Jump to content

Richard Stallman

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Stallman" redirects here. For the flutist, see Robert Stallman. For the speculative fiction author, see Robert Lester Stallman.

Richard Stallman
Stallman smiling
Stallman in 2024
Born
Richard Matthew Stallman

(1953-03-16) March 16, 1953 (age 71)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Other namesrms (RMS)
Education
Occupations
  • Activist
  • programmer
Known for
Awards
Websitestallman.org Edit this at Wikidata
Signature

Richard Matthew Stallman (/ˈstɔːlmən/ STAWL-mən; born March 16, 1953), also known by his initials, rms,[1] is an American free software movement activist and programmer. He campaigns for software to be distributed in such a manner that its users have the freedom to use, study, distribute, and modify that software. Software which ensures these freedoms is termed free software. Stallman launched the GNU Project, founded the Free Software Foundation (FSF) in October 1985,[2] developed the GNU Compiler Collection and GNU Emacs, and wrote all versions of the GNU General Public License.

Stallman launched the GNU Project in September 1983 to write a Unix-like computer operating system composed entirely of free software.[3] With that he also launched the free software movement. He has been the GNU project's lead architect and organizer, and developed a number of pieces of widely used GNU software including among others, the GNU Compiler Collection,[4] GNU Debugger,[5] and GNU Emacs text editor.[6]

Stallman pioneered the concept of copyleft, which uses the principles of copyright law to preserve the right to use, modify, and distribute free software. He is the main author of free software licenses which describe those terms, most notably the GNU General Public License (GPL), the most widely used free software license.[7]

In 1989, he co-founded the League for Programming Freedom. Since the mid-1990s, Stallman has spent most of his time advocating for free software, as well as campaigning against software patents, digital rights management (which he refers to as digital restrictions management, calling the more common term misleading), and other legal and technical systems which he sees as taking away users' freedoms. That includes software license agreements, non-disclosure agreements, activation keys, dongles, copy restriction, proprietary formats, and binary executables without source code.

In September 2019, Stallman resigned as president of the FSF and left his visiting scientist role at MIT after making controversial comments about the Jeffrey Epstein sex trafficking scandal.[8] Stallman remained head of the GNU Project, and in 2021 returned to the FSF board of directors and others.

Early life

[edit]

Stallman was born March 16, 1953[9] in New York City, to a family of Jewish heritage.[10] He had a troublesome relationship with his parents and did not feel he had a proper home.[10] He was interested in computers at a young age; when he was a pre-teen at a summer camp, he read manuals for the IBM 7094.[11] From 1967 to 1969, Stallman attended a Columbia University Saturday program for high school students.[11] He was also a volunteer laboratory assistant in the biology department at Rockefeller University. Although he was interested in mathematics and physics, his supervising professor at Rockefeller thought he showed promise as a biologist.[12]

His first experience with actual computers was at the IBM New York Scientific Center when he was in high school. He was hired for the summer in 1970 after his senior year of high school, to write a numerical analysis program in Fortran.[11] He completed the task after a couple of weeks ("I swore that I would never use FORTRAN again because I despised it as a language compared with other languages") and spent the rest of the summer writing a text editor in APL[13] and a preprocessor for the PL/I programming language on the IBM System/360.[14]

Harvard University and MIT

[edit]

As a first-year student at Harvard University in fall 1970, Stallman was known for his strong performance in Math 55.[15] He was happy, "For the first time in my life, I felt I had found a home at Harvard."[11]

In 1971, near the end of his first year at Harvard, he became a programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory,[16] and became a regular in the hacker community, where he was usually known by his initials, RMS, which he used in his computer accounts.[1][17] Stallman received a bachelor's degree in physics (magna cum laude) from Harvard in 1974.[18] He considered staying on at Harvard, but instead decided to enroll as a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He pursued a doctorate in physics for one year, but left the program to focus on his programming at the MIT AI Laboratory.[11][14]

While working (starting in 1975) as a research assistant at MIT under Gerry Sussman,[14] Stallman published a paper (with Sussman) in 1977 on an AI truth maintenance system, called dependency-directed backtracking.[19] The paper was an early work on the problem of intelligent backtracking in constraint satisfaction problems. As of 2009,[needs update] the technique Stallman and Sussman introduced is still the most general and powerful form of intelligent backtracking.[20] The technique of constraint recording, wherein partial results of a search are recorded for later reuse, was also introduced in this paper.[20]

As a hacker in MIT's AI laboratory, Stallman worked on software projects like TECO and Emacs for the Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS), as well as the Lisp machine operating system (the CONS of 1974–1976 and the CADR of 1977–1979—this latter unit was commercialized by Symbolics and Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI) starting around 1980).[17] He became an ardent critic of restricted computer access in the lab, which at that time was funded primarily by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). When MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) installed a password control system in 1977, Stallman found a way to decrypt the passwords and sent users messages containing their decoded password, with a suggestion to change it to the empty string (that is, no password) instead, to re-enable anonymous access to the systems. Around 20 percent of the users followed his advice at the time, although passwords ultimately prevailed. Stallman boasted of the success of his campaign for many years afterward.[21]

Events leading to GNU

[edit]

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the hacker culture which Stallman thrived on began to fragment. To prevent software from being used on their competitors' computers, most manufacturers stopped distributing source code and began using copyright and restrictive software licenses to limit or prohibit copying and redistribution. Such proprietary software had existed before, and it became apparent that it would become the norm. This shift in the legal characteristics of software was a consequence triggered by the US Copyright Act of 1976.[22]

When Brian Reid in 1979 placed time bombs in the Scribe markup language and word processing system to restrict unlicensed access to the software, Stallman proclaimed it "a crime against humanity".[14] During an interview in 2008, he clarified that it is blocking the user's freedom that he believes is a crime, not the issue of charging for software.[23] Stallman's texinfo is a GPL replacement, loosely based on Scribe;[24] the original version was finished in 1986.[25]

In 1980, Stallman and some other hackers at the AI Lab were refused access to the source code for the software of a newly installed laser printer, the Xerox 9700. Stallman had modified the software for the Lab's previous laser printer (the XGP, Xerographic Printer), so it electronically messaged a user when the person's job was printed, and would message all logged-in users waiting for print jobs if the printer was jammed. Not being able to add these features to the new printer was a major inconvenience, as the printer was on a different floor from most of the users. This experience convinced Stallman of people's need to be able to freely modify the software they use.[26]

Richard Greenblatt, a fellow AI Lab hacker, founded Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI) to market Lisp machines, which he and Tom Knight designed at the lab. Greenblatt rejected outside investment, believing that the proceeds from the construction and sale of a few machines could be profitably reinvested in the growth of the company. In contrast, the other hackers felt that the venture capital-funded approach was better. As no agreement could be reached, hackers from the latter camp founded Symbolics, with the aid of Russ Noftsker, an AI Lab administrator. Symbolics recruited most of the remaining hackers including notable hacker Bill Gosper, who then left the AI Lab. Symbolics also forced Greenblatt to resign by citing MIT policies. While both companies delivered proprietary software, Stallman believed that LMI, unlike Symbolics, had tried to avoid hurting the lab's community. For two years, from 1982 to the end of 1983, Stallman worked by himself to clone the output of the Symbolics programmers, with the aim of preventing them from gaining a monopoly on the lab's computers.[21]

Stallman argues that software users should have the freedom to share with their neighbors and be able to study and make changes to the software that they use. He maintains that attempts by proprietary software vendors to prohibit these acts are antisocial and unethical.[27] The phrase "software wants to be free" is often incorrectly attributed to him, and Stallman argues that this is a misstatement of his philosophy.[28] He argues that freedom is vital for the sake of users and society as a moral value, and not merely for pragmatic reasons such as possibly developing technically superior software.[29] Eric S. Raymond, one of the creators of the open-source movement,[30] argues that moral arguments, rather than pragmatic ones, alienate potential allies and hurt the end goal of removing code secrecy.[31]

In February 1984, Stallman quit his job at MIT to work full-time on the GNU project, which he had announced in September 1983. Since then, he had remained affiliated with MIT as an unpaid[32] "visiting scientist" in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.[33] Until "around 1998", he maintained an office at the Institute that doubled as his legal residence.[34]

GNU project

[edit]
Main article: GNU Project

Stallman announced the plan for the GNU operating system in September 1983 on several ARPANET mailing lists and USENET.[3][35] He started the project on his own and describes: "As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to it."[36]

Stallman in 2003 at the opening ceremony of NIXAL (a GLUG) at Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Kolkata, India

In 1985, Stallman published the GNU Manifesto, which outlined his motivation for creating a free operating system called GNU, which would be compatible with Unix.[17] The name GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix".[17] Soon after, he started a nonprofit corporation called the Free Software Foundation to employ free software programmers and provide a legal infrastructure for the free software movement. Stallman was the nonsalaried president of the FSF, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in Massachusetts.[37]

Stallman popularized the concept of copyleft, a legal mechanism to protect the modification and redistribution rights for free software. It was first implemented in the GNU Emacs General Public License, and in 1989 the first program-independent GNU General Public License (GPL) was released. By then, much of the GNU system had been completed.

Stallman was responsible for contributing many necessary tools, including a text editor (GNU Emacs), compiler (GCC), debugger (GNU Debugger), and a build automator (GNU make). The notable omission was a kernel. In 1990, members of the GNU project began using Carnegie Mellon's Mach microkernel in a project called GNU Hurd, which has yet to achieve the maturity level required for full POSIX compliance.

In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, used the GNU's development tools to produce the free monolithic Linux kernel. The existing programs from the GNU project were readily ported to run on the resultant platform. Most sources use the name Linux to refer to the general-purpose operating system thus formed, while Stallman and the FSF call it GNU/Linux. This has been a longstanding naming controversy in the free software community. Stallman argues that not using GNU in the name of the operating system unfairly disparages the value of the GNU project and harms the sustainability of the free software movement by breaking the link between the software and the free software philosophy of the GNU project.

Stallman's influences on hacker culture include the name POSIX[38] and the Emacs editor. On Unix systems, GNU Emacs's popularity rivaled that of another editor vi, spawning an editor war. Stallman's take on this was to canonize himself as St. IGNUcius of the Church of Emacs[39][40] and acknowledge that "vi vi vi is the editor of the beast", while "using a free version of vi is not a sin; it is a penance".[41]

In 1992, developers at Lucid Inc. doing their own work on Emacs clashed with Stallman and ultimately forked the software into what would become XEmacs.[42] The technology journalist Andrew Leonard has characterized what he sees as Stallman's uncompromising stubbornness as common among elite computer programmers:

There's something comforting about Stallman's intransigence. Win or lose, Stallman will never give up. He'll be the stubbornest mule on the farm until the day he dies. Call it fixity of purpose, or just plain cussedness, his single-minded commitment and brutal honesty are refreshing in a world of spin-meisters and multimillion-dollar marketing campaigns.[43]

In 2018, Stallman instituted "Kind Communication Guidelines" for the GNU project to help its mailing list discussions remain constructive while avoiding explicitly promoting diversity.[44]

In October 2019, a public statement signed by 33 maintainers of the GNU project asserted that Stallman's behaviour had "undermined a core value of the GNU project: the empowerment of all computer users" and called for "GNU maintainers to collectively decide about the organization of the project".[45] The statement was published soon after Stallman resigned as president of the FSF and left his "visiting scientist" role at MIT in September 2019.[46][47] In spite of that, Stallman remained head of the GNU project.[48][49]

Activism

[edit]

Stallman has written many essays on software freedom, and has been an outspoken political campaigner for the free software movement since the early 1990s.[17] The speeches he has regularly given are titled The GNU Project and the Free Software Movement,[50] The Dangers of Software Patents,[51] and Copyright and Community in the Age of Computer Networks.[52] In 2006 and 2007, during the eighteen month public consultation for the drafting of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, he added a fourth topic explaining the proposed changes.[53]

Stallman's staunch advocacy for free software inspired the creation of the Virtual Richard M. Stallman (vrms), software that analyzes the packages currently installed on a Debian GNU/Linux system, and reports those that are from the non-free tree.[54] Stallman disagrees with parts of Debian's definition of free software.[55]

In 1999, Stallman called for development of a free online encyclopedia through the means of inviting the public to contribute articles.[56] The resulting GNUPedia was eventually retired in favour of the emerging Wikipedia, which had similar aims and was enjoying greater success.[57] Stallman was on the Advisory Council of Latin American television station teleSUR from its launch[58] but resigned in February 2011, criticizing pro-Gaddafi propaganda during the Arab Spring.[59]

Stallman giving a speech on "Free Software and Your Freedom" at the biennale du design of Saint-Étienne (2008)

In August 2006, at his meetings with the government of the Indian State of Kerala, he persuaded officials to discard proprietary software, such as Microsoft's, at state-run schools. This has resulted in a landmark decision to switch all school computers in 12,500 high schools from Windows to a free software operating system.[60]

After personal meetings, Stallman obtained positive statements about the free software movement from the then-president of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam,[61] French 2007 presidential candidate Ségolène Royal,[62] and the president of Ecuador Rafael Correa.[63]

Stallman has participated in protests about software patents,[64] digital rights management,[65][66] and proprietary software.

Protesting against proprietary software in April 2006, Stallman held a "Don't buy from ATI, enemy of your freedom" placard at an invited talk given by an ATI compiler architect in the building where Stallman worked, resulting in the police being called.[67] AMD has since acquired ATI and has taken steps to make their hardware documentation available for use by the free software community.[68]

Stallman using his Lemote machine at Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai

Stallman has characterized Steve Jobs as having a "malign influence" on computing because of Jobs' leadership in guiding Apple to produce closed platforms.[69][70] According to Stallman, while Jobs was at NeXT, Jobs asked Stallman if he could distribute a modified GCC in two parts, one part under GPL and the other part, an Objective-C preprocessor under a proprietary license. Stallman initially thought this would be legal, but since he also thought it would be "very undesirable for free software", he asked a lawyer for advice. The response he got was that judges would consider such schemes to be "subterfuges" and would be very harsh toward them, and a judge would ask whether it was "really" one program, rather than how the parts were labeled. Therefore, Stallman sent a message back to Jobs which said they believed Jobs' plan was not allowed by the GPL, which resulted in NeXT releasing the Objective-C front end under GPL.[71][non-primary source needed]

For a period of time, Stallman used a notebook from the One Laptop per Child program. Stallman's computer is a refurbished ThinkPad X200 with Libreboot (a free BIOS replacement), and Trisquel GNU/Linux.[72] Before the ThinkPad X200, Stallman used a Thinkpad T400s with Libreboot and Trisquel GNU/Linux.[73] And before the T400s, Stallman used a ThinkPad X60, and even further back in time, a Lemote Yeeloong netbook (using the same company's Loongson processor) which he chose because, like the X200, X60 and the T400s, it could run with free software at the BIOS level, stating "freedom is my priority. I've campaigned for freedom since 1983, and I am not going to surrender that freedom for the sake of a more convenient computer."[74] Stallman's Lemote was stolen from him in 2012 while in Argentina.[75] Before Trisquel, Stallman has used the gNewSense operating system.[76][77]

[edit]

Stallman has regularly given a talk entitled "Copyright vs. Community" where he reviews the state of digital rights management (DRM) and names many of the products and corporations which he boycotts. His approach to DRM is best summed up by the FSF Defective by Design campaign. In the talks, he makes proposals for a "reduced copyright" and suggests a 10-year limit on copyright. He suggests that, instead of restrictions on sharing, authors be supported using a tax, with revenues distributed among them based on cubic roots of their popularity to ensure that "fairly successful non-stars" receive a greater share than they do now (compare with private copying levy which is associated with proponents of strong copyright), or a convenient anonymous micropayment system for people to support authors directly. He indicates that no form of non-commercial sharing of copies should be considered a copyright violation.[78][79] He has advocated for civil disobedience in a comment on Ley Sinde.[79][80]

He has reportedly refused to autograph anything bearing a '©' symbol, in line with his views.[81]

Stallman has helped and supported the International Music Score Library Project get back online, after it had been taken down on October 19, 2007, following a cease and desist letter from Universal Edition.[82]

Stallman at Swatantra 2014, a conference organized by ICFOSS in Kerala, India

Stallman mentions the dangers some e-books bring compared to paper books, with the example of the Amazon Kindle e-reader that prevents the copying of e-books and allows Amazon to order automatic deletion of a book. He says that such e-books present a big step backward with respect to paper books by being less easy to use, copy, lend to others or sell, also mentioning that Amazon e-books cannot be bought anonymously. His short story "The Right to Read" provides a picture of a dystopian future if the right to share books is impeded. He objects to many of the terms within typical end-user license agreements that accompany e-books.[79][82][83] He discourages the use of several storage technologies such as DVD or Blu-ray video discs because the content of such media is encrypted. He considers manufacturers' use of encryption on non-secret data (to force the user to view certain promotional material) as a conspiracy.[84]

Stallman recognized the Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal to be a criminal act by Sony and supports a general boycott of Sony for its legal actions against George Hotz.[85] Stallman has suggested that the United States government may encourage the use of software as a service because this would allow them to access users' data without needing a search warrant.[86][87][88][89] He denies being an anarchist despite his wariness of some legislation and the fact that he has "advocated strongly for user privacy and his own view of software freedom".[90]

Terminologies

[edit]
Stallman, in costume as St. IGNUcius, wearing a halo consisting of the platter of an old hard disk drive[40] (Monastir, Tunisia, 2012)

Stallman places great importance on the words and labels people use to talk about the world, including the relationship between software and freedom. He asks people to say free software and GNU/Linux, and to avoid the terms intellectual property and piracy (in relation to copying not approved by the publisher). One of his criteria for giving an interview to a journalist is that the journalist agrees to use his terminology throughout the article.[91]

Stallman argues that the term intellectual property is designed to confuse people, and is used to prevent intelligent discussion on the specifics of copyright, patent, trademark, and other areas of law by lumping together things that are more dissimilar than similar.[92] He also argues that by referring to these laws as property laws, the term biases the discussion when thinking about how to treat these issues, writing:

These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues. Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the details of a work of authorship or art. Patent law was intended to encourage publication of ideas, at the price of finite monopolies over these ideas–a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others. Trademark law was not intended to promote any business activity, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.[93]

Open source and Free software

[edit]

His requests that people use certain terms, and his ongoing efforts to convince people of the importance of terminology, are a source of regular misunderstanding and friction with parts of the free software and open-source communities. After initially accepting the concept,[94] Stallman rejects a common alternative term, open-source software, because it does not call to mind what Stallman sees as the value of the software: freedom.[95] He wrote, "Free software is a political movement; open source is a development model."[96] Thus, he believes that the use of the term will not inform people of the freedom issues, and will not lead to people valuing and defending their freedom.[97] Two alternatives which Stallman does accept are software libre and unfettered software, but free software is the term he asks people to use in English. For similar reasons, he argues for the term proprietary software or non-free software rather than closed-source software, when referring to software that is not free software.

Linux and GNU

[edit]
Main article: GNU/Linux naming controversy

Stallman asks that the term GNU/Linux, which he pronounces /ɡnuː slæʃ ˈlɪnəks/ GNOO SLASH LIN-əks, be used to refer to the operating system created by combining the GNU system and the kernel Linux. Stallman refers to this operating system as "a variant of GNU, and the GNU Project is its principal developer".[98] He claims that the connection between the GNU project's philosophy and its software is broken when people refer to the combination as merely Linux.[99] Starting around 2003, he began also using the term GNU+Linux, which he pronounces /ɡnuː plʌs ˈlɪnəks/ GNOO PLUS LIN-əks, to prevent others from pronouncing the phrase GNU/Linux as /ɡnuː ˈlɪnəks/ GNOO LIN-əks, which would erroneously imply that the kernel Linux is maintained by the GNU project.[100] The creator of Linux, Linus Torvalds, has publicly said that he objects to modification of the name and that the rename "is their [the FSF] confusion not ours".[101]

Surveillance resistance

[edit]

Stallman professes admiration for Julian Assange[102] and Edward Snowden.[103] He has spoken against government and corporate surveillance on many occasions.[104][105][106]

He refers to mobile phones as "portable surveillance and tracking devices",[107] refusing to own a cell phone due to the lack of phones running entirely on free software.[108] He also avoids using a key card to enter his office building[109] since key card systems track each location and time that someone enters the building using a card. He usually does not browse the web directly from his personal computer. Instead, he uses GNU Womb's grab-url-from-mail utility, an email-based proxy which downloads the webpage content and then emails it to the user.[110][111] More recently, he said that he accesses all websites via Tor, except for Wikipedia (which generally disallows editing from Tor unless users have an IP block exemption).[112][113]

Comments about Jeffrey Epstein scandal

[edit]

In September 2019, it was learned that Jeffrey Epstein had made donations to MIT, and in the wake of this, MIT Media Lab director Joi Ito resigned. An internal MIT CSAIL listserv mailing list thread was started to protest the coverup of MIT's connections to Epstein.[114] In the thread, discussion had turned to deceased MIT professor Marvin Minsky, who was named by Virginia Giuffre as one of the people that Epstein had forced her to have sex with.[115] Giuffre, a minor at the time, had been caught in Epstein's underage sex trafficking ring.[114] In response to a comment saying that Minsky "is accused of assaulting one of Epstein's victims", Stallman objected to the inaccurate wording. Minsky was not accused of "assault", and from the victims' testimonies it was not clear whether Minsky had committed "assault", and Stallman argued that "the most plausible scenario is that she presented herself to him as entirely willing. Assuming she was being coerced by Epstein, he would have had every reason to conceal that from most of his associates".[116] When challenged by other members of the mailing list, he added "It is morally absurd to define 'rape' in a way that depends on minor details such as which country it was in or whether the victim was 18 years old or 17", holding that it was not relevant to the harm that was done to the victim.[114][116]

Stallman remained critical of Epstein and his role saying "We know that Giuffre was being coerced into sex–by Epstein. She was being harmed."[117] Stallman's comments along with a compilation of accusations against him[118] were published via Medium by Selam Gano, who called for him to be removed from MIT.[119][120] Vice published a copy of the email chain on September 13, 2019.[114][119] Stallman's writings from 2013 and earlier related to underage sex and child pornography laws resurfaced, increasing the controversy.[116][clarification needed] Tied to his comments regarding Minsky it led to several calling for Stallman's resignation.[119][114] During the backlash to Stallman's comments regarding the Epstein case, Stallman received criticism for previous writings advocating for the legalization of child pornography and pedophilia. In September 2006, Stallman had written, "I am skeptical of the claim that voluntarily [sic] pedophilia harms children. The arguments that it causes harm seem to be based on cases which aren't voluntary, which are then stretched by parents who are horrified by the idea that their little baby is maturing."[121] On September 14, 2019, Stallman acknowledged that since the time of his past writings, he had learned that there were problems with underage sex, writing on his blog: "Through personal conversations in recent years, I've learned to understand how sex with a child can harm per psychologically. This changed my mind about the matter: I think adults should not do that."[122][123][124][125]

On September 16, 2019, Stallman announced his resignation from both MIT and FSF, "due to pressure on MIT and me over a series of misunderstandings and mischaracterizations".[126] In a post on his website, Stallman asserted that his posts to the email lists were not to defend Epstein, stating "Nothing could be further from the truth. I've called him a 'serial rapist', and said he deserved to be imprisoned. But many people now believe I defended him—and other inaccurate claims—and feel a real hurt because of what they believe I said. I'm sorry for that hurt. I wish I could have prevented the misunderstanding."[116] In 2021, he apologized for tone-deafly failing "to acknowledge as context the injustice that Epstein did to women or the pain that caused".[citation needed]

Return to FSF

[edit]

In March 2021, at LibrePlanet2021, Stallman announced his return to the FSF board of directors.[127][128] Shortly thereafter, an open letter was published on GitHub asking for Stallman's removal, along with the entire FSF board of directors, with the support of prominent open-source organizations including GNOME and Mozilla. The letter includes a list of accusations against Stallman.[129][130][131] In response, an open letter asking for the FSF to retain Stallman was also published, arguing that Stallman's statements were mischaracterized, misunderstood and that they need to be interpreted in context.[132][133] The FSF board on April 12 made a statement re-affirming its decision to bring back Richard Stallman.[134] After that Stallman issued a statement explaining his poor social skills and apologizing.[135]

Multiple organizations criticized, defunded, and/or cut ties with the FSF[136] including Red Hat,[137] the Free Software Foundation Europe,[138] the Software Freedom Conservancy,[139] SUSE,[140][141] the OSI,[142] the Document Foundation,[143] the EFF,[144] and the Tor Project.[145] Debian declined to issue a statement after a community vote on the matter.[146] However, the FSF claims that had relatively little financial impact, as it has said direct financial support from corporations accounted for less than 3% of its revenue in the most recent fiscal year.[147]

Personal life

[edit]

Stallman lives in Boston and moved there after living in Cambridge, Massachusetts for many years.[34] He speaks English, French, Spanish and some Indonesian.[34] He has said that he is "an atheist of Jewish ancestry"[10] and often wears a button that reads "Impeach God".[15][148] He denies having Asperger's, but has sometimes speculated whether he could have a "shadow"[149] version of it.[10][150] He says he is childfree.[151]

Stallman has written a collection of filk music and parody songs.[152]

In September 2023, while giving his keynote presentation at the GNU 40th anniversary event, Stallman revealed he had been diagnosed with follicular lymphoma, a form of cancer, and said that his prognosis was good and he hopes to be around for years to come.[153][154][155] He later stated he was in remission.[156]

Honors and awards

[edit]

Selected publications

[edit]

Manuals

  • Stallman, Richard M. (1980). EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory publication. AIM-519A.
  • Stallman, Richard M. (2002). GNU Emacs Manual. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-85-X.
  • Stallman, Richard M.; McGrath, Roland; Smith, Paul D. (2004). GNU Make: A Program for Directed Compilation. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-83-3.
  • Stallman, Richard (2023). GNU C Language Introduction and Reference Manual. GNU.

Selected essays

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Stallman, Richard M. "Humorous Bio". Richard Stallman's 1983 biography. First edition of "The Hacker's Dictionary". Retrieved November 20, 2008. 'Richard Stallman' is just my mundane name; you can call me 'rms'
  2. ^ Stallman, Richard M. (March 7, 2011). "The Free Software Foundation Management". Free Software Foundation. Richard M. Stallman, President. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  3. ^ a b Stallman, Richard M. (September 27, 1983). "Initial GNU announcement". Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  4. ^ "Contributors (Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC))". gcc.gnu.org.
  5. ^ "Richard Stallman lecture at the Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden". gnu.org. October 30, 1986. Retrieved September 21, 2006.
  6. ^ Greenberg, Bernard S. (April 8, 1996). "Multics Emacs: The History, Design and Implementation".; "GNU Emacs FAQ".; Zawinski, Jamie. "Emacs Timeline".
  7. ^ Wheeler, David A. "Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else". Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  8. ^ Svrluga, Susan (September 17, 2019). "Computer scientist Richard Stallman resigns from MIT after comments about Epstein scandal". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  9. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "Biography". stallman.org. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d "The Basement Interviews-Freeing the Code" (PDF). IA. March 21, 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d e Gross, Michael (1999). "Richard Stallman: High School Misfit, Symbol of Free Software, MacArthur-Certified Genius" (interview transcript). The More Things Change. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  12. ^ Williams, Sam (2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 0-596-00287-4. Chapter 3. Available under the GFDL in both the initial O'Reilly edition (accessed on October 27, 2006) and the updated FAIFzilla edition Archived November 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 27, 2006.
  13. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "RMS Berättar". Retrieved September 22, 2009.
  14. ^ a b c d Williams, Sam (2002). "Chapter 6 – The Emacs Commune". Free as in freedom: Richard Stallman's crusade for free software (2nd ed.). Beijing, China: O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00287-4.
  15. ^ a b Williams, Sam (2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 0-596-00287-4.
  16. ^ Maracke, Catharina (February 25, 2019). "Free and Open Source Software and FRAND-based patent licenses: How to mediate between Standard Essential Patent and Free and Open Source Software". The Journal of World Intellectual Property. 22 (3–4): 78–102. doi:10.1111/jwip.12114. ISSN 1422-2213. S2CID 159111696.
  17. ^ a b c d e Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution. New York City, New York, USA: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6. OCLC 232977686.
  18. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "Serious Bio". Retrieved July 17, 2015.
  19. ^ Stallman, Richard M.; Sussman, Gerald J. (1977). "Forward Reasoning and Dependency-Directed Backtracking in a System for Computer-Aided Circuit analysis" (PDF). Artificial Intelligence 9. pp. 135–196.
  20. ^ a b Russell, Stuart; Norvig, Peter (2009). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). p. 229.
  21. ^ a b Levy, Steven (2001). Hackers: heroes of the computer revolution (Updated afterword ed.). New York, N.Y: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-100051-0.
  22. ^ Robert X. Cringely's interview with Brewster Kahle, around the 46th minute
  23. ^ "Richard Stallman, Live and Unplugged". Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2014. Q: You once said "the prospect of charging money for software was a crime against humanity". Do you still believe this? A: Well, I was not distinguishing the two meanings of free.
  24. ^ "Texinfo – GNU Documentation System – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation (FSF)". Gnu.org. February 19, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  25. ^ Gnu Status, by Richard M. Stallman. 5. Documentation system. I now have a truly compatible pair of programs which can convert a file of texinfo format documentation into either a printed manual or an Info file. Documentation files are needed for many utilities., February 1986, GNU's Bulletin, Volume 1 No.1
  26. ^ Williams, Sam (2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 0-596-00287-4. Chapter 1. Available under the GFDL in both the initial O'Reilly edition (accessed on October 27, 2006) and the updated FAIFzilla edition Archived October 9, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 27, 2006.
  27. ^ Various (1999). "Stallman chapter". Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 1-56592-582-3.
  28. ^ Salus, Peter H. (May 13, 2005). "The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin". Groklaw.net. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  29. ^ "Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism". Gnu.org. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  30. ^ "History of the Open Source Initiative". Opensource.org. September 19, 2006. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  31. ^ "Why I think RMS is a fanatic, and why that matters". Esr.ibiblio.org. June 11, 2012. Archived from the original on March 24, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  32. ^ "Stallman shares Takeda award of nearly $1M". Mit News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  33. ^ "Richard Stallman – MIT CSAIL". www.csail.mit.edu. Archived from the original on September 17, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  34. ^ a b c Stallman, Richard M. (2018). "Lifestyle". Richard Stallman's Personal Site. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  35. ^ "new UNIX implementation". Archived from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  36. ^ Stallman, Richard M. (1998). "The GNU Project". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  37. ^ DuBois, Steven (October 15, 2010). "Free Software Foundation". Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  38. ^ "POSIX 1003.1 FAQ Version 1.12". February 2, 2006. Retrieved July 16, 2006.
  39. ^ "Richard Stallman: GNU/Linux and a free society" article by Takver Sunday October 10, 2004 on Melbourne Indymedia site. Hosted on the Wayback Machine.
  40. ^ a b "St IGNUcius web page at www.stallman.org". Stallman.org. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  41. ^ Williams, Sam (March 15, 2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 0-596-00287-4. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  42. ^ "The Lemacs/FSFmacs Schism". Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
  43. ^ Leonard, Andrew (April 3, 2002). "Code free or die". Salon.com. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
  44. ^ Melendez, Steven (October 22, 2018). "Linus Torvalds is back at Linux while GNU's Stallman unveils a "kindness policy"". Fast Company. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  45. ^ "Joint statement on the GNU Project". guix.gnu.org. October 7, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  46. ^ Musil, Steven. "Computer scientist Richard Stallman resigns from MIT after Jeffrey Epstein comments". CNET. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
  47. ^ Bort, Julie (October 10, 2019). "A programmer explains why he's willing to quit rather than work with industry legend Richard Stallman, who resigned from MIT after controversial remarks on Jeffrey Epstein". businessinsider.com. Business Insider. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
  48. ^ "Richard Stallman To Continue As Head Of The GNU Project - Phoronix". www.phoronix.com.
  49. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "Richard Stallman's Personal Site". Retrieved March 18, 2021. I continue to be the Chief GNUisance of the GNU Project. I do not intend to stop any time soon.
  50. ^ "Transcript of Richard Stallman on the Free Software movement, Zagreb; 2006-03-09". FSFE. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  51. ^ "IFSO: Richard Stallman: The Dangers of Software Patents; 2004-05-24 (transcript)". Ifso.ie. Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  52. ^ "GPLv3 – GNU General Public License, version 3". FSFE. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  53. ^ "The Virtual Richard M. Stallman package". Debian. Archived from the original on August 23, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  54. ^ "#221807 – "vrms and RMS disagree sometimes... AND depends on non-free section presence..." – Debian Bug report logs". Bugs.debian.org. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  55. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource". Retrieved October 15, 2006.
  56. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "The Free Encyclopedia Project". Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  57. ^ Daniels, Alfonso (July 26, 2005). "Chavez TV beams into South America". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  58. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "26 February 2011 (Telesur Propaganda)". Political notes from 2010: November–February. Stallman.org. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  59. ^ "Kerala logs Microsoft out". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  60. ^ "Richard Stallman Meets the President of India". Archived from the original on October 16, 2007.
  61. ^ "Meeting between Ségolène Royal and Richard Stallman". Fsf.org. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  62. ^ "Success for free software in Latin America!". Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2014.
  63. ^ "Protest in Brussels against software patents". Wien.kpoe.at. Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  64. ^ "Protest outside and inside MPAA meeting on DRM". Mccullagh.org. Archived from the original on August 3, 2002. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  65. ^ "Protest in France against DRM". Stopdrm.info. Archived from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  66. ^ "Protest against ATI nearly led to the arrest of RMS". Free Software Foundation page.
  67. ^ "AMD will deliver open graphics drivers". Itknowledgeexchange.techtarget.com. May 9, 2007. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  68. ^ Clarke, Gavin (October 10, 2011). "Stallman: Jobs exerted 'malign influence' on computing". Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  69. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "06 October 2011 (Steve Jobs)". Political notes from 2011: July–October. Stallman.org. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  70. ^ "I hate to have to play this role with a fellow hacker, but ..." Clisp.cvs.sourceforge.net. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  71. ^ "How I do my Computing". stallman.org. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  72. ^ "How I do my Computing". April 10, 2016. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  73. ^ "the setup is a bunch of nerdy interviews: What do people use to get the job done?". Richard.stallman.usesthis.com. January 23, 2010. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  74. ^ Rauch, Guillermo (June 9, 2012). "Richard Stallman has his bag stolen in Argentina". Devthought.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  75. ^ "An interview with Richard Stallman". Richard.stallman.usesthis.com. January 23, 2010. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  76. ^ "GNU/Linux Meeting 2014: Richard Stallman è approdato a Palermo". HTML.it (in Italian). April 3, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  77. ^ Stallman, Richard M. (April 17, 2012). "Technology should help us share, not constrain us". The Guardian: Guardian News and Media Limited.
  78. ^ a b c Mora, Miguel (June 8, 2011). "La 'ley Sinde' es tan injusta que debería ser desobedecida". El País (in Spanish). Ediciones El País, S.L. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
  79. ^ "Richard Stallman Opts to Disobey Anti-Piracy Law". TorrentFreak.com. June 10, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  80. ^ "FINNCON/BALTCON". August 2001. Archived from the original on November 12, 2001. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
  81. ^ a b "Main page of the IMSLP". wikidot.com. December 6, 2011. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  82. ^ Stallman, Richard (2011–2013). "The Danger of E-Books". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  83. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "Why Upgrade to GPLv3". GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved October 16, 2014. Under the [DMCA] and similar laws, it is illegal ... to distribute DVD players unless they restrict the user according to the official rules of the DVD conspiracy
  84. ^ "Boycott Sony". Defectivebydesign.org. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  85. ^ Arthur, Charles (December 14, 2010). "Google's ChromeOS means losing control of data, warns GNU founder Richard Stallman". guardian.co.uk. The Guardian. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  86. ^ Adhikari, Richard. "Why Richard Stallman Takes No Shine to Chrome" Archived January 23, 2021, at the Wayback Machine LinuxInsider, December 15, 2010.
  87. ^ Stallman, Richard (September 20, 2011). "Who does that server really serve?". GNU, Boston Review. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  88. ^ Hill, Benjamin Mako (February 1, 2009). "Show Me the Code". Revealing Errors. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  89. ^ "Stallman joins the Internet, talks net neutrality, patents and more". Network World. March 23, 2015.
  90. ^ Rivlin, Gary (September 17, 1991). "Leader of the Free World, Wired Magazine, Issue 11.11, November 2003". Wired. Wired.com. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  91. ^ "Transcript of Richard Stallman speaking on GPLv3 in Torino". March 18, 2006. Everyone who uses the term intellectual property is either confused himself or trying to confuse you.
  92. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "Did You Say "Intellectual Property"? It's a Seductive Mirage". GNU.org. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  93. ^ Tiemann, Michael. "History of the OSI". Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  94. ^ "Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source"". Gnu.org. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  95. ^ "Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  96. ^ Stallman, Richard M. (April 24, 1992). "Why Software Should Be Free". gnu.org.
  97. ^ "Linux, GNU, Freedom by Richard M. Stallman". Gnu.org. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  98. ^ "What's in a name? by Richard Stallman". Gnu.org. September 20, 2000. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  99. ^ Andrews, Jeremy (2005). "Interview with Richard Stallman, KernelTrap.org, 2005". GNU. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
  100. ^ Torvalds, Linus. "LKML: Linus Torvalds: Re: GPLv3 Position Statement". lkml.org. Linux Kernel Mailing List. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  101. ^ "Stallman: Only Victims Of Tyranny Should Use Facebook | Silicon UK Tech News". Silicon UK. March 25, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  102. ^ "Richard Stallman: surveillance is incompatible with democracy". Livemint.com. January 22, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  103. ^ Facebook is surveillance monster feeding on our personal data, Richard Stallman, Russia Today Youtube Channel.
  104. ^ Stallman, Richard M. (October 14, 2013). "Stallman: How Much Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  105. ^ Stallman, Richard M. (April 3, 2018). "A radical proposal to keep your personal data safe | Richard Stallman". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  106. ^ "GPLv3 – Transcript of Richard Stallman from the third international GPLv3 conference, Barcelona; 2006-06-22" (in Catalan). Fsfeurope.org. June 22, 2006. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  107. ^ "A Rare Glimpse into Richard Stallman's World". Informationweek.com. January 6, 2006. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  108. ^ "The Shaggy God". Bostonmagazine.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  109. ^ "How I do my computing". Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
  110. ^ Stallman, Richard (December 15, 2007). "Real men don't attack straw men". OpenBSD 'misc' Mailing List. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2009. For personal reasons, I do not browse the web from my computer
  111. ^ "Richard Stallman: Apple fanboys are foolish people". February 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.
  112. ^ Schüssler, Matthias (February 17, 2016). "Freiheitskämpfer, Rebell und Papst". Tages-Anzeiger – via www.tagesanzeiger.ch.
  113. ^ a b c d e Ongweso, Edward Jr. (September 13, 2019). "Famed Computer Scientist Richard Stallman Described Epstein Victims As 'Entirely Willing'". Vice. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  114. ^ Brandom, Russell (August 9, 2019). "AI pioneer accused of having sex with trafficking victim on Jeffrey Epstein's island". The Verge. A victim of billionaire Jeffrey Epstein testified that she was forced to have sex with MIT professor Marvin Minsky, as revealed in a newly unsealed deposition.
  115. ^ a b c d Lee, Timothy B. (September 17, 2019). "Richard Stallman leaves MIT after controversial remarks on rape". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  116. ^ Bekiempis, Victoria (September 17, 2019). "MIT scientist resigns over emails discussing academic linked to Epstein". The Guardian. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  117. ^ Gano, Selam. "Remove Richard Stallman: Appendix A". Medium. Selam Gano. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
  118. ^ a b c Svrluga, Susan (September 13, 2019). "Computer scientist Richard Stallman resigns from MIT after comments about Epstein scandal". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  119. ^ Gano, Selam. "Remove Richard Stallman And everyone else horrible in tech". Medium. Selam Gano. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
  120. ^ "Free Software Pioneer Quits MIT Over His Comments On Epstein Sex Trafficking Case". NPR.
  121. ^ Brodkin, Jon (March 22, 2021). "Richard Stallman returns to FSF 18 months after controversial rape comments". Ars Technica. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  122. ^ "GNU founder Richard Stallman resigns from MIT, Free Software Foundation". Engadget. September 17, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  123. ^ "2006: May – August Political Notes – Richard Stallman". stallman.org. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  124. ^ Stallman, Richard. "Political Notes". Retrieved May 20, 2023.
  125. ^ Levy, Steven (September 18, 2019). "Richard Stallman and the fall of the clueless nerd". Wired. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  126. ^ Brodkin, Jon (March 22, 2021). "Richard Stallman returns to FSF 18 months after controversial rape comments". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  127. ^ Clark, Mitchell (March 22, 2021). "Richard Stallman returns to the Free Software Foundation after resigning in 2019". The Verge. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  128. ^ "An open letter to remove Richard M. Stallman from all leadership positions". rms-open-letter.github.io. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  129. ^ Brodkin, Jon (March 23, 2021). "Free software advocates seek removal of Richard Stallman and entire FSF board". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  130. ^ "Mozilla and Tor join calls to oust Richard Stallman from Free Software Foundation". Fast Company. March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  131. ^ "An open letter in support of RMS". Retrieved March 25, 2021.
  132. ^ Varghese, Sam. "iTWire - Pro-Stallman group issues open letter, wants him to stay on FSF board". itwire.com. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
  133. ^ "Statement of FSF board on election of Richard Stallman". Free Software Foundation. April 12, 2021. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  134. ^ "RMS addresses the free software community — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software". www.fsf.org. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  135. ^ "Statements by other organizations on the reappointment of RMS to the FSF board". rms-open-letter.github.io. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  136. ^ Salter, Jim (March 29, 2021). "Red Hat withdraws from the Free Software Foundation after Stallman's return". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  137. ^ "Statement on Richard Stallman rejoining the FSF board - FSFE". FSFE - Free Software Foundation Europe. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  138. ^ "On the Recent Announcement by FSF's Board of Directors". Software Freedom Conservancy. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  139. ^ "ITWire - SUSE joins open source bodies calling for Stallman to go".
  140. ^ "A Message from the openSUSE Board". openSUSE News. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  141. ^ "OSI Response to RMS's reappointment to the Board of the Free Software Foundation | Open Source Initiative". opensource.org. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  142. ^ "Statement about Richard M. Stallman and the Free Software Foundation". The Document Foundation Blog. March 25, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  143. ^ O'Brien, Danny (March 24, 2021). "Statement on the Re-election of Richard Stallman to the FSF Board". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  144. ^ "The Tor Project is joining calls for Richard M. Stallman to be removed from board…". Twitter. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  145. ^ Varghese, Sam. "iTWire - Debian votes for no statement on Stallman's move back to FSF board". itwire.com. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  146. ^ "FSF board frequently asked questions (FAQ) — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software". www.fsf.org. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  147. ^ Proulx, François (July 3, 2005). "Richard Stallman". Flickr. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  148. ^ Brody, Jane E. (February 4, 1997). "Quirks, Oddities May Be Illnesses". The New York Times. Dr. John J. Ratey, a psychiatrist, has named shadow syndrome, a mild form of a well-recognized neuropsychiatric disorder like [...] autism.
  149. ^ "Free as in Freedom: Chapter 5". www.oreilly.com. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
  150. ^ Stallman, Richard M. (September 2012). "Why It Is Important Not to Have Children". Stallman.org. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  151. ^ "Doggerel – Richard Stallman". www.stallman.org.
  152. ^ "Richard Stallman is Battling Cancer 😔". It's FOSS News. September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
  153. ^ Proven, Liam (September 29, 2023). "Free software pioneer Stallman reveals cancer diagnosis". The Register. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
  154. ^ "Richard Stallman's Personal Page". stallman.org. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  155. ^ https://stallman.org/
  156. ^ "Event details: Talk by Richard rms Stallman". Chalmers University of Technology. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  157. ^ [1] Archived March 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  158. ^ a b "Richard Stallman – Award Winner". ACM Awards. Association for Computing Machinery. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  159. ^ "KTH | Honorary doctors at KTH". Kth.se. November 19, 2014. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  160. ^ "EFF: Torvalds, Stallman, Simons Win 1998 Pioneer Awards". W2.eff.org. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  161. ^ "ahref.com > Guides > Industry > WWW8 Notes: Open-Source Software and Software Patents". Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
  162. ^ "The Takeda Foundation". Takeda-foundation.jp. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  163. ^ "Stallman shares Takeda award of nearly $1M". MIT. October 17, 2001. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  164. ^ "University of Glasgow :: University news :: Archive of news :: 2001 :: February :: University announces honorary degrees to celebrate 550th anniversary". Gla.ac.uk. February 1, 2001. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  165. ^ "NAE Website – Dr. Richard M. Stallman". Nae.edu. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  166. ^ "Vrije Universiteit Brussel". Vub.ac.be. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  167. ^ "RESOLUCIÓN CS N° 204/04". Bo.unsa.edu.ar. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  168. ^ "Richard Matthew Stallman ofrecerá conferencia orientada al uso del software libre". Nota de Prensa. Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería del Perú. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  169. ^ "Universidad Garcilaso realizó Conferencia Magistral a cargo del Dr. Richard Stallman". Noticias Garcilasinas. Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  170. ^ "El padre del software libre, Premio Internacional Extremadura". 20minutos.es. February 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  171. ^ Steele, Guy L. Jr. (1991). The Hacker's Dictionary: A Guide to the World of Computer Wizards.
  172. ^ "Laurea in Ingegneria Informatica a Richard Stallman". University of Pavia. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  173. ^ "Richard Stallman". March 30, 2014.
  174. ^ "RMS Given Honorary Degree at Lakehead". YouTube.com. May 31, 2009. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  175. ^ "Honorary Degree Recipients". Agora.lakeheadu.ca. May 21, 2009. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  176. ^ "Honoris Causa para Richard Stallman, el gurú del software libre" [Honoris Causa for Richard Stallman, Free Software guru]. National University of Córdoba (in Spanish). August 16, 2011. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011.
  177. ^ "Richard Stallman". CEBE: Central European Bitcoin Expo. March 30, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  178. ^ a b "Biography". stallman.org. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  179. ^ "Concordia awards 3 new honorary doctorates". www.concordia.ca.
  180. ^ "Cérémonie des docteurs honoris causa 2016".
  181. ^ "GNU Health CON 2016 – I International GNU Health Conference". www.gnuhealthcon.org. Archived from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
[edit]
Library resources about
Richard Stallman
By Richard Stallman
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&oldid=1258374197"