得

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: 🉐
得 U+5F97, 得
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F97
← 徖
[U+5F96] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 徘 →
[U+5F98]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
11 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

得 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 竹人日一戈 (HOAMI), four-corner 26241, composition ⿰彳㝵)

Derived characters

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 367, character 31
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10137
  • Dae Jaweon: page 691, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 828, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+5F97

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 得
2nd round simp. 𬁟
alternative forms
㝵 ancient
淂 ancient
𠭁
𧴫
䙷
㝵 ancient
淂 ancient
𠭁
𧴫
䙷
㝶
𮙮
 

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 得
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (得) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
得 *tɯːɡ
淂 *tɯːɡ
棏 *dɯːɡ, *rtɯːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) . The ancient form of 得 is 㝵, composed of 貝 (“cowry”) + 又 (“hand”) — to pick up a cowry > to obtain valuables. A component 彳 was sometimes added to show that the cowry was picked up on the road.

In the Qin Bamboo and Slip script:

  • a horizontal line was added to the 又, which means it is replaced with the related 寸. This is a feature of Qin script, and many characters that used to compound with 又 now compound with 寸.

In the Shuowen seal script:

  • the 貝 corrupts into something resembling 見. However, this should be an error of Shuowen because it can only be only found in Shuowen and not in historical Qin Seal script, Qin Bamboo, and Slip script.

In the clerical script:

  • the 貝 is simplified as 目 (“eye”); such simplification can be seen in its early form in Spring and Autumn and Warring States bronze inscriptions, Chu Bamboo, and Silk script, as well as other characters such as 具. Then it corrupts into 旦 (“dawn”) in later clerical script, and Regular script inherited it.

Etymology

[edit]

Pulleyblank (1991) relates it to Tibetan ཐུབ (thub, “to be able to; to withstand”).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note:
  • tit - vernacular (“to obtain”);
  • tek/tiak/terk - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 得
Mandarin Beijing /tɤ³⁵/
/tei²¹⁴/
Harbin /tɤ²⁴/ ～意
/tɤ²¹³/ ～病
Tianjin /tɤ⁴⁵/
/tei¹³/ ～虧
Jinan /tə²¹³/
/tei²¹³/
Qingdao /te⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /tɛ²⁴/
Xi'an /tei²¹/
Xining /ti⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ta¹³/
/tia¹³/
/tə¹³/
Lanzhou /tə¹³/
Ürümqi /tɤ⁵¹/
/tei⁵¹/
Wuhan /tɤ²¹³/
Chengdu /te³¹/
Guiyang /tɛ²¹/
Kunming /tə³¹/
Nanjing /təʔ⁵/
Hefei /tɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /tiəʔ²/ ～罪
/təʔ²/ ～到
Pingyao /tiʌʔ¹³/ 吃～
/tʌʔ¹³/ ～手
Hohhot /tiəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /təʔ⁵/
Suzhou /təʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /təʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /te²¹³/
Hui Shexian /teʔ²¹/
Tunxi /ti⁵/
Xiang Changsha /tə²⁴/
Xiangtan /tæ²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /tɛʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /tet̚¹/
Taoyuan /tet̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /tɐk̚⁵/
Nanning /tɐk̚⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /tɐk̚⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tik̚³²/
/tit̚³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /taiʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /tɛ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /tik̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔdit̚⁵/
Rime
Character 得
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 德 (131)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 多則切
Baxter tok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/tək̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/tək̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/tək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/tək̚/
Li
Rong 		/tək̚/
Wang
Li 		/tək̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/tək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		de
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		dak1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 得
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		dé
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tok ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tˁək/
English obtain

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 得
Reading # 1/1
No. 2165
Phonetic
component 		得
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		德
Old
Chinese 		/*tɯːɡ/

Definitions

[edit]

得

  1. to get; to obtain; to gain, to acquire
    我得了亞軍。／我得了亚军。  ―  Wǒ dé le yàjūn.  ―  I got second place.
    他得了個壞名聲。 [MSC, trad.]
    他得了个坏名声。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā dé le ge huài míngshēng. [Pinyin]
    He gained a bad reputation.
  2. to contract (disease); to become ill with
    他得了肺癌，活不了多久。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    Tā dé le fèi'ái, huó bù liǎo duōjiǔ. [Pinyin]
    He got lung cancer and won't live for long.
  3. to result in; to produce
    三三得九  ―  sān sān dé jiǔ  ―  three times three is nine
    二五得一十 [Cantonese]  ―  ji6 ng5 dak1 jat1 sap6 [Jyutping]  ―  two times five is ten
    八減三得五／八减三得五  ―  bā jiǎn sān dé wǔ  ―  eight minus three is five
  4. to be ready; finished
  5. to suit; to fit
    得體／得体  ―  détǐ  ―  appropriate
  6. satisfied; contented
    洋洋自得  ―  yángyángzìdé  ―  to be very pleased with oneself; to be self-satisfied
  7. (formal, often used in the negative) can; may; to be permitted
    乘客不得在車廂內飲食。 [MSC, trad.]
    乘客不得在车厢内饮食。 [MSC, simp.]
    Chéngkè bùdé zài chēxiāng nèi yǐnshí. [Pinyin]
    Passengers are not allowed to eat and drink on the train.
  8. (Cantonese) to only have; to just have
    得佢想去公園咋。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    得佢想去公园咋。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    dak1 keoi5 soeng2 heoi3 gung1 jyun4-2 zaa3. [Jyutping]
    Only he wants to go to the park.
    得返一分鐘。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    得返一分钟。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    dak1 faan1 jat1 fan1 zung1. [Jyutping]
    There's just one minute left.
    賣得嗰幾百蚊 [Cantonese, trad.]
    卖得嗰几百蚊 [Cantonese, simp.]
    maai6 dak1 go2 gei2 baak3 man1 [Jyutping]
    to have only sold a few hundred dollars
  9. interjective particle expressing approval or prohibition; see 得了
    得了，別再說了。 [MSC, trad.]
    得了，别再说了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Dé le, bié zài shuō le. [Pinyin]
    OK! OK! That's enough.
    得喇，知道喇。 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
    dak1 laa3, zi1 dou3 laa3. [Jyutping]
    OK! Got it.
  10. interjective particle expressing frustration or helplessness
  11. (Cantonese) OK; good
    你噉做真係唔得。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    你噉做真系唔得。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 gam2 zou6 zan1 hai6 m4 dak1. [Jyutping]
    You really mustn't do it this way.
  12. (Cantonese, often sarcastic) remarkable
    Synonym: 行
    你哋真係得。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    你哋真系得。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 dei6 zan1 hai6 dak1. [Jyutping]
    You guys are really something.

Synonyms

[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 能 (“can”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 能
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 能, 能夠, 可以
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 能, 能夠, 可以
Malaysia 能
Singapore 能, 能夠, 可以
Cantonese Hong Kong 可以
Hakka Kuching (Hepo) 得
Eastern Min Singapore (Fuqing) 會
Southern Min Penang (Hokkien) 會, 會使
Singapore (Hokkien) 會, 會使
Manila (Hokkien) 會, 會通
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 得, 可以
Wu Shanghai 好
Suzhou 好
Ningbo 好
Dialectal synonyms of 行 (“OK”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 行
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 行
Taiwan 行
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 中
Cantonese Guangzhou 得
Hong Kong 得
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 得
Wu Shanghai 來三, 來事
Suzhou 來三

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 2

[edit]
Note: di is used in poetry, songs.
Note:
  • Quanzhou:
    • tiak - literary;
    • tit - vernacular.

Definitions

[edit]

得

  1. Used after a verb or an adjective and before a degree complement.
    alt. forms: 的 historical or nonstandard
    好得很  ―  hǎo de hěn  ―  very good
    他痛得直哭。  ―  Tā tòng de zhí kū.  ―  He is in so much pain that he won't stop crying.
    他跑得快。  ―  Tā pǎo de kuài.  ―  He runs fast.
    他跑得像一陣風。 [MSC, trad.]
    他跑得像一阵风。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā pǎo de xiàng yī zhèn fēng. [Pinyin]
    He runs like wind.
    他畫得好。／他画得好。  ―  Tā huà de hǎo.  ―  He paints well.
    呢啲嘢我哋見得多。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    呢啲嘢我哋见得多。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ni1 di1 je5 ngo5 dei6 gin3 dak1 do1. [Jyutping]
    This sort of thing is nothing new (we have seen a lot of it).
  2. Used after a verb to express possibility or capability.
    alt. forms: 的 historical or nonstandard in Mandarin
    吃得  ―  chī de  ―  eatable, edible
    看得見／看得见  ―  kàn de jiàn  ―  able to see
    做不得  ―  zuò bù de  ―  must not be done
    這雙鞋穿得。／这双鞋穿得。  ―  Zhè shuāng xié chuān de.  ―  These shoes fit well.
    這個人批評不得。 [MSC, trad.]
    这个人批评不得。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhège rén pīpíng bù de. [Pinyin]
    He's not a man to criticize.
  3. (Cantonese) Used after a verb to form an adjectival phrase expressing capability.
    佢好食得。 [Cantonese]  ―  keoi5 hou2 sik6 dak1. [Jyutping]  ―  He could eat a lot.
    呢本書都幾賣得。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    呢本书都几卖得。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ne1 bun2 syu1 dou1 gei2 maai6 dak1. [Jyutping]
    This book sells quite a few copies.
    冇邊個衰得過佢。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    冇边个衰得过佢。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    mou5 bin1 go3 seoi1 dak1 gwo3 keoi5. [Jyutping]
    There's no one who could be worse than him.
Usage notes
[edit]
  • When it is used between a verb and the complement, and the complement is used to indicate possibility or capacity, the negative form replaces 得 with 不 (bù).
    If there is no complement, or if the complement describes the result or the extent of the verb, the negative form has 得不 in the place of 得.
  • If it is used after a verb-object construction, the verb is repeated again as "verb-object-verb-得-complement".
    "Object-verb-得-complement" is also used.
    • 字寫得好／字写得好  ―  zì xiě de hǎo  ―  characters being well-written

Synonyms

[edit]
  • (used after a verb or an adjective and before a degree complement): (Hokkien) 甲

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 3

[edit]
Note: dêg4 - Jieyang.

Definitions

[edit]

得

  1. (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial) to need (something)
    這份表格得多少時間才能填完？ [MSC, trad.]
    这份表格得多少时间才能填完？ [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè fèn biǎogé děi duōshào shíjiān cái néng tián wán? [Pinyin]
    How much time will one need to fill this form?
  2. (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial) must; to have to
    我得走了。  ―  Wǒ děi zǒu le.  ―  I must go (now).
    ……是種病，得治！ [MSC, trad.]
    ……是种病，得治！ [MSC, simp.]
    ...... shì zhǒng bìng, děi zhì! [Pinyin]
    ... is actually an illness. It has to be treated! (humorous, slang)
  3. (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial) (almost certainly) will
    再不回去，就得趕不上末班車了。 [MSC, trad.]
    再不回去，就得赶不上末班车了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zài bù huíqù, jiù děi gǎnbùshàng mòbānchē le. [Pinyin]
    If we don't go back now, we won't be able to catch the last bus.
  4. (dialectal Mandarin) nice; satisfying

Synonyms

[edit]
  • (must):
edit

Compounds

[edit]

Pronunciation 4

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

得

  1. (Hokkien) placed after a verb with 會 or 𣍐 before the verb to express possibility or ability
    𣍐堪得／𫧃堪得 [Hokkien]  ―  bōe-kham-tit [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to be unable to stand or endure or bear something

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
得

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. acquire

Readings

[edit]
  • Go-on: とく (toku, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: とく (toku, Jōyō)
  • Kun: える (eru, 得る, Jōyō)、うる (uru, 得る, Jōyō)

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
得
とく
Grade: 5
on'yomi
Alternative spelling
徳

From Middle Chinese 得 (MC tok).

Alternative forms

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Adjective

[edit]

得(とく) • (toku) ←とく (toku)?-na (adnominal 得(とく)な (toku na), adverbial 得(とく)に (toku ni))

  1. beneficial; with gain
    Antonym: 損 (son)
    500円(ごひゃくえん)お得(とく)
    go-hyaku-en o-toku
    getting 500 yen
Inflection
[edit]
Inflection of 得
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 得だろ とくだろ toku daro
Continuative (連用形) 得で とくで toku de
Terminal (終止形) 得だ とくだ toku da
Attributive (連体形) 得な とくな toku na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 得なら とくなら toku nara
Imperative (命令形) 得であれ とくであれ toku de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 得ではない
得じゃない 		とくではない
とくじゃない 		toku de wa nai
toku ja nai
Informal past 得だった とくだった toku datta
Informal negative past 得ではなかった
得じゃなかった 		とくではなかった
とくじゃなかった 		toku de wa nakatta
toku ja nakatta
Formal 得です とくです toku desu
Formal negative 得ではありません
得じゃありません 		とくではありません
とくじゃありません 		toku de wa arimasen
toku ja arimasen
Formal past 得でした とくでした toku deshita
Formal negative past 得ではありませんでした
得じゃありませんでした 		とくではありませんでした
とくじゃありませんでした 		toku de wa arimasen deshita
toku ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 得で とくで toku de
Conditional 得なら（ば） とくなら（ば） toku nara (ba)
Provisional 得だったら とくだったら toku dattara
Volitional 得だろう とくだろう toku darō
Adverbial 得に とくに toku ni
Degree 得さ とくさ tokusa
Descendants
[edit]
  • → Chinese: 得 (dé)

Noun

[edit]

得(とく) • (toku) ←とく (toku)?

  1. beneficial; with gain
    Antonym: 損 (son)

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
得
う
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

Verb

[edit]

得(う) • (u) †nidan

  1. Classical Japanese form of 得る (uru)
Conjugation
[edit]
Classical conjugation of "得" (ア行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 得 え e
Continuative (連用形) 得 え e
Terminal (終止形) 得 う u
Attributive (連体形) 得る うる uru
Realis (已然形) 得れ うれ ure
Imperative (命令形) 得よ えよ eyo
Key constructions
Negative 得ず えず ezu
Contrasting conjunction 得れど うれど uredo
Causal conjunction 得れば うれば ureba
Conditional conjunction 得ば えば eba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 得き えき eki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 得けり えけり ekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 得つ えつ etu
Perfect tense (natural event) 得ぬ えぬ enu
Perfect-continuative tense 得たり えたり etari
Volitional 得む えむ emu

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 得 (MC tok).

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

得 (eumhun 얻을 득 (eodeul deuk))

  1. hanja form? of 득 (“obtain, achieve”)
  2. hanja form? of 득 (“gain, benefit”)
  3. hanja form? of 득 (“satisfaction”)

Derived terms

[edit]
Compounds

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

得: Hán Việt readings: đắc
得: Nôm readings: đác, được, đắc, đắt

  1. Nôm form of được (“to get, to obtain”).

References

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=得&oldid=82085037"