterwards considered by the municipal administration, because they could be in violation of the Place Name Act. The general rule is to use the place name where the station is located, and naming after institutions or facilities nearby is not permitted unless they are in the immediate vicinity. Brann stadion, named for the football venue, was declared a borderline case, but within the rules, while Troldhaugen was not permitted because the area is not in the vicinity of the station.[18]

Construction

[edit]
Construction near Kronstad during 2008

Initial works commenced in August 2007, when Pastasentralen was demolished to make room for a temporary bus terminal that would allow Kaigaten to be closed for construction.[19] Contracts for building the line were awarded to Svein Boasson, NCC Construction, Fyllingen Maskinstasjon and Veidekke Entreprenør.[20] The contract for laying the tracks was awarded to Baneservice.[19]

Construction started in January 2008. To pass over Strømmen, a fourth Nygård Bridge was built for cars, and the oldest was upgraded and used by the light rail line.[13] In several places the road needed to be dug up to remove pipes and cables. In November 2009, Gulating Court of Appeal ruled that the power company BKK had to pay 80 million NOK for the moving of power lines, and could not charge the costs to the project.[21] By June 2008, the first tracks had been laid.[19]

Four companies bid for the initial public service obligation to operate the line: Fjord1 Partner, Norges Statsbaner, Tide Bane and Veolia Transport Norge.[22] On 3 April 2009, the public transport agency Skyss announced that Fjord1 Partner, a joint venture between Fjord1 AS and Keolis, had won the tender competition.[23] Fjord1 Partner received 324 applications for their 26 jobs as drivers and 10 jobs as traffic controllers.[24] In 2014 Fjord1 AS sold their shares in Fjord1 Partner to Keolis, and the company changed its name to Keolis Norge AS.

Along with the establishment of the light rail service, the public transport in Bergen underwent other changes. Skyss was established in 2007 to administer the public transport system, manage routes and market public transport, which would be operated by private companies based on public service obligations. At the same time, a new electronic ticketing system was introduced.[25]

Because of delays from Stadler's subcontractors, five instead of eight trams were available when the line opened on 22 June 2010. Skyss had planned to operate with a ten-minute headway until August, but had a 15-minute headway until 16 August. To compensate, none of the parallel bus routes ceased until then.[26] On 7 June, two trams collided at low speed at Byparken, causing a derailment[27] and forced the two trams to be repaired. This caused the summer schedule to be reduced to a 30-minute headway.[28] From 1 November, the line started running every six minutes during the rush hour.[29] On 22 June, the first part of the line was officially opened by Queen Sonja of Norway.[30]

Route

[edit]
Brann stadion in Inndalsveien
The light rail line along Inndalsveien

The first part of line number 1 is 9.8-kilometre (6.09 mi) and runs from the city center to Nesttun. The northernmost part of the line, the Byparken stop, is a transit mall at the heart of the city center and has interchange with all buses serving the city center. The line runs south along Kaigaten, with Nonneseter stop serving the railway station and Bergen busstasjon serving the bus station. Southwards, the line runs in a grass right-of-way through Nygård and Florida, serving the campus of the University of Bergen. The line passes over Nygård Bridge before coming to Danmarks plass, the only island platform on the system. In this area, the track is on maize, a type of surface that allows emergency vehicles to drive safely, but makes the surface look unsafe for cars.[13]

Line 1 goes on to the Kronstad stop, almost at the door of the Bergen University College, where it meets line number 2, which has a different route from the city centre, passing under the hospital of Haukeland. From Kronstad, line 1 follows Inndalsveien, where the Brann Stadion stop serves the Brann Stadion football venue. Wergeland is at the mouth of the 1.1-kilometer (0.68 mi) Fageråstunnelen, S-shaped with a 6.0% gradient and a curve radius of 150 meters (492 ft 2 in). From the southern portal the line changes to conventional railway track with ballast, allowing trams to operate at 80 km/h (50 mph). The next stops are Sletten, Slettebakken and Fantoft, the later serving a large complex of student dormitories. Southwards is the 1.2-kilometer (0.75 mi) Fantoft Tunnel, followed by the Paradis stop. The line continues along the Nesttunvannet inlet to Hop, along the former right-of-way of Bergen's first motorway. Nesttun Terminal was the terminus between 2010 and 2013 when the extension to Lagunen was finished.[13]

After the completion to Nesttun, the line was extended southwards to Rådal at Lagunen Storsenter. Construction began in January 2011,[31] on its own right-of-way parallel to the existing road;,[13] the track was completed in October 2012.[32] The first test run to Lagunen was conducted on 6 December 2012, and the line was opened to the public on 22 June 2013.[33]

The light rail is connected from Lagunen via Sandsli and Kokstad to Bergen Airport, Flesland. Both Sørås and Indre Steinsvik have experienced rapid housing construction without a corresponding increase of public transport. Further out is a large corporate center with many of Bergen's largest employers, such as Telenor, Equinor and BKK. The area was built without sufficient roads or public transport. Building the light rail line to Flesland has greatly improved the access to the airport from the city, offering a reasonably priced service for locals and employees at the airport. Another incentive to build to Flesland was that there was sufficient available land at Kokstad which allowed a large depot to be constructed there. During the first years, there was a small depot at Kronstad, which got to small after the second extension.[13] The track between Lagunen and Birkelandsskiftet was officially opened on 15 August 2016. The last part of the track was awaiting the opening of the new terminal building of Bergen airport, as the stop is intertwined with the airport terminal. The official opening of the last part of line 1 took place on 21 April 2017.

Line 2 between Bergen city center and Fyllingsdalen was officially opened on 21 November 2022.[34] Line 2 starts in Kaigaten, just across the intersection from the starting point of line 1. Line 1 and 2 both stop at Nonneseter outside Bergen railway station, and continue to Bergen busstasjon, which line 2 stops behind. The two lines then depart, and line 2 runs on the eastern side of Store Lungegårdsvann to the Fløen stop. It continues into a tunnel and stops under the hospital area, where a large underground stop has been constructed, with exits to both Haukeland University Hospital, which is Western Norway's largest work place, and Haraldsplass Diakonale Sykehus. The next stop after the tunnel is Kronstad, where line 2 intersects with line 1. It then continues over Mindemyren industrial area to Kristianborg, and through a 3 kilometer long tunnel to the Fyllingsdalen terminal.

Plans

[edit]

Plans for the expansion northwards from the city center to Åsane have not been conclusive, due to disagreements on which path to follow through the city center. The proposed construction along Bryggen is formally adopted by the city council of Bergen, but controverses and continuing debates on an alternative tunnel solution has paused the process. An important stop mid-way is the Norwegian School of Economics. The terminus will probably be Åsane Senter or Nyborg; the former shopping center has set aside areas for a station. At Åsane, a major bus terminal would allow connections to the northern parts of Bergen, suburbs further north and areas in Nordhordland. An important political argument for prioritizing this line is to share the investments and effects with all parts of the city.[35]

Slettebakken

Several politicians, including the majority in Hordaland County Council, have stated that in the long run they want the light rail line extended northwards to Knarvik and westwards to Straume and Kleppestø.[36]

Operation

[edit]
Nonneseteren station on the Bergen Light Rail

The building of the line is the responsibility of Bybanen Utbygging, which is a unit in Vestland County Council. Due to the present pause in the construction process, Bybanen Utbygging will be reduced in size in 2024. The physical infrastructure and trams are owned by Bybanen AS, a limited company wholly owned by Vestland County Council.[37] This company is responsible for the maintenance of the right-of-way and the vehicles, and for extensions. Light rail operations are based on contracts granted after public tender competitions held by Bybanen AS. The time tables are decided by Skyss, another unit in Vestland County Council that administers all public transport in Vestland, including buses, boats and ferries. The light rail operation is currently handled by Tide Buss og Bane AS. Stadler has the responsibility for maintenance of the trams for the first seven years, as part of the purchase contract.

The line is operated on a four/five-minute headway by all-stops trams, with an eight-minute headway in off-peak times and a 20 minutes headway at night. The travel time from Byparken to Bergen airport is 44 minutes. In 2024, the full price of a single ticket is NOK 44.[38] The tickets are part of the same ticketing system as the buses in Bergen and Vestland.[39]

Rolling stock

[edit]
Main article: Stadler Variobahn
Tram 201 being delivered at Kronstad on 8 December 2009, the morning after it arrived in Bergen

In 2007, the Planning Office ordered 12 Variobahn trams from Stadler Rail, with an additional four on option. The first tram arrived on 7 December 2009, and was used for testing in the months leading up to the opening. Before the opening, five more trams were in place.[40] The first trams were 32.180 m (105 ft 6.9 in) long and 2.65 meters (8 ft 8 in) wide, weighing 35.7 tonnes (35.1 long tons; 39.4 short tons). They had five articulated sections, and were expandable with another two modules to a length of 42 meters (137 ft 10 in). The early vehicles got extended, and the first 42-meter tram was put in traffic on 4 August 2016. During the following year, all trams were extended to 42 meters, and from then, all new trams are 42 meters at time of purchase. All stations are built for extended trams.[35]

There is a slightly elevated driver's cab at each end. Eight motors provide a total of 360 kW (480 hp) for three bogies. This allows a maximum speed of 70 km/h (43 mph), limited to 50 km/h (31 mph) in city streets and 25 km/h (16 mph) in the depots. Acceleration is 1.25 m/s/s (2.8 mph/s), and they are capable of operating on a 7.0% gradient. Current is collected via a pantograph, at 750 volts direct current. Each tram is sufficiently powerful to haul another unit in case of emergencies.[35]

Maximum capacity is 280 passengers. The entire tram is step-free, including between the cars and the platforms. Seats are designed for travel times up to 60 minutes. There are five slide and plug doors on each side; three are double, with a total width of 1,300-millimeter (4 ft 3 in), while the last is a single 800-millimeter (2 ft 7 in) door. Stop buttons are only available at the doors, but the trams always stop at all stops. Between the seats there is a minimum width of 720 mm (2 ft 4 in), which allows wheelchair and buggy access along the full length of the car. All stations are announced visually and orally. The trams have wireless Internet access.[35] However, it is reserved for the onboard Infotainment system.

All stations are announced with a short distinctive melody and the station's name. The melodies for the stops between Byparken and Nesttun were composed by Snorre Valen,[41] while the voice was recorded by Heidi Lambach.[42]

Currently there are 34 Variobahn trams in operation.[5]

Infrastructure

[edit]

The system is standard gauge with 2.65-meter (8 ft 8 in)-wide cars, with the platforms built to allow 44-meter (144 ft 4 in) long trams. The line has no terminal balloon loops, so trams must be bi-directional.[35] The current is supplied from six rectifiers, specified so the system can operate with two rectifiers out of service. In the city center the overhead wire has been designed to minimize the number of poles, while in the suburban areas a conventional system has a carrier wire above the power wire.[13]

The line is double track, allowing visual signaling and speed adjustment on all at-grade stretches. In city streets S60 track is used; on private right-of-way, S49 track. The minimum curve radius is 25 metres (82 ft 0 in) and tracks in city streets are laid within a rubber jacket to reduce noise. In the tunnels, only one tram can operate in each direction; this is regulated by lights and an automatic Train Protection system. Signaling uses the German BOStrab system, not traditional Norwegian light signals. The line has traffic signal preemption, so the trams send a signal to the traffic light control when the driver starts the door-closing signal to give the tram priority at traffic lights.[13]

The depot is at Kronstad, at a former yard used by the Norwegian State Railways, where a track that connects the light rail network to the Bergen Line. The depot was finished in 2009, and has room for 16 40-meter (131 ft 3 in) trams plus a workshop with space for two trams and a garage with place for three. There is sufficient area for further expansion, but tracks have not been laid. When the light rail line is expanded to Flesland, a new main depot is planned in an area with cheaper land, and Kronstad depot will be converted to a pure overnighting facility.[13]

Stations

[edit]
The station Brann Stadion
Main article: List of Bergen Light Rail stations

As of 2024, there are 35 stops along the two lines. The stations and the visual profile of the system as a whole are designed by the Bergen-based design groups Cubus and Fuggi Baggi Design, and Copenhagen-based Kontrapunkt. Most of the stations are at street level, and have facilities for buying tickets and dynamic displays that show when the next tram will arrive. The platforms have step-free access to the trams, allowing unhindered accessibility by wheelchairs and perambulators.[43][44]

The municipal government has permitted denser development around the stations, where it wants most new housing and commercial property to be built. Development projects for Slettebakken, Wergeland, Paradis, Lagunen, Sandsli, Kokstad and Mindemyren have been announced by private developers. Many of the stations are in primarily residential areas, and the projects have met resistance from residents who fear that the character of their neighborhoods will be altered.[16][45][46][47]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Stor økning i antall reisende med Bybanen". ba.no (in Norwegian). 18 February 2019. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  2. ^ "Hvor skal bybanen gå?" (in Norwegian). Bybanekontoret i Bergen. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  3. ^ "Bybanen – vår tids bystorverk - Bybanen-utbygging, HFK". Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  4. ^ "No veks Bybanen - Skyss". Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  5. ^ a b "A second new tram line in Bergan/Norway". Urban Transport Magazine. 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  6. ^ Bybanen. "Public transport network - Bergen and surrounding areas". Archived from the original (JPEG) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
  7. ^ "Sporvogner | Bybanen AS". Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  8. ^ a b c d Meulman, Jacobus (2000). "Lokalbaneplaner i Bergen i 1970-årene". På Sporet. 104: 28–35.
  9. ^ Andersen, Bjørn (1996). "Trikk i Bergen igjen". Lokaltrafikk (in Norwegian). 27: 12–17.
  10. ^ Børhaug, Espen (11 December 2004). "Gigantbuss" (in Norwegian). Bergens Tidende. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
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  14. ^ "Frps prinsipper". Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
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  18. ^ Waage, Thor Erik (5 December 2008). "- Må undersøke navnebruken". Bergens Tidende/Fanaposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
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  24. ^ Suesund, Reidun (6 November 2009). "324 vil jobbe på Bybanen". Bergensavisen (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 9 November 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  25. ^ Mæland, Pål Andreas (5 November 2009). "- Må bli ferdig før Bybanen". Bergensavisen (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 14 November 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  26. ^ Mæland, Pål Andreas (24 April 2010). "Bybanen dukker opp sjeldnere". Bergens Tidende (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
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  30. ^ Aarøy, Torunn; Strande, Geir Martin; Bordvik, Målfrid; Vol, Jan Stian (22 June 2010). "Signingsferden" (in Norwegian). Bergens Tidende. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
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  35. ^ a b c d e Schmincke, Jimmy (2007). "Nye sporvogner til Bergen". På Sporet. 132: 4–10.
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  38. ^ "Nye prisar frå 1. februar". www.skyss.no (in Norwegian Nynorsk). 30 January 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  39. ^ "Enkeltbillett". www.skyss.no (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  40. ^ Tufto, Jon (7 December 2009). "Her kommer Bybanen" (in Norwegian). Bergens Tidende. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
  41. ^ Hjelle, Jo (24 April 2010). "Bybanemelodiene" (in Norwegian). Bergens Tidende. Archived from the original on 27 April 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  42. ^ Duesund, Reidun (27 August 2010). "Bybane-stemmen". Bergensavisen (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  43. ^ "Designprosjektet Bybanen" (in Norwegian). Bybanen i Bergen. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  44. ^ "Bybanen i Bergen" (in Norwegian). Arkitektgruppen CUBUS. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  45. ^ Langeland Haugen, Erlend (12 February 2009). "- Som perler på en snor". Bergens Tidende (in Norwegian). Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  46. ^ Mæland, Pål Andreas (1 March 2007). "Spekulerer langs Bybanen". Bergens Tidende (in Norwegian). Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  47. ^ Mæland, Pål Andreas (6 January 2009). "Ut mot ny veiløsning på Paradis". Bergens Tidende (in Norwegian). Retrieved 27 July 2009.
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60°23′33″N 5°19′24″E / 60.39250°N 5.32333°E / 60.39250; 5.32333

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