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Red sea urchin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the red sea urchin of South America, see Loxechinus albus.

Red sea urchin
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Echinoidea
Order: Camarodonta
Family: Strongylocentrotidae
Genus: Mesocentrotus
Species:
M. franciscanus
Binomial name
Mesocentrotus franciscanus
(Aggasiz, 1863)
Synonyms
  • Mesocentrotus franciscanus
  • Toxocidaris franciscana
  • Toxocidaris franciscanus

The red sea urchin (Mesocentrotus franciscanus)[1] is a sea urchin found in the northeastern Pacific Ocean from Alaska to Baja California. It lives in shallow waters from the low-tide line to greater than 280 m (920 ft) deep,[2] and is typically found on rocky shores sheltered from extreme wave action in areas where kelp is available.[3][4]

Description

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M. franciscanus juvenile, found at Cape Flattery, WA: This individual is about 1.5 cm in diameter.

A sea urchin's spherical body is completely covered by sharp spines. These spines grow on a hard shell called the "test", which encloses the animal. It can vary in color from red to dark burgundy. Rarely, albino specimens are found. It has a mouth located on its underside, which is surrounded by five teeth. During larval development, the body of a sea urchin transitions from bilateral to radial symmetry.

This bilaterally symmetrical larva, called an echinopluteus, subsequently develops a type of pentaradiate symmetry that characterizes echinoderms. It crawls very slowly over the sea bottom using its spines as stilts, with the help of its tube feet. Scattered among its spines are rows of tiny tube feet with suckers that help it to move and stick to the sea floor.

Feeding habits

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This animal has a mouth with special jaws (Aristotle's lantern) located on the bottom (oral) surface. Its preferred diet is seaweeds and algae, including giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) and bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana), which it scrapes off and tears up from the sea floor.[5] Adults may consume plankton (particularly Lithothamnion sp. and Bossiella sp.) if other food sources are not available.[6] During larval development, urchins use bands of cilia to capture food (namely zooplankton) from the water column.[7][8] Red sea urchins found in the channel adjacent to San Juan Island have been found to live a uniquely sedentary lifestyle with the heavy currents bringing an abundance of food.[9][10]

Behavior and reproduction

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Sea urchins are often found living in clumps from five to ten. They have the ability to regenerate lost spines. Lifespan often exceeds 30 years, and scientists have found some specimens to be over 200 years old.[11] Red sea urchins are notoriously ravenous kelp-eaters and are implicated in devastating kelp beds[4] by forming grazing fronts. The intense grazing pressure exerted by urchins is an important link in a trophic cascade often observed along the west coast of North America in which sea otter predation influences urchin abundance, which in turn influences kelp devastation.[12] In contrast to their negatively perceived impact on community structure in open coastal kelp beds, the sedentary behavior and capture of detrital seaweed in the San Juan Islands is hypothesized to create an important habitat and energy source below the photic zone.[9] These diverse ecosystem effects of red urchins highlight their importance as ecosystem engineers in temperate rocky reef ecosystems.

Spawning peaks between June and September. Eggs are fertilized externally while they float in the ocean, and planktonic larvae remain in the water column for about a month before settling on the bottom of the sea floor, where they undergo metamorphosis into juvenile urchins. These juveniles use chemical cues to locate adults.[13] Although juveniles are found almost exclusively under aggregated adults, the adults and juveniles are not directly related.[14]

References

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  1. ^ Agassiz, A. "Mesocentrotus franciscanus". WoRMS. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  2. ^ Lowe, Alexander T.; Galloway, Aaron WE (2020-12-18). "Urchin Searchin': Red urchins and drift kelp found at 284 m in the mesophotic zone". Ciencias Marinas. 46 (4): 283–296–283–296. doi:10.7773/cm.v46i4.3156. ISSN 2395-9053.
  3. ^ Britton-Simmons, Kevin H.; Foley, Gerard; Okamoto, Daniel (2009-05-19). "Spatial subsidy in the subtidal zone: utilization of drift algae by a deep subtidal sea urchin". Aquatic Biology. 5 (3): 233–243. doi:10.3354/ab00154. ISSN 1864-7782.
  4. ^ a b Harrold and Reed (1985). "Food availability, sea urchin grazing, and kelp forest community structure". Ecology. 66 (4): 1160–1169. doi:10.2307/1939168. JSTOR 1939168.
  5. ^ Bartholomew, E., & Hursky, E. (n.d.). Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Strongylocentrotus_franciscanus/
  6. ^ Bartholomew, E., & Hursky, E. (n.d.). Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Strongylocentrotus_franciscanus/
  7. ^ Richard R. Strathmann (1971). "The feeding behavior of planktotrophic echinoderm larvae: mechanisms, regulation, and rates of suspension feeding". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 6 (2): 109–160. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(71)90054-2.
  8. ^ Bartholomew, E., & Hursky, E. (n.d.). Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Strongylocentrotus_franciscanus/
  9. ^ a b Lowe, Alexander; et al. (2015). "Sedentary urchins influence benthic community composition below the macroalgal zone". Marine Ecology. 36 (2): 129–140. doi:10.1111/maec.12124.
  10. ^ Whippo, R; Lowe, A; Britton-Simmons, K (2011). "Effects of the Red Sea Urchin on Benthic Invertebrate Communities: A Link to Spatial Subsidies". In: Pollock NW, Ed. Diving for Science 2011. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 30th Symposium. Dauphin Island, AL: AAUS; 2011. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-18.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. ^ Thomas A. Ebert & John R. Southon (2003). "Red sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) can live over 100 years: confirmation with A-bomb 14carbon" (PDF). Fishery Bulletin. 101 (4): 915–922.
  12. ^ Estes and Duggins (1995). "Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm". Ecological Monographs. 65 (1): 75–100. doi:10.2307/2937159. JSTOR 2937159.
  13. ^ Nishizaki, Michael T; Ackerman, JD (2000). "A secondary chemical cue facilitates juvenile‐adult postsettlement associations in red sea urchins". Limnology & Oceanography. 50 (1): 354–362. doi:10.4319/lo.2005.50.1.0354.
  14. ^ Moberg, PE; Burton, Ronald (2000). "Genetic heterogeneity among adult and recruit red sea urchins, Mesocentrotus franciscanus". Marine Biology. 136 (5): 773–784. doi:10.1007/s002270000281.
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