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Paul Claudel

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Paul Claudel
Born(1868-08-06)6 August 1868
Villeneuve-sur-Fère, France
Died23 February 1955(1955-02-23) (aged 86)
Paris, France
LanguageFrench
EducationLycée Louis-le-Grand
Alma materParis Institute of Political Studies
GenreVerse drama
SpouseReine Sainte-Marie Perrin
RelativesCamille Claudel (sister)
Signature

Paul Claudel (French: [pɔl klodɛl]; 6 August 1868 – 23 February 1955) was a French poet, dramatist and diplomat, and the younger brother of the sculptor Camille Claudel. He was most famous for his verse dramas, which often convey his devout Catholicism.

Early life

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He was born in Villeneuve-sur-Fère (Aisne), into a family of farmers and government officials.[1] His father, Louis-Prosper, dealt in mortgages and bank transactions. His mother, the former Louise Cerveaux, came from a Champagne family of Catholic farmers and priests. Having spent his first years in Champagne, he studied at the lycée of Bar-le-Duc and at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in 1881, when his parents moved to Paris.

Paul Claudel, age sixteen, by his sister, Camille Claudel, modeled in 1884 and cast in 1893

An unbeliever in his teenage years, Claudel experienced a conversion at age 18 on Christmas Day 1886 while listening to a choir sing Vespers in the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris: "In an instant, my heart was touched, and I believed." He remained an active Catholic for the rest of his life. In addition, he discovered Arthur Rimbaud's book of poetry Illuminations. He worked towards "the revelation through poetry, both lyrical and dramatic, of the grand design of creation".[2]

Claudel studied at the Paris Institute of Political Studies.

Diplomat

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The young Claudel considered entering a monastery, but instead had a career in the French diplomatic service, in which he served from 1893 to 1936.

Claudel was first vice-consul in New York (April 1893),[1] and later in Boston (December 1893). He was French consul in China during the period 1895 to 1909, with time in Shanghai (June 1895). On a break in 1900, he spent time at Ligugé Abbey, but his proposed entry to the Benedictine Order was postponed.[3]

Claudel returned to China as vice-consul in Fuzhou (October 1900). He had a further break in France in 1905–6, when he married. He was one of a group of writers enjoying the support and patronage of Philippe Berthelot of the Foreign Ministry, who became a close friend; others were Jean Giraudoux, Paul Morand and Saint-John Perse.[4][5] Because of his position in the Diplomatic Service, at the beginning of his career Claudel published either anonymously or under a pseudonym, "since permission to publish was needed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs".[6]:11

For that reason, Claudel remained rather obscure as an author to 1909, unwilling to ask permission to publish under his own name because the permission might not be granted.[6]:11 In that year, the founding group of the Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF), and in particular his friend André Gide, were keen to recognise his work. Claudel sent them, for the first issue, the poem Hymne du Sacre-Sacrement, to fulsome praise from Gide, and it was published under his name. He had not sought permission to publish, and there was a furore in which he was criticised. Attacks based on his religious views were in February also affecting the production of one of his plays.[6]:15–17 Berthelot's advice was to ignore the critics.[6]:18 note 42 The affair began a long collaboration of the NRF with Claudel.[6]:12

Claudel also wrote extensively about China, with a definitive version of his Connaissance de l'Est published in 1914 by Georges Crès and Victor Segalen.[7] In his final posting to China, he was consul in Tianjin (1906–1909).

In a series of European postings to the outbreak of World War I, Claudel was in Prague (December 1909), Frankfurt am Main (October 1911), and Hamburg (October 1913). At this period he was interested in the theatre festival at Hellerau, which put on one of his plays, and the ideas of Jacques Copeau.[8]

Claudel was in Rome (1915–1916), ministre plénipotentiaire in Rio de Janeiro (1917–1918), Copenhagen (1920), ambassador in Tokyo (1921–1927),[1] Washington, D.C. (1928–1933, Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in 1933)[9] and Brussels (1933–1936).[1] While he served in Brazil during World War I he supervised the continued provision of food supplies from South America to France. His secretaries during the Brazil mission included Darius Milhaud, who wrote incidental music to a number of Claudel's plays.

Cover of Time Magazine (21 March 1927)

Later life

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The château of Brangues, 2009 photograph

In 1935 Claudel retired to Brangues in Dauphiné, where he had bought the château in 1927. He still spent winters in Paris.[10][11]

During World War II Claudel made his way to Algeria in 1940, after the Battle of France, and offered to serve Free France.[12] Not having a response to the offer, he returned to Brangues. He supported the Vichy regime, but disagreed with Cardinal Alfred Baudrillart's policy of collaboration with Nazi Germany.[13]

Close to home, Paul-Louis Weiller, married to Claudel's daughter-in-law's sister, was arrested by the Vichy government in October 1940. Claudel went to Vichy to intercede for him, to no avail; Weiller escaped (with Claudel's assistance, the authorities suspected) and fled to New York. Claudel wrote in December 1941 to Isaïe Schwartz, expressing his opposition to the Statut des Juifs enacted by the regime.[14] The Vichy authorities responded by having Claudel's house searched and keeping him under observation.

Claudel was elected to the Académie française on 4 April 1946, replacing Louis Gillet. It followed a rejection in 1935, considered somewhat scandalous, when Claude Farrère was preferred.[15] He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in six different years.[16]

Work

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Main article: List of works by Paul Claudel

Claudel often referred to Stéphane Mallarmé as his teacher.[17] His poetic has been seen as Mallarmé's, with the addition of the idea of the world as a revelatory religious text.[18] He rejected traditional prosody, developing the verset claudelien, his own form of free verse. It was within the orbit of experimentation by followers of Walt Whitman, impressive for Claudel, of whom Charles Péguy and André Spire were two others working on a form of verset.[19] The influence of the Latin Vulgate has been disputed by Jean Grosjean.[20]

The best known of his plays are Le Partage de Midi ("The Break of Noon", 1906), L'Annonce faite à Marie ("The Tidings Brought to Mary", 1910) focusing on the themes of sacrifice, oblation and sanctification through the tale of a young medieval French peasant woman who contracts leprosy, and Le Soulier de Satin ("The Satin Slipper", 1931). The last is an exploration of human and divine love and longing, set in the Spanish Empire of the siglo de oro. It was staged at the Comédie-Française in 1943. Jeanne d'Arc au Bûcher ("Joan of Arc at the Stake", 1939) was an oratorio with music by Arthur Honegger.[21] The settings of his plays tended to be romantically distant, medieval France or sixteenth-century Spanish South America. He used scenes of passionate, obsessive human love. The complexity, structure and scale of the plays meant that a positive reception of Claudel's drama by audiences was long delayed.[22] His final dramatic work, L'Histoire de Tobie et de Sara, was first produced by Jean Vilar for the Festival d'Avignon in 1947.[23]

As well as his verse dramas, Claudel also wrote lyric poetry. A major example is the Cinq Grandes Odes (Five Great Odes, 1907).[24] Boštjan Marko Turk's doctoral thesis examined the influence of medieval philosophy on Paul Claudel's poetic work, particularly Les Cinq Grandes Odes. He summarized his findings in the monograph Paul Claudel et l'Actualité de l'être (2011),[25] which was recognized by Dominique Millet-Gérard [fr], his doctoral advisor, for its contribution to understanding Claudel's work in the French-speaking world.


Views and reputation

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Claudel was a conservative of the old school, sharing the antisemitism of conservative France. He addressed a poem ("Paroles au Maréchal," "Words to the Marshal") after the defeat of France in 1940, commending Marshal Pétain for picking up and salvaging France's broken, wounded body. As a Catholic, he could not avoid a sense of satisfaction at the fall of the anti-clerical French Third Republic.

His diaries make clear his consistent contempt for Nazism (condemning it as early as 1930 as "demonic" and "wedded to Satan," and referring to communism and Nazism as "Gog and Magog"). He wrote an open letter to the World Jewish Conference in 1935, condemning the Nuremberg Laws as "abominable and stupid." His support for Charles de Gaulle and the Free French forces culminated in his victory ode addressed to de Gaulle when Paris was liberated in 1944.

The British poet W. H. Auden acknowledged the importance of Paul Claudel in his poem "In Memory of W. B. Yeats" (1939). Writing about Yeats, Auden says in lines 52–55 (from the originally published version, then excised by Auden in a later revision):

Time that with this strange excuse
Pardoned Kipling and his views,
And will pardon Paul Claudel,
Pardons him for writing well

George Steiner, in The Death of Tragedy, called Claudel one of the three "masters of drama" in the 20th century, with Henry de Montherlant and Bertolt Brecht.[26]

Family

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While in China, Claudel had a long affair with Rosalie Vetch née Ścibor-Rylska (1871–1951), wife of Francis Vetch (1862–1944) and granddaughter of Hamilton Vetch. Claudel knew Francis Vetch through his diplomatic work, and had met Rosalie on a sea voyage out from Marseille to Hong Kong in 1900. She had four children, and was pregnant with Claudel's child when the affair ended in February 1905. She married in 1907 Jan Willem Lintner.[27][28][29][30] Louise Marie Agnes Vetch (1905–1996), born in Brussels, was Claudel's daughter by Rosalie.[31] Francis Vetch and Claudel had caught up with Rosalie at a railway station on the German border in 1905, a meeting at which Rosalie signalled that her relationship with Claudel was over.[32]

Claudel married on 15 March 1906 Reine Sainte-Marie Perrin (1880–1973). She was the daughter of Louis Sainte-Marie Perrin [fr] (1835–1917), an architect from Lyon known for completing the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière.[33][34] They had two sons and three daughters.[35]

Treatment of his sister Camille

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Camille Claudel

Claudel committed his sister Camille to a psychiatric hospital in March 1913, where she remained for the last 30 years of her life, visiting her seven times in those 30 years.[36] Records show that while she did have mental lapses, she was clear-headed while working on her art. Doctors tried to convince the family that she need not be in the institution, but still they kept her there.

The story forms the subject of a 2004 novel by Michèle Desbordes, La Robe bleue, The Blue Dress.[37] Jean-Charles de Castelbajac wrote a song "La soeur de Paul" for Mareva Galanter, 2010.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d "Paul Claudel, Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  2. ^ "Paul Claudel, French author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  3. ^ Ubersfeld, Anne (1999). Paul Claudel, Partage de midi: autobiographie et histoire (in French). Presses Univ. Franche-Comté. p. 10. ISBN 978-2-913322-48-6.
  4. ^ O'Neil, Mary Anne (2006). Twentieth-century French Dramatists. Vol. 321. Thomson Gale. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-7876-8139-5.
  5. ^ Nelis, Jan; Morelli, Anne; Praet, Danny (1 May 2015). Catholicism and Fascism in Europe 1918 - 1945. Georg Olms Verlag. p. 184. ISBN 978-3-487-15243-1.
  6. ^ a b c d e Vagianos, Sylvia Caides (1979). Paul Claudel and La Nouvelle Revue Française (1909-1918). Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-03573-6.
  7. ^ Hsieh, Yvonne Ying (1996). From Occupation to Revolution: China Through the Eyes of Loti, Claudel, Segalen, and Malraux (1895-1933). Summa Publications, Inc. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-883479-13-8.
  8. ^ Vagianos, Sylvia Caides (1979). Paul Claudel and La Nouvelle Revue Française (1909-1918). Librairie Droz. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-2-600-03573-6.
  9. ^ "Deans of the Diplomatic Corps". Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State. 1 March 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  10. ^ Nichols, Aidan (28 June 2013). The Poet as Believer: A Theological Study of Paul Claudel. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4094-8148-5.
  11. ^ Werner, Roberta (2013). Reaching for God: The Benedictine Oblate Way of Life. Liturgical Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8146-3551-3.
  12. ^ Majault, Joseph (1966). Littérature de notre temps (in French). Vol. I. Casterman. p. 88.
  13. ^ Michlin, Gilbert (17 September 2004). Of No Interest to the Nation: A Jewish Family in France, 1925-1945. Wayne State University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-8143-3848-3.
  14. ^ Pryce-Jones, David (February 2011). Betrayal: France, the Arabs, and the Jews (Large Print 16pt). ReadHowYouWant.com. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-1-4587-3170-8.
  15. ^ "Paul Claudel, Académie française". www.academie-francaise.fr.
  16. ^ Nobel Prize.org: "Paul Claudel (Nomination Database)".
  17. ^ Erwin, John F. (1973). "Claudel and the Lesson of Mallarmé: The Theme of Absence". L'Esprit Créateur. 13 (1): 44–54. ISSN 0014-0767. JSTOR 26279825.
  18. ^ Bush, Christopher (1 February 2010). Ideographic Modernism: China, Writing, Media. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-974139-7.
  19. ^ Erkkila, Betsy (14 July 2014). Walt Whitman Among the French: Poet and Myth. Princeton University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4008-5454-7.
  20. ^ Dethurens, Pascal (1996). Claudel et l'avènement de la modernité: création littéraire et culture européenne dans l'œuvre théâtrale de Claudel (in French). Presses Univ. Franche-Comté. p. 219 and note 2. ISBN 978-2-251-60601-9.
  21. ^ Smither, Howard E. (1 September 2012). A History of the Oratorio. Vol. 4: The Oratorio in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. UNC Press Books. p. 661. ISBN 978-0-8078-3778-8.
  22. ^ Kennedy, Dennis (26 August 2010). The Oxford Companion to Theatre and Performance. OUP Oxford. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-19-957419-3.
  23. ^ Hartnoll, Phyllis (1983). The Oxford Companion to the Theatre (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 182. ISBN 0192115464.
  24. ^ Hellerstein, Nina S. (1990). Mythe et structure dans les Cinq grandes odes de Paul Claudel (in French). Presses Univ. Franche-Comté. p. 27.
  25. ^ Turk, Boštjan Marko (2011). Paul Claudel et l'Actualité de l'etre, L'INSPIRATION THOMISTE DANS L'OEUVRE CLAUDELIENNE (in French). Paris: P. Téqui. ISBN 978-2-7403-1464-7. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  26. ^ Steiner, George (1 January 1996). The Death of Tragedy. Yale University Press. p. xii. ISBN 978-0-300-06916-7.
  27. ^ Stevens, Keith (2006). "Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Bookseller And Publisher". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 46: 103 and 111. ISSN 1991-7295. JSTOR 23890010.
  28. ^ Castel, Yves (2021). Histoire de familles des Mascareignes. TheBookEdition. p. 171. ISBN 9782957766802.
  29. ^ Thibaudat, Jean-Pierre (24 January 2017). "La Pléiade lève le voile sur Rosalie, grand amour de Claudel". L'Obs. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  30. ^ Claudel, Paul (2 July 2014). Partage de Midi. Crisi di Mezzogiorno (in Italian). EDUCatt - Ente per il diritto allo studio universitario dell'Università Cattolica. pp. 12 and 13 notes. ISBN 978-88-6780-435-1.
  31. ^ Stevens, Keith (2006). "Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Bookseller And Publisher". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 46: 110 and 113. ISSN 1991-7295. JSTOR 23890010.
  32. ^ Stevens, Keith (2006). "Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Bookseller And Publisher". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 46: 118. ISSN 1991-7295. JSTOR 23890010.
  33. ^ Ayral-Clause, Odile, Camille Claudel, A Life, pp. 167–168
  34. ^ Gide, André; Schlumberger, Jean (1993). Correspondance: 1901-1950 (in French). Gallimard. p. 226. ISBN 978-2-07-073122-0.
  35. ^ Kohler, Sue A. (1978). Sixteenth Street Architecture. Commission of Fine Arts. p. 443.
  36. ^ Ayral-Clause, Odile, p. 217, 222, 225, 242, 245, 250
  37. ^ Jean-Baptiste Harang (1 April 2004). "Folle Claudel". Libération. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.

Sources

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