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Simorgh (rocket)

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Simorgh
The Simorgh satellite launch vehicle launching on its first orbital test flight on 27 July 2017.
FunctionSmall-lift space launch vehicle
Country of origin Iran
Size
Height25.9 m (85 ft)
Diameter2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) first stage, 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) second stage
Mass87 t (192,000 lb)
Stages2 (optional 3rd stage)
Capacity
Payload to LEO 200 km
Mass800 kg (1,800 lb)[1]
Payload to LEO 500 km
Mass250 kg (550 lb)[2]
Payload to LEO 500 km (with Saman-1)
Mass400 kg (880 lb)
Associated rockets
FamilyDerived from Safir
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesImam Khomeini Space Launch Terminal
Total launches7 or 8 (1 suborbital)
Success(es)3 (1 suborbital)
Failure(s)3 or 4
First flight19 April 2016 (suborbital)
27 July 2017 (orbital)
Last flight6 December 2024 (orbital)
First stage
Height17.8 m
Diameter2.4 m
Powered by4 × modified Shahab-3 engines[3] + 4 verniers
Maximum thrust1,590 kN (360,000 lbf)
Burn time120 seconds
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
Second stage
Diameter1.5 m
Powered by4 × LRE-4 (R-27 Zyb vernier engines)
Maximum thrust71.6 kN (16,100 lbf)
Burn time320 seconds
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
Third stage (Optional)
Powered bySaman-1
Maximum thrust13 kN (2,900 lbf)
Burn time40 seconds
PropellantSolid
[edit on Wikidata]

Simorgh (Persian: ماهواره‌بر سیمرغ, Simurgh), also called Safir-2, is an Iranian expendable launch vehicle under development.[4][5] It is the successor of the Safir, Iran's first space launch vehicle.[6] Its mission is to carry heavier satellites into higher orbit than Safir.[7]

The project was unveiled by Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on 3 February 2010, as part of celebrations of the first anniversary of the launch of Omid, the first indigenously launched Iranian satellite,[8] and was launched for the first time on 19 April 2016.[9]

Design

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Simorgh is a two-stage liquid-fueled rocket developed from the Safir rocket. It is able to place a 250 kg (550 lb) payload into a circular 500 km (310 mi) low Earth orbit (LEO). It is also the first Iranian rocket that can place multiple payloads into orbit (e.g., one main payload and several secondary cubesats). In comparison, the Safir was only able to place a 50 kg payload into a 250x375 km elliptic orbit.[10][11]

The Simorgh rocket is 26.5 metres (87 ft) long, and has a launch mass of 87 tonnes (192,000 lb). Its first stage with a diameter of 2.4 meters is powered by a cluster of four synchronized Safir-1B first-stage engines with four separate turbopumps, each of these engines generating up to 37,000 kilograms-force (360 kN; 82,000 lbf) of thrust. The first stage also utilize a set of four vernier engines sharing a single turbopump used for attitude control and providing an additional 14,000 kgf (140 kN; 31,000 lbf). At liftoff, these engines generate a total 162,000 kgf (1,590 kN; 360,000 lbf) of thrust.[12][13] The second stage with a diameter of 1.5 meters utilizes a set of four smaller engines similar to the two engines of Safir's second stage. These produce a total 7,000 kgf (69 kN; 15,000 lbf) of thrust.[13][14]

The Simorgh's total flight time to a 500-530km orbit is between 480 and 495 seconds.[10] The first stage burns for about 102 seconds.[15] Stages separation takes place at an altitude of 90 km and a velocity of 2300 m/s. The fairing shroud is ejected simultaneously to the second stage engines ignition. The satellite is then accelerated to 7400 m/s and injected into its designated orbit.[10]

In contrast to its predecessor Safir, the Simorgh is integrated and assembled vertically on a launch pad located at the Imam Khomeini Space Center. Each stage goes through manufacturing horizontally and is subsequently brought to the launch pad, where final assembly of the stages are completed with the aid of a custom designed service tower.[10]

Simorgh Launch Pad at Imam Khomeini Space Center
The Simorgh launch pad at the Imam Khomeini Space Center.

Saman-1 is a solid-fueled orbital transfer system under development that produces 1,300 kgf (13 kN; 2,900 lbf) of thrust and will be used as an additional upper stage in future.[13][14][16]

Reliability

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The development of the Simorgh has been marked with difficulties and unreliability of certain sub-systems due to the overcomplexity of its engines and turbopumps. Out of the system's first four launches (two orbital and two sub-orbital launches) there have been three failures, giving the rocket a reliability rating of twenty five percent. There were however, indications of progressive improvements to the design and reliability of the system with each successive launch; with the 2017 launch operating for 120 seconds before failure, the 2019 launch operating 450 seconds before failure, and the 2020 launch operating correctly for 475 seconds out of the 490 seconds of operation required for a successful mission, giving the missions a 25, 92, 97, percent success rate respectively, indicating a trend of increasing reliability in the design.[10][17][18]

Operations

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The Simorgh rocket has had 7 official launch missions until December 2024, and with this statistic, it is among the 40 active satellite launchers with the highest number of launch operations in the world.[19]

Launch history

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Satellite(s) Date & Time (UTC) Launch Site Satellite Mass Outcome Remarks
No payload 19 April 2016 Semnan LP-2 N/A Success Sub-orbital test flight.[9]
No payload 27 July 2017 Semnan LP-2 100 kg[20] Failure Orbital test flight.[15] Simorgh operated for 136 seconds.[15] Second stage failed.[21]
Payam (named "AUT-SAT" previously)[21] 15 January 2019 Semnan LP-2 90 kg[22] Failure Orbital test flight.[15] Simorgh operated for 455 seconds.[15] Third stage failed.[23]
Zafar-1[24] 9 February 2020, 15:45 Semnan LP-2 113 kg[25] Failure Orbital test flight.[26] Simorgh operated for 475 seconds. Satellite reached speed of 6,500 m/s out of the 7,400 m/s required to orbit. First stage operated fully correctly.[15][27] Second stage failed.[26]
Unknown 12 June 2021 Semnan LP-2 Disputed launch existence U.S. official stated "is aware of an Iranian rocket launch failure". Satellite imagery "looked like a launch" occurred. Iran's Telecommunications Minister denied any launch.[28]
Three research devices[29] 30 December 2021 Semnan LP-2 TBA Failure Orbital test flight.[7]First time Iran launched multiple payloads in the same launch.[7]

Simorgh operated for about 600 seconds (500 seconds for the second stage). Devices didn't enter orbit; reached an altitude of 470 km and a speed of 7,350 m/s, out of the 7,600 m/s required.[30][31]

Mahda, Keyhan-2 and Hatef-1 28 January 2024 Semnan LP-2 TBA Success First successful orbital launch of Simorgh, placed three satellites into a 1100 x 450 km orbit. The launch occurred just 8 days after the first successful orbital launch of Qaem 100.
Saman-1, Fakhr-1 and one other research satellite 6 December 2024 Semnan LP-2 300 kg Success The launch of the Saman-1 orbital transfer block to an altitude of 400 kilometers, along with two other payloads (including the Fakhr-1 satellite), with a total weight of 300 kilograms, breaking weight record.[32]
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  • Simorgh during the launch of Payam satellite on 15 January 2021
    Simorgh during the launch of Payam satellite on 15 January 2021
  • Simorgh during launch preparations
    Simorgh during launch preparations
  • Simorgh in its servicing tower
    Simorgh in its servicing tower

See also

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Other Iranian satellite launch vehicles

References

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  1. ^ "برنامه ثریا ۱۵ خرداد ۱۴۰۱". telewebion.com (in Persian). 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2022-06-25.
  2. ^ "Iran launches Simorgh satellite carrier from Imam Khomeini Space Center". Mehr News Agency. 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  3. ^ "Simorgh (Safir-2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  4. ^ "Iran fails in satellite launch attempt – Spaceflight Now".
  5. ^ "Iran brags it launched rocket into space... with mouse, turtles & worms". New York Daily News. 2010-02-03. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
  6. ^ ""سفیر" رسما بازنشسته شد تا "سیمرغ" مهیای سفر فضایی شود/ طلسم استفاده ماهواره‌بر ایرانی از سوخت جامد با سریر و سروش می‌شکند؟ +عکس". مشرق نیوز (in Persian). 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  7. ^ a b c YJC, خبرگزاری باشگاه خبرنگاران | آخرین اخبار ایران و جهان | (2021-12-31). "پرواز دوباره سیمرغ/ ماهواره‌بر سیمرغ چه ویژگی‌هایی دارد؟" (in Persian). Retrieved 2022-03-27.
  8. ^ Arrott, Elizabeth (2010-02-03). "Iran Announces New Rockets, Satellites on Space Day". VOA News. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
  9. ^ a b "Simorgh First Launch - an Iranian Success or Failure?". 24 April 2016.
  10. ^ a b c d e "ماهواره‌بر "سیمرغ" چگونه متولد شد؟ +عکس". مشرق نیوز (in Persian). 2020-03-22. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  11. ^ Entekhab.ir, پایگاه خبری تحلیلی انتخاب | (December 30, 2021). "برای نخستین بار، سه محموله تحقیقاتی توسط ماهواره‌بر سیمرغ با موفقیت به ارتفاع ۴۷۰ کیلومتری پرتاب شد". fa (in Persian). Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  12. ^ "Iranian DM: Simorgh to Carry Tolou, Mesbah Satellites into Space". Fars News Agency. 2010-02-03. Archived from the original on 2011-11-13. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
  13. ^ a b c "موشک های ماهواره بر ایران". جنگاوران (in Persian). 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  14. ^ a b "Safir-2 (Simorgh) IRILV". www.b14643.de. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  15. ^ a b c d e f "تحقق ۹۰ درصد اهداف تحقیقاتی در پرتاب ماهواره "ظفر"". defapress.ir. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
  16. ^ "انجام اولین آزمون زیرمداری سامانه انتقال مداری/آزمون زیرمداری دوم در برنامه بعدی پژوهشگاه فضایی". ایسنا (in Persian). 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  17. ^ Egozi, Arie (2020-06-29). "New Iranian Missile Could Strike Central Europe: Analysis". Breaking Defense. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  18. ^ Berger, Eric (2021-06-25). "Rocket Report: China to copy SpaceX's Super Heavy? Vulcan slips to 2022". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  19. ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems
  20. ^ "Toloo 1, 2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
  21. ^ a b Krebs, Gunter. "Simorgh (Safir-2)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  22. ^ "Payam-e Amirkabir (AUTSAT 1, Amir-Kabir 1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
  23. ^ Tawfeeq, Mohammed; Qiblawi, Tamara (15 January 2019). "Despite US warning, Iran launches satellite and fails". CNN. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  24. ^ https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/02/10/iran-fails-in-satellite-launch-attempt/ - 11 February 2020
  25. ^ "Zafar 1, 2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
  26. ^ a b "بیش از ۹۵ درصد از اهداف طراحی شده برای پرتاب ماهواره ظفر محقق شد". خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency (in Persian). 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
  27. ^ "Iranian Satellite Launched But Fails To Reach Earth's Orbit". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
  28. ^ "Iran likely had failed rocket launch, preparing for another". AP NEWS. 2021-06-23. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  29. ^ "Iran launches rocket into space as nuclear talks continue". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  30. ^ ""Simorgh" satellite carrier successfully launched into space". Mehr News Agency. 2021-12-30. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  31. ^ مستند پرواز سیمرغ [The flight of the Simorgh documentary] (in Persian), 2022-01-02, retrieved 2022-03-16
  32. ^ "ماهواره‌بر سیمرغ رکورد بزرگترین و سنگین‌ترین تزریق محموله فضایی در مدار را شکست". ایسنا (in Persian). 2024-12-06. Retrieved 2024-12-06.
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