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List of space stations

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An image of the International Space Station. The silver-colored center module is dark blue, surrounded by four golden solar arrays on each side. The sun is reflecting off of the set to the left. In the background is the outline of the Earth.
The International Space Station in front of the Earth. This image was taken by Space Shuttle Discovery while pulling away during STS-119.
An image of Skylab. The left side of the frame is dominated by a communications array, painted white with a cylindrical satellite dish on top. On they right is a brown-grey cylinder, which is the main station. No solar arrays are visible.
Skylab viewed from the command module of Skylab 2
These paragraphs are an excerpt from Space station.[edit]

A space station (or orbital station) is a spacecraft which remains in orbit and hosts humans for extended periods of time. It therefore is an artificial satellite featuring habitation facilities. The purpose of maintaining a space station varies depending on the program. Most often space stations have been research stations, but they have also served military or commercial uses, such as hosting space tourists.

Space stations have been hosting the only continuous presence of humans in space. The first space station was Salyut 1 (1971), hosting the first crew, of the ill-fated Soyuz 11. Consecutively space stations have been operated since Skylab (1973) and occupied since 1987 with the Salyut successor Mir. Uninterrupted occupation has been sustained since the operational transition from the Mir to the International Space Station (ISS), with its first occupation in 2000.

Currently there are two fully operational space stations – the ISS and China's Tiangong Space Station (TSS), which have been occupied since October 2000 with Expedition 1 and since June 2022 with Shenzhou 14. The highest number of people at the same time on one space station has been 13, first achieved with the eleven day docking to the ISS of the 127th Space Shuttle mission in 2009. The record for most people on all space stations at the same time has been 17, first on May 30, 2023, with 11 people on the ISS and 6 on the TSS.[1]

Space stations are most often modular, featuring docking ports, through which they are built and maintained, allowing the joining or movement of modules and the docking of other spacecrafts for the exchange of people, supplies and tools. While space stations generally do not leave their orbit, they do feature thrusters for station keeping.

Past stations

[edit]

These stations have re-entered the atmosphere and disintegrated.

The Soviet Union ran two programs simultaneously in the 1970s, both of which were called Salyut publicly. The Long Duration Orbital Station (DOS) program was intended for scientific research into spaceflight. The Almaz program was a secret military program that tested space reconnaissance.[2]

  ‡     = Never crewed

Name Program
Entity 		Crew
size 		Launched Reentered Days
in orbit 		Days
occu-
pied 		Total crew
and visitors 		Number of
crewed visits 		Number of
robotic visits 		Mass
(* = at launch) 		Pressurized
volume
Salyut 1 DOS[3] 3[4] 19 April 1971[5] 11 October 1971[6] 175 24[7] 6[8] 2[8] 0[8] 18,425 kg (40,620 lb)[5] 100 m3 (3,500 cu ft)[9]
Soviet Union MOM[5]
DOS-2‡ DOS[10] —[a] 29 July 1972[5][11] 29 July 1972 failed to reach orbit — — — — 18,000 kg (40,000 lb)[12] —
Soviet Union RVSN[13]
Salyut 2‡ Almaz[11] —[a] 3 April 1973[11] 16 April 1973[11] 13[11] — — — — 18,500 kg (40,800 lb)[14] —
Soviet Union MOM[15]
Kosmos 557‡ DOS[16] —[a] 11 May 1973[17] 22 May 1973[18] 11 — — — — 19,400 kg (42,800 lb)[12] —
Soviet Union USSR
Skylab Skylab[19] 3[20] 14 May 1973[21] 11 July 1979[22] 2249 171[23] 9[24] 3[25] 0[26] 77,088 kg (169,950 lb)[27] 360 m3 (12,700 cu ft)[28]
United States NASA
Salyut 3 Almaz[3] 2[29] 25 June 1974[30] 24 January 1975[31] 213 15[32] 2[32] 1[32] 0 18,900 kg (41,700 lb)*[33] 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[16]
Soviet Union MOM[15]
Salyut 4 DOS[34] 2[35] 26 December 1974[36] 3 February 1977[36] 770[36] 92[37] 4[37] 2[37][38] 1[37] 18,900 kg (41,700 lb)[16]* 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[16]
Soviet Union MOM[13]
Salyut 5 Almaz[34] 2[39] 22 June 1976[40] 8 August 1977[41] 412 67[42] 4[42] 3[42] 0[42] 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[16]* 100 m3 (3,500 cu ft)[16]
Soviet Union MOM[15]
Salyut 6 DOS[34][43] 2[44] 29 September 1977[44] 29 July 1982[45] 1764 683[46] 33[46] 16[46] 14[46] 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[47] 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[48]
Soviet Union MOM[15]
Salyut 7 DOS[34][43] 3[49] 19 April 1982[50] 7 February 1991[50] 3216[50] 861[49] 22[49] 10[49] 15[49] 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[51] 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[16]
Soviet Union MOM[15]
Mir DOS[34][43] 3[52] 19 February 1986[53][b] 23 March 2001[22][53] 5511[53] 4594[54] 125[54] 39[55] 68[54] 129,700 kg (285,900 lb)[56] 350 m3 (12,400 cu ft)[57]
Tiangong-1 Tiangong 3[58] 29 September 2011[59][60] 2 April 2018[61] 2377 22 6[62][63] 2[62] 1[64] 8,506 kg (18,753 lb)[65] 15 m3 (530 cu ft)[66]
China CMSA
Tiangong-2 Tiangong 2 15 September 2016 19 July 2019 1037 29 2 1 1 8,506 kg (18,753 lb)[65] 15 m3 (530 cu ft)[66]
China CMSA

Prototypes

[edit]

These stations are prototypes; they only exist as testing platforms and were never intended to be crewed. OPS 0855 was part of a cancelled Manned Orbiting Laboratory project by the United States, while the Genesis stations were launched privately. The Genesis stations were "retired" when their avionics systems stopped working after two and a half years, yet they still remain in orbit as derelict spacecraft.

Name Entity Program Launched Reentered Days in orbit Mass Pressurized volume
OPS 0855 United States USAF MOL 3 November 1966[67] 9 January 1967[67] 67 9,680 kg (21,340 lb) 11.3 m3 (400 cu ft)
Genesis I United States Bigelow Aerospace 12 July 2006[68] (In Orbit) 6707 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)[69] 11.5 m3 (410 cu ft)[70]
Genesis II 28 June 2007[68] 6356 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[70]

Operational stations

[edit]

As of 2024, two stations are orbiting Earth with life support system in place and fully operational.

Name Entity Crew size Launched Days in orbit[c] Days
occupied 		Total crew
and visitors 		Crewed
visits 		Robotic
visits 		Mass Pressurized
volume 		Habitable
volume
International Space Station
7[71] 20 November 1998[71][b] 9498 8787[72] 230[73] 88 [74] 94 [74] 450,000 kg (990,000 lb)[75] 1,005 m3 (35,500 cu ft)[76] 388 m3 (13,700 cu ft)
Tiangong space station
3–6[77] 29 April 2021 1302 1172 24 8 8 100,000 kg (220,000 lb) 340 m3 (12,000 cu ft) 122 m3 (4,310 cu ft)

Planned and proposed

[edit]

These space stations have been announced by their host entity and are currently in planning, development or production. The launch date listed here may change as more information becomes available.

Name Entity Program Crew size Launch date Planned Pressurized Volume Remarks
Lunar Gateway United States NASA
ESA
Canada CSA
Japan JAXA 		Artemis
4
 2027[78] ≥125 m3 (4,400 cu ft) Intended to serve as a science platform and as a staging area for the lunar landings of NASA's Artemis program and follow-on human mission to Mars.
Axiom Station United States Axiom Space
 International Space Station programme
TBD
 Late 2026[79] ~666.8 m3

(~23,548 cu ft)

Eventually will detach from the ISS in the early 2030s and form a private, free flying space station for commercial tourism and science activities.
Russian Orbital Service Station
 Russia Roscosmos Russia's next generation space station.
TBD
 2027[80] With Russia leaving the ISS programme sometime after 2024, Roscosmos announced this new space station in April 2021 as the replacement for that program.
Starlab United States NanoRacks
United States Voyager Space
European Union Airbus
CanadaMDA Space
JapanMitsubishi Corporation 		Private
4
 2028[81] ~450 m3

(~15892 cu ft)

"Commercial platform supporting a business designed to enable science, research, and manufacturing for customers around the world."

While originally Lockheed Martin was included in the project, as of 2024, it appears their primary role has been filled by Airbus, to provide the main habitat for the station.[82] As of 2024, they are no longer listed as a partner on Starlab's website.[83]

StarMax United States Gravitics Private
TBD
 2026[84] 400 m3

(14,126 cu ft)

"The StarMax module provides up to 400 cubic meters of usable habitable volume - nearly half the volume of the International Space Station in one module."
Orbital Reef United States Blue Origin
United States Sierra Space 		Private
10
 second half 2020s[85] 830 m3

(29,000 cu ft)

"Commercial station in LEO for research, industrial, international, and commercial customers."
Bharatiya Antariksha Station[86] India ISRO Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
3
 ~2035[86][87][88][89][90] ISRO chairman K. Sivan announced in 2019 that India will not join the International Space Station, but will instead build a space station of its own.[91] of 52 Tonne Mass [92] It is intended to be built 5–7 years after the conclusion of the Gaganyaan program.[93]
Lunar Orbital Station[94]
 Russia Roscosmos
TBD
 after 2030[95]
Haven-1 United States Vast Private
4
 2025[96] 80 m3[97] "Scheduled to be the world's first commercial space station, Haven-1 and subsequent human spaceflight missions will accelerate access to space exploration"[98]
Haven-2 United States Vast Private
12
 2028 1160 m3

[97]

A planned successor to Haven-1. Vast CEO Max Hoat expressed hope that the first module of Haven-2 will be launched in 2028 if the station will be approved during the second phase of NASA's Commercial LEO Destinations program.[99]
LIFE Pathfinder United States Sierra Space Private
TBD
 2026 285 m3[100] "Before offering LIFE for Orbital Reef, though, the company is proposing to launch a standalone “pathfinder” version of LIFE as soon as the end of 2026".[101]
Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui) Japan JAXA|Mitsui & Co. TBA
TBD
 TBD Japan's spaceflight agency, JAXA, announced in July 2024 that has contracted Mitsui & Co. to develop a concept for a new space station module for eventual flight and docking to an American private space station as yet to be determined as of the initial announcement. [102][103][104]
Artificial Gravity Station United States Vast Private
40
 2035 1400 m3 [97]

Cancelled projects

[edit]
A mockup of the inside of Skylab at the Smithsonian, based on the Skylab B module. In the center, a dummy dressed in a gold jumpsuit sits at a table. Behind him are white cabinets that hold the crews equipment. Off to the right, a porthole shows a view of the Smithsonian.
The interior of Skylab B, on display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum

Most of these stations were canceled due to financial difficulties, or merged into other projects.

Name Entity Crew Cancellation Remarks
Manned Orbiting Laboratory 1–7 United States USAF 2[105] 1969 Boilerplate mission launched successfully, wider project cancelled due to excessive costs[106]
Skylab B United States NASA 3[107] 1976 Constructed, but launch cancelled due to lack of funding.[108] Now a museum piece.
OPS-4 Soviet Union USSR 3[109] 1979 Constructed, but Almaz program cancelled in favour of uncrewed recon satellites.
Freedom United States NASA 14–16[110] 1993 Merged to form the basis of the International Space Station.
Mir-2 Soviet Union USSR
Russia Roscosmos 		2[111]
Columbus MTFF ESA 3
Galaxy United States Bigelow Aerospace Robotic[112] 2007 Canceled due to rising costs and ability to ground test key Galaxy subsystems[113]
Sundancer 3 2011 Was under construction, but cancelled in favour of developing B330.
Almaz commercial United Kingdom Excalibur Almaz 4+ 2016 Soviet hardware was acquired, but never launched due to lack of funds.
Tiangong-3 China CNSA 3 2017 The goals for Tiangong-2 and 3 were merged, and were completed by a single station rather than two separate stations.
OPSEK Russia Roscosmos 2+ 2017 Some modules such as Nauka were launched and attached to the ISS- but proposals to split these off as a separate station were cancelled, and they instead remain part of the ISS.
B330 United States Bigelow Aerospace 3 2020 Test articles were constructed but not flight ready hardware; cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Northrop Grumman CLD Northrop Grumman 4-8[114] 2023 Developed under the Commercial LEO Destinations program, cancelled by Northrop Grumman to partner with Nanoracks on Starlab.

Timeline

[edit]
Tiangong space stationTiangong 2Tiangong 1Genesis II (space habitat)Genesis IInternational Space StationMirSalyut 7Salyut 6Salyut 5Salyut 4Salyut 3SkylabKosmos 557Salyut 2DOS-2Salyut 1OPS 0855
The image above contains clickable links
The image above contains clickable links
Timeline of space stations, sorted by the nations that launched them. Prototype stations are marked*.
  China
  Soviet Union/Russia
  USA
  multiple nations


Size comparison

[edit]
International Space StationTiangong Space StationMirSkylabTiangong-2Salyut 1Salyut 2Salyut 4Salyut 6Salyut 7
The image above contains clickable links
The image above contains clickable links
Size comparisons between current and past space stations as they appeared most recently. Solar panels in blue, heat radiators in red. Stations have different depths not shown by silhouettes.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c The USSR intended to crew these stations with 2 men, however they re-entered the atmosphere before the cosmonauts were launched.
  2. ^ a b Launch date of the initial module. Additional modules for this station were launched later.
  3. ^ Correct as of 21 November 2024

References

[edit]
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