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List of German inventions and discoveries

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"What the world is today, good and bad, it owes to Gutenberg. Everything can be traced to this source, but we are bound to bring him homage, … for the bad that his colossal invention has brought about is overshadowed a thousand times by the good with which mankind has been favored."

American writer Mark Twain (1835−1910)[1]

German inventions and discoveries are ideas, objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, by Germans. Often, things discovered for the first time are also called inventions and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two.

German-born Albert Einstein, world-famous physicist

Germany has been the home of many famous inventors, discoverers and engineers, including Carl von Linde, who developed the modern refrigerator.[2] Ottomar Anschütz and the Skladanowsky brothers were early pioneers of film technology, while Paul Nipkow and Karl Ferdinand Braun laid the foundation of the television with their Nipkow disk and cathode-ray tube (or Braun tube) respectively.[3][4] Hans Geiger was the creator of the Geiger counter and Konrad Zuse built the first fully automatic digital computer (Z3) and the first commercial computer (Z4).[5][6] Such German inventors, engineers and industrialists as Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin,[7] Otto Lilienthal, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolf Diesel, Hugo Junkers and Karl Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology, while Karl Drais invented the bicycle.[8] Aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun developed the first space rocket at Peenemünde and later on was a prominent member of NASA and developed the Saturn V Moon rocket. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's work in the domain of electromagnetic radiation was pivotal to the development of modern telecommunication.[9] Karl Ferdinand Braun invented the phased array antenna in 1905,[10] which led to the development of radar, smart antennas and MIMO, and shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Guglielmo Marconi "for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".[11] Philipp Reis constructed the first device to transmit a voice via electronic signals and for that the first modern telephone,[12][13] while he also coined the term.[14]

Georgius Agricola gave chemistry its modern name. He is generally referred to as the father of mineralogy and as the founder of geology as a scientific discipline, while Justus von Liebig is considered one of the principal founders of organic chemistry.[15] Otto Hahn is the father of radiochemistry and discovered nuclear fission, the scientific and technological basis for the utilization of atomic energy. Emil Behring, Ferdinand Cohn, Paul Ehrlich, Robert Koch, Friedrich Loeffler and Rudolph Virchow were among the key figures in the creation of modern medicine, while Koch and Cohn were also founders of microbiology.[16]

Johannes Kepler was one of the founders and fathers of modern astronomy, the scientific method, natural and modern science.[17][18][19] Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays.[20] Albert Einstein introduced the special relativity and general relativity theories for light and gravity in 1905 and 1915 respectively. Along with Max Planck, he was instrumental in the creation of modern physics with the introduction of quantum mechanics, in which Werner Heisenberg and Max Born later made major contributions.[21] Einstein, Planck, Heisenberg and Born all received a Nobel Prize for their scientific contributions; from the award's inauguration in 1901 until 1956, Germany led the total Nobel Prize count.[22] Today the country is third with 115 winners.

The movable-type printing press was invented by German blacksmith Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. In 1997, Time Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium.[23] In 1998, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg as the most influential person of the second millennium on their "Biographies of the Millennium" countdown.[23]

The following is a list of inventions, innovations or discoveries known or generally recognised to be German.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Anatomy

Pepsin in complex with pepstatin
Comparison of a normal aged brain (left) and the brain of a person with Alzheimer's (right)

Animals

Hagenbeck with his lions

Archaeology and paleontology

The Berlin Archaeopteryx specimen (A. siemensii)

Arts

The Venus of Hohle Fels
The Bauhaus emblem

Astronomy

Illustration of Kepler's second law
Neptune

Biology and genetics

Three types of cell division
Overview of the citric acid cycle

Chemistry

Illustration of a sugar beet. Achard's findings were the start of the modern sugar industry.
Döbereiner's lamp, often hailed as the first lighter
The Haber process is fundamental in creating fertiliser.
The bottom half of a glass Petri dish
GSI's linear particle accelerator UNILAC, where hassium was discovered

Clothing and cosmetics

A pair of jeans

Computing

Gottfried Leibniz created the modern binary numeral system.
Konrad Zuse is regarded as the inventor of the (modern) computer.

Construction, architecture and shops

Werner von Siemens invented the first electric elevator.
Electric chainsaw

Cuisine

See also: German cuisine
Black Forest cake
Currywurst
Gummy bears were first created by Haribo.
Hamburger with French fries and a beer
A glass of Bitburger, a German-style Pilsner. The Pilsner was invented by Bavarian Josef Groll.
Hot dog
Jägerschnitzel with fettuccine
The German döner kebap

Education, language and printing

Recreated Gutenberg press
Lithograph of Alois Senefelder

Entertainment, electronics and media

The Nipkow disk laid the foundation for the television.
A cathode-ray tube as found in an oscilloscope
A SMS shown on a mobile phone

Geography, geology and mining

Map of Pangaea

Household and office appliance

Justus von Liebig invented the modern mirror.
Food and drinks into a refrigerator

Mathematics

Illustration the intersection of two sets (set theory)

Medicine and drugs

Friedrich Sertürner was the first to isolate morphine.
Lines of cocaine prepared for insufflation
A pair of contact lenses
Aspirin was invented by Bayer.
Advertisement for Bayer Heroin
The first human EEG recording obtained by Hans Berger in 1924

Military and weapons

German flamethrowers during World War I (1917)
MP 18
Jerrycans
Replica of the V-2 rocket

Musical instruments

Tuba
Emile Berliner with his disc record gramophone

Physics and scientific instruments

Heinrich Hertz laid the foundation of modern telecommunications with his discoveries.
The first "medical" X-ray, by Wilhelm Röntgen (1895)
Max Planck is considered the father of the quantum theory.
Sculpture of Einstein's 1905 E = mc2 formula at the 2006 Walk of Ideas, Berlin
Geiger-Müller counter
Electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1933; two years after his first prototype
Induced nuclear fission reaction

Sociology, philosophy and politics

Karl Marx (left) and Friedrich Engels (right)
Otto von Bismarck created the first modern welfare state worldwide.

Religion, ethics and festivities

Martin Luther
Christmas tree

Sport

See also: Category:Sports originating in Germany
A handball game in progress
The first Olympic torch relay finished in Berlin (1936)

Tourism and recreation

Prinzessin Victoria Luise

Toys and games

A replica Steiff model of the 55PB
Magnavox Odyssey

Transportation

Original Laufmaschine of 1817; the first bicycle
Benz Patent-Motorwagen
A Reitwagen replica at the Mercedes-Benz Museum
Otto Lilienthal testing one of his gliders (1895)
The Daimler Motor-Lastwagen was the world's first truck.

See also

References

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