Wiktionary:Punjabi transliteration

These are the rules concerning transliteration in Punjabi entries.

Gurmukhi

Consonants

Gurmukhi	Shahmukhi	Trans.	IPA
ਸ	س	s	[s]
ਹ	ہ	h, ◌́, ◌̀	[ɦ], [◌́], [◌̀]*
ਕ	ک	k	[k]
ਖ	کھ	kh	[kʰ]
ਗ	گ	g	[ɡ]
ਘ	گھ	gh	[k◌̀], [◌́ɡ]*
ਙ	ن٘	ṅ, ng	[ŋ]
ਚ	چ	c	[t͡ʃ]
ਛ	چھ	ch	[t͡ʃʰ]
ਜ	ج	j	[d͡ʒ]
ਝ	جھ	jh	[t͡ʃ◌̀], [◌́d͡ʒ]*
ਞ	نْج	ñ, ny, nj	[ɲ]
ਟ	ٹ	ṭ	[ʈ]
ਠ	ٹھ	ṭh	[ʈʰ]
ਡ	ڈ	ḍ	[ɖ]
ਢ	ڈھ	ḍh	[ʈ◌̀], [◌́ɖ]*
ਣ	ݨ	ṇ	[ɳ]
ਤ	ت	t	[t̪]
ਥ	تھ	th	[t̪ʰ]
ਦ	د	d	[d̪]
ਧ	دھ	dh	[t̪◌̀], [◌́d̪]*
ਨ	ن	n	[n]
ਪ	پ	p	[p]
ਫ	پھ	ph	[pʰ]
ਬ	ب	b	[b]
ਭ	بھ	bh	[p◌̀], [◌́b]*
ਮ	م	m	[m]
ਯ	ی	y	[j]
ਰ	ر	r	[ɾ]
ਲ	ل	l	[l]
ਵ	و	v, w	[ʋ], [w]
ੜ	ڑ	ṛ	[ɽ]

• These are tonal consonants. See Wikipdia:Punjabi language for an introduction to tonal sounds in Punjabi.

Nuqta

The nuqta (਼) is used to represent some consonants, often as part of loanwords. The nuqta, however, is not necessarily written:

Gur.	Sha.	Trans.	IPA
ਸ਼	ش	ś	[ʃ]
ਖ਼	خ	x	[x]
ਗ਼	غ	ġ	[ɣ]
ਜ਼	ز	z	[z]
ਫ਼	ف	f	[f]
ਕ਼	ق	‍q	/q/, [k]
ਲ਼	ࣇ	ḷ	[ɭ]

Vowels

Letter	Diacritic	Shahmukhi	Trans.	IPA
ਅ	none	اَ	a	[ə]
ਆ	ਾ	آ	ā	[äː]
ਇ	ਿ	اِ	i	[ɪ]
ਈ	ੀ	اِی	ī	[iː]
ਉ	ੁ	اُ	u	[ʊ]
ਊ	ੂ	اُو	ū	[uː]
ਏ	ੇ	اے	e	[e]
ਐ	ੈ	اَے	ai	[ɛ]
ਓ	ੋ	او	o	[o]
ਔ	ੌ	اَو	au	[ɔ]

Diacritics

• The ṭippi (ੰ) and bindi (ਂ) indication nasal vowels and nasalization, respectively.
• The addak (ੱ) geminates the following consonant.
• The halant (੍) is rarely used to mark the suppression of the inherent vowel a.
• The visarga (ਃ) makes a voiceless h sound.

Shahmukhi

Alphabet

The Shahmukhi Script, in essence, is identical to the Urdu script. However, there have been attempts to represent the phonological differences between Urdu and Punjabi through modified consonants, which are mentioned here. Since there is no official transliteration standard for the Shahmukhi script, a modified version of the ALA-LC standard, for Urdu, has been used.

Shahmukhi Alphabet

Name			Positional Forms			Transliterations
Letter	Transliteration	Gurmukhi	Final	Medial	Initial	Isolated	Gurmukhi	IPA
الف	alif	ਅਲਿਫ਼	ـا		ا		variable
بے	be	ਬੇ	ـب	ـبـ	بـ	ب	ਬ	[b]
پے	pe	ਪੇ	ـپ	ـپـ	پـ	پ	ਪ	[p]
تے	te	ਤੇ	ـت	ـتـ	تـ	ت	ਤ	[t̪]
ٹے	ṭe	ਟੇ	ـٹ	ـٹـ	ٹـ	ٹ	ਟ	[ʈ]
ثے	s̱e	ਸੇ	ـث	ـثـ	ثـ	ث	ਸ	[s]
جیم	jīm	ਜੀਮ	ـج	ـجـ	جـ	ج	ਜ	[dʒ]
چے	ce	ਚੇ	ـچ	ـچـ	چـ	چ	ਚ	[tʃ]
وڈی حے	waḍḍi ḥe	ਵੱਡੀ ਹੇ	ـح	ـحـ	حـ	ح	ਹ	[ɦ]
خے	xe	ਖ਼ੇ	ـخ	ـخـ	خـ	خ	ਖ਼	[x]
دال	dāl	ਦਾਲ	ـد		د		ਦ	[d̪]
ڈال	ḍāl	ਡਾਲ	ـڈ		ڈ		ਡ	[ɖ]
ذال	ẕāl	ਜ਼ਾਲ	ـذ		ذ		ਜ਼	[z]
رے	re	ਰੇ	ـر		ر		ਰ	[ɾ]
ڑے	ṛe	ੜੇ	ـڑ		ڑ		ੜ	[ɽ]
زے	ze	ਜ਼ੇ	ـز		ز		ਜ਼	[z]
ژے	že	-	ـژ		ژ		-	[ʒ]
سین	sīn	ਸੀਨ	ـس	ـسـ	سـ	س	ਸ	[s]
شین	śīn	ਸ਼ੀਨ	ـش	ـشـ	شـ	ش	ਸ਼	[ʃ]
صعاد	ṣuʻād	ਸੁਆਦ	ـص	ـصـ	صـ	ص	ਸ	[s]
ضعاد	ẓuʻād	ਜ਼ੁਆਦ	ـض	ـضـ	ضـ	ض	ਜ਼	[z]
طوئے	t̤oʼē	ਤੋਏ	ـط	ـطـ	طـ	ط	ਤ	[t̪]
ظوئے	z̤oʼē	ਜ਼ੋਏ	ـظ	ـظـ	ظـ	ظ	ਜ਼	[z]
عین	ʻain	ਐਨ	ـع	ـعـ	عـ	ع	variable
غین	ġain	ਗ਼ੈਨ	ـغ	ـغـ	غـ	غ	ਗ਼	[ɣ]
فے	fe	ਫ਼ੇ	ـف	ـفـ	فـ	ف	ਫ਼	[f]
قاف	qāf	ਕ਼ਾਫ਼	ـق	ـقـ	قـ	ق	ਕ਼	/q/,[k]
کاف	kāf	ਕਾਫ਼	ـک	ـکـ	کـ	ک	ਕ	[k]
گاف	gāf	ਗਾਫ਼	ـگ	ـگـ	گـ	گ	ਗ	[g]
لام	lām	ਲਾਮ	ـل	ـلـ	لـ / لا	ل	ਲ	[l], [ɭ]
ࣇام	ḷām	ਲ਼ਾਮ	ـࣇ	ـࣇـ	ࣇـ / ࣇا	ࣇ	ਲ਼	[ɭ]
میم	mīm	ਮੀਮ	ـم	ـمـ	مـ	م	ਮ	[m]
نون	nūn	ਨੂਨ	ـن	ـنـ	نـ	ن	ਨ	[n] ([ɳ], [ɲ], [ŋ])
ݨون	ṇūn	ਣੂਨ	ـݨ	ـݨـ	ݨـ	ݨ	ਣ	[ɳ]
نون غنہ	nūn ġunnah	ਨੂਨ ਗ਼ੁੰਨਾ	ـں	ـن٘ـ	ن٘ـ	ں	ੰ / ਂ	[◌̃], [ŋ], [ɲ]
واؤ	vā'ō	ਵਾਓ	ـو		و		variable
نکی ہے	nikkī he	ਨਿੱਕੀ ਹੇ	ـہ	ـہـ	ہـ	ہ	ਹ	[ɦ], [h], [◌́], [◌̀]
دو چشمے ہے	do ćaśme he	ਦੋ ਚਸ਼ਮੇ ਹੇ	ـھ	ـھـ	ھـ	ھ	variable	[◌́], [◌̀], [◌ʰ], [◌ʱ]
ہمزہ	hamza	ਹਮਜ਼ਾ	ء				-	[ʔ] or silent
نکی یے	nikkī ye	ਨਿੱਕੀ ਯੇ	ـی	ـیـ	یـ	ی	variable
وڈی یے	waḍḍi ye	ਵੱਡੀ ਯੇ	ـے		N/A	ے	variable

Aspirates

Letters in Shahmukhi are aspirated by adding a 'do-caśme-he' (ھ) to the preceding letter, for instance بھ (bh/ਭ) is a compound of ب (b/ਬ) + ھ (h). In Gurmukhi, it may be represented as ੍ਹ in a minority of words. Diacritics only go on the letters before or after the aspirate.

Diacritics

In the Shahmukhi script, the tradition of not writing diacritics, as followed in Arabic and Persian, has been preserved and is only used to remove ambiguity. Hence, the reader is required to interpret the correct meaning using context.

This can be especially tricky for vowels which represent different sounds depending on the diacritic used or implied before it.

In the Shahmukhi Script, there are 7 diacritics used.

Shahmukhi Diacritics

Diacritic
Symbol				Name
Shahmukhi	Gurmukhi	Latin	IPA	Shahmukhi	Gurmukhi	Latin
◌َ	(no equivalent except ਅ)	a	[ə]	زَبَر	ਜ਼ਬਰ	zabar
◌ِ	ਿ	i	[ɪ]	زیر	ਜ਼ੇਰ	zer
◌ُ	ੁ	u	[ʊ]	پیش	ਪੇਸ਼	peś
◌ّ (on the letter)	ੱ (before the letter)	-	[ː]	تَشْدِید	ਤਸ਼ਦੀਦ	taśdīd
◌ْ	੍	-	[.]	سَکُون	ਸਕੂਨ	sakūn
◌٘	ੰ	n	[ŋ], [◌̃]	نُون غُنَّہ	ਨੂਨ ਗ਼ੁੰਨਾ	nūn ġunnah
◌ً	ਅਨ	an	[ən]	تَنْوِین	ਤਨਵੀਨ	tanvīn

Numerals

Shahmukhi numerals are the same as Urdu numerals, which are modified Perso-Arabic numerals.

Users' devices will need to support the Nastaliq font to view the proper numerals as the characters themselves are Persian numerals.

Latin	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Shahmukhi	۰	۱	۲	۳	۴	۵	۶	۷	۸	۹
Gurmukhi	੦	੧	੨	੩	੪	੫	੬	੭	੮	੯