Appendix:Quechuan Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Quechua, compared with definitions in English.

Note on orthography: Quechua orthography may change from one source to another.

History

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Southern Quechua
runa simi
1 I ñuqa
2 you (singular) qam
3 he, she, it pay
4 we ñuqanchik (inclusive), ñuqayku (exclusive)
5 you (plural) qamkuna
6 they paykuna
7 this kay
8 that chay (medial), haqay (distal)
9 here kaypi
10 there chaypi (medial), haqaypi (distal)
11 who pi (interrogative)
12 what ima (interrogative), hay (asking for repetition)
13 where may (interrogative)
14 when mayk'ap (interrogative)
15 how imahina (interrogative)
16 not mana ...-chu (negative), ama ...-chu (prohibitive)
17 all tukuy, lliw, llapa
18 many achka
19 some tumpa, waki
20 few aslla, tumpa
21 other huk, waki
22 one huk
23 two iskay
24 three kimsa
25 four tawa
26 five pichqa
27 big hatun, suni
28 long suni, llañu, suyt'u
29 wide kimra, luqhu, llapha, phanlli, sakha
30 thick raku
31 heavy llasa
32 small uchuy
33 short chutu, kuru
34 narrow k'ichki
35 thin ñañu
36 woman warmi
37 man (adult male) qhari
38 man (human being) runa
39 child irqi
40 wife warmi
41 husband qusa
42 mother mama
43 father tayta, yaya
44 animal uywa
45 fish challwa
46 bird lluta
47 dog allqu
48 louse usa
49 snake mach'aqway, katari, amaru
50 worm kuru
51 tree sacha
52 forest sachakuna
53 stick kaspi
54 fruit ruru
55 seed muhu
56 leaf laqi
57 root sapi
58 bark (of a tree) qara
59 flower wayta
60 grass qura
61 rope waska
62 skin qara
63 meat aycha
64 blood yawar
65 bone tullu
66 fat (noun) wira
67 egg runtu
68 horn waqra
69 tail chupa
70 feather puru
71 hair chukcha
72 head uma
73 ear rinri
74 eye ñawi
75 nose sinqa
76 mouth simi
77 tooth kiru
78 tongue (organ) qallu
79 fingernail sillu
80 foot chaki
81 leg chanka
82 knee qunquri
83 hand maki
84 wing rapra
85 belly wiksa
86 guts chunchul
87 neck kunka
88 back wasa
89 breast qasqu
90 heart sunqu
91 liver kiwcha, k'ipchan
92 to drink upyay
93 to eat mikhuy
94 to bite kaniy
95 to suck chunqay
96 to spit tuqay
97 to vomit aqtuy
98 to blow phukuy, wayray (wind)
99 to breathe samay
100 to laugh asiy
101 to see rikuy
102 to hear uyariy
103 to know yachay
104 to think yuyay
105 to smell mutkiy
106 to fear manchay
107 to sleep puñuy
108 to live kawsay
109 to die wañuy
110 to kill wañuchiy
111 to fight awqay
112 to hunt chakuy, kasachiy
113 to hit maqay
114 to cut p'itiy, kuchuy
115 to split laray
116 to stab chusyay
117 to scratch aspiy
118 to dig allay
119 to swim wayt'ay
120 to fly phaway
121 to walk puriy
122 to come hamuy
123 to lie (as in a bed) sirikuy (action), waqtapay (state)
124 to sit tiyakuy (action)
125 to stand sayariy (action)
126 to turn (intransitive) muyuy
127 to fall urmay
128 to give quy
129 to hold tiyaway
130 to squeeze qapiy
131 to rub kituy
132 to wash maqchiy, taqsay
133 to wipe chakichiy
134 to pull aysay
135 to push tanqay
136 to throw wichuy, chamqay
137 to tie watay
138 to sew siray
139 to count yupay
140 to say niy
141 to sing takiy
142 to play pukllay
143 to float tuytuy
144 to flow tinkukuy
145 to freeze qasay
146 to swell punkiy
147 sun inti
148 moon killa
149 star quyllur
150 water unu, yaku
151 rain para
152 river mayu
153 lake qucha
154 sea mama qucha
155 salt kachi
156 stone rumi
157 sand t'iyu
158 dust hallp'a
159 earth allpa
160 cloud puyu
161 fog phuya
162 sky hawa
163 wind wayra
164 snow rit'i
165 ice qasa
166 smoke qusñi
167 fire nina
168 ash uchpa
169 to burn rawray
170 road ñan
171 mountain urqu
172 red puka
173 green qumir
174 yellow qillu
175 white yuraq
176 black yana
177 night tuta
178 day p'unchaw
179 year wata
180 warm illi
181 cold chiri
182 full hunt'a
183 new musuq
184 old machu, tanta
185 good kusa (things), sumaq (persons)
186 bad mana allin
187 rotten ismusqa
188 dirty qanra
189 straight chiqa
190 round muyu
191 sharp (as a knife) kachi
192 dull (as a knife) ruqu
193 smooth lluspi
194 wet huq'u
195 dry chaki
196 correct chanin
197 near sichpa
198 far karu
199 right paña
200 left lluqi
201 at -pi
202 in -pi
203 with -yuq
204 and -wan
205 if -pti-, sichus, manapiqa
206 because -rayku
207 name suti

Bibliography

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  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN

Further reading

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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