Qiao Zhou
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Qiao Zhou | |
|---|---|
| 譙周 | |
| Regular Mounted Attendant (散騎常侍) | |
| In office 263–? | |
| Monarchs | Cao Huan / Emperor Wu of Jin |
| Cavalry Commandant (騎都尉) | |
| In office 263–? | |
| Monarchs | Cao Huan / Emperor Wu of Jin |
| Household Counsellor (光祿大夫) | |
| In office ?–263 | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Attendant Counsellor (中散大夫) | |
| In office ?–? | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 199 Langzhong, Sichuan |
| Died | 270[1] |
| Children |
|
| Parent |
|
| Occupation | Astronomer, historian, politician, writer |
| Courtesy name | Yunnan (允南) |
| Peerage | Marquis of Yangcheng Village (陽城亭侯) |
Qiao Zhou (c.199[2] - 270), courtesy name Yunnan, Chinese astronomer, historian, politician, and writer of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) in the late Eastern Han dynasty before becoming a subject of the warlord Liu Bei, who established the Shu Han regime in 221. He is particularly notable for being the teacher of many Shu Han officials. Among them are Chen Shou, Luo Xian, Du Zhen, Wen Li and Li Mi.
During his lifetime, Qiao Zhou was regarded as lacking talent and was not respected by many of his peers. Only Yang Xi regarded Qiao Zhou highly. Yang Xi even once said: "Like us, the later generations can never be as good as this great man." Because of this, Yang Xi earned praise from those individuals who also recognised Qiao Zhou for his talent.[3]
Qiao Zhou served in the Shu Han government from the time when Liu Bei ascended the throne (in 221) to the fall of Shu in 263. He is remembered for persuading the Shu emperor Liu Shan to surrender to Wei in 263.
Assessments of Qiao Zhou's surrender stance
[edit]In the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), the historian Chen Shou praised Qiao's proposal to Liu Shan for preserving the Liu ex-royal family and helping Shu Han. It can be argued that Chen's views reflect his position as a subordinate of the Western Jin dynasty and also because Qiao was Chen's teacher. Historians with different viewpoints, such as Sun Sheng, heavily criticized Qiao Zhou's stance of surrender, calling Qiao a "traitor".[4]
Yi Zhongtian commented that Qiao's "treachery" was not due to his personality (Qiao was well known for his good moral conduct) but because of a difference in political stance. Qiao Zhou was the representative of the local Shu intelligentsia (士族) who had long been at odds with Shu Han's government due to:[5]
- The Shu government had long been mainly made up of "foreign" magistrates who competed against the local nobility for governmental posts and political power. Liu Yan, Liu Zhang, Liu Bei and their close associates were mostly not local Shu nobility. Zhuge Liang later enacted a "fair" talent enrolment process, which employed many local Shu scholars and intellectuals and so managed to earn their respect and support. However, he failed to completely resolve the conflict.
- Zhuge Liang's fair and transparent rule of law was harmful for the nobility because it restricted their social privileges and prevented them from influencing local politics. Meanwhile, the nine-rank system of Cao Wei and later Western Jin enabled the nobility to recommend and promote their own scions, which was beneficial for the local Shu clans.
- The Shu Han government relentlessly launched the northern expeditions against Cao Wei, resulted in heavy expenditure. Such expenditure was not only a major burden for the common people, but also was harmful for the Shu nobility since taxes were also imposed on them.
As a result, it is argued by critics of Qiao Zhou that by betraying the Shu Han state and surrendering to Cao Wei, Qiao Zhou's actions were beneficial for the local Shu nobility, who welcomed Cao Wei's invasion.
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
[edit]In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Qiao Zhou is depicted as an astrologer whose studies greatly aided Zhuge Liang during the Northern Expeditions against Shu's rival state Cao Wei.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ The Sanguozhi mentioned that Qiao Zhou died in the winter of the 6th year of the Taishi era (265-274) during the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin. Quote from Sanguozhi vol. 42: ([泰始]六年秋， ... 至冬卒。)
- ^ According to Qiao Zhou's biography in Sanguozhi, in the 5th year of the Taishi era of Sima Yan's reign (269), he remarked that he had just passed the age of 70 (by East Asian reckoning). ([泰始]五年，予常为本郡中正，清定事讫，求休还家，往与周别。周语予曰：“昔孔子七十二、刘向、杨雄七十一而没，今吾年过七十，庶慕孔子遗风，可与刘、杨同轨，恐不出后岁，必便长逝，不复相见矣。”) Sanguozhi vol. 42. Thus by calculation, his birth year should be in 199.
- ^ (又時人謂譙周無當世才，少歸敬者，唯戲重之，常稱曰：「吾等後世，終自不如此長兒也。」有識以此貴戲。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
- ^ Sanguozhi. Chen Shou. Annotated by Pei Songzhi. Vol. 2: Records of Shu. Biography of Qiao Zhou.
- ^ Yi Zhongtian. Analysis of the Three Kingdoms, Vol. 2, Vietnamese translation. Publisher of People's Public Security, 2010. Chapter 42: Passed away in Helplessness. Chapter 48: Convergence of Separated Lines. Epilouge: The Billowing Yangtze River Flows East.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
- 270 deaths
- 3rd-century Chinese astronomers
- 3rd-century Chinese historians
- Chinese classicists
- Historians from Sichuan
- Jin dynasty (266–420) government officials
- Jin dynasty (266–420) historians
- People from Langzhong
- People of Cao Wei
- Politicians from Nanchong
- Scientists from Sichuan
- Shu Han essayists
- Shu Han government officials
- Shu Han historians
- Writers from Nanchong