cansar

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin campsāre.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [kənˈsa]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [kanˈsaɾ]
• Rhymes: -a(ɾ)

• Audio (Barcelona):

  (file)

Verb

cansar (first-person singular present canso, first-person singular preterite cansí, past participle cansat)

1. to tire
2. to wear out, to exhaust
3. to bore, to annoy
4. (pronominal) to tire, to become tired
5. (pronominal) to tire out oneself
6. (pronominal) to get bored, to get tired (of)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of cansar (first conjugation)

infinitive			cansar
gerund			cansant
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		cansat		cansada
		plural		cansats		cansades
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	canso	canses	cansa	cansem	canseu	cansen
	imperfect	cansava	cansaves	cansava	cansàvem	cansàveu	cansaven
	future	cansaré	cansaràs	cansarà	cansarem	cansareu	cansaran
	preterite	cansí	cansares	cansà	cansàrem	cansàreu	cansaren
	conditional	cansaria	cansaries	cansaria	cansaríem	cansaríeu	cansarien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	cansi	cansis	cansi	cansem	canseu	cansin
	imperfect	cansés	cansessis	cansés	canséssim	canséssiu	cansessin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	cansa	cansi	cansem	canseu	cansin
	negative (no)	—	no cansis	no cansi	no cansem	no canseu	no cansin

Derived terms

• cansament
• cansar-se

Further reading

• “cansar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “cansar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “cansar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “cansar” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Galician

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese canssar, from Latin campsō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kɑnˈsaɾ]

Verb

cansar (first-person singular present canso, first-person singular preterite cansei, past participle cansado)

1. to tire; to fatigue

   Synonym: fatigar

2. to bore, bother, annoy

   Synonyms: aburrir, anoxar

3. (of a fountain, source or vessel) to dry

Conjugation

    Conjugation of cansar

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	cansar
Personal	cansar	cansares	cansar	cansarmos	cansardes	cansaren
Gerund
	cansando
Past participle
Masculine	cansado			cansados
Feminine	cansada			cansadas
Indicative
Present	canso	cansas	cansa	cansamos	cansades	cansan
Imperfect	cansaba	cansabas	cansaba	cansabamos	cansabades	cansaban
Preterite	cansei	cansaches	cansou	cansamos	cansastes	cansaron
Pluperfect	cansara	cansaras	cansara	cansaramos	cansarades	cansaran
Future	cansarei	cansarás	cansará	cansaremos	cansaredes	cansarán
Conditional	cansaría	cansarías	cansaría	cansariamos	cansariades	cansarían
Subjunctive
Present	canse	canses	canse	cansemos	cansedes	cansen
Imperfect	cansase	cansases	cansase	cansásemos	cansásedes	cansasen
Future	cansar	cansares	cansar	cansarmos	cansardes	cansaren
Imperative
Affirmative		cansa	canse	cansemos	cansade	cansen
Negative (non)		non canses	non canse	non cansemos	non cansedes	non cansen

    Reintegrated conjugation of cansar (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	cansar
Personal	cansar	cansares	cansar	cansarmos	cansardes	cansarem
Gerund
	cansando
Past participle
Masculine	cansado			cansados
Feminine	cansada			cansadas
Indicative
Present	canso	cansas	cansa	cansamos	cansades, cansais	cansam
Imperfect	cansava	cansavas	cansava	cansávamos	cansávades, cansáveis, cansávais1	cansavam
Preterite	cansei	cansaste, cansache1	cansou	cansamos	cansastes	cansárom, cansaram
Pluperfect	cansara	cansaras	cansara	cansáramos	cansárades, cansáreis, cansárais1	cansaram
Future	cansarei	cansarás	cansará	cansaremos	cansaredes, cansareis	cansarám, cansarão
Conditional	cansaria	cansarias	cansaria	cansaríamos	cansaríades, cansaríeis, cansaríais1	cansariam
Subjunctive
Present	canse	canses	canse	cansemos	cansedes, canseis	cansem
Imperfect	cansasse	cansasses	cansasse	cansássemos	cansássedes, cansásseis	cansassem
Future	cansar	cansares	cansar	cansarmos	cansardes	cansarem
Imperative
Affirmative		cansa	canse	cansemos	cansade, cansai	cansem
Negative (nom)		nom canses	nom canse	nom cansemos	nom cansedes, nom canseis	nom cansem

¹Less recommended.

Derived terms

• Cansado
• cansazo
• canso

References

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “cansar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “cans”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “cansar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “cansar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2024
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “cansar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “cansar” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “cansar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Occitan

Etymology

From Latin campsāre, present active infinitive of campsō.

Verb

cansar

1. to tire; to fatigue

Conjugation

    Lengadocian (Central Occitan)

		simple			compound
infinitive		cansar			aver cansat
gerund		cansant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		cansat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	cansi	cansas	cansa	cansam	cansatz	cansan
	imperfect	cansavi	cansavas	cansava	cansàvem	cansàvetz	cansavan
	preterite	cansèri	cansères	cansèt	cansèrem	cansèretz	cansèron
	future	cansarai	cansaràs	cansarà	cansarem	cansaretz	cansaràn
	conditional	cansariái	cansariás	cansariá	cansariam	cansariatz	cansarián
	conditional 2nd form1	cansèra	cansèras	cansèra	canseram	canseratz	cansèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	canse	canses	canse	cansem	cansetz	cansen
	imperfect	cansèssi	cansèsses	cansèsse	cansèssem	cansèssetz	cansèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			cansa		cansem	cansatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Auvernhàs

		simple			compound
infinitive		cansar			aver cansat
gerund		cansant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		cansat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	canse	canses	cansa	cansam	cansatz	canson
	imperfect	cansave	cansaves	cansava	cansaviam	cansaviatz	cansavon
	preterite	cansere	canseres	canset	cansem	cansetz	canseron
	future	cansarai	cansaràs	cansará	cansarem	cansaretz	cansarán
	conditional	cansariá	cansariás	cansariá	cansariam	cansariatz	cansarián
	conditional 2nd form1	cansèra	cansèras	cansèra	canseram	canseratz	cansèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	canse	canses	canse	cansassiam	cansassiatz	canson
	imperfect	cansesse	cansesses	cansesse	cansessiam	cansessiatz	cansesson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			cansa		cansassiam	cansatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Gascon

		simple			compound
infinitive		cansar			aver cansat
gerund		cansant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		cansat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	cansi	cansas	cansa	cansam	cansatz	cansan
	imperfect	cansavi	cansavas	cansava	cansàvam	cansàvatz	cansavan
	preterite	cansèi	cansès	cansè	cansèm	cansètz	cansèn
	future	cansarèi	cansaràs	cansarà	cansaram	cansaratz	cansaràn
	conditional	cansarí	cansarés	cansaré	cansarem	cansaretz	cansarén
	conditional 2nd form1	cansèra	cansèras	cansèra	canseram	canseratz	cansèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	cansi	canses	canse	cansem	cansetz	cansen
	imperfect	cansèssi	cansèsses	cansèsse	cansèssem	cansèssetz	cansèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			cansa		cansem	cansatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Lemosin

		simple			compound
infinitive		cansar			aver cansat
gerund		cansant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		cansat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	canse	cansas	cansa	cansam	cansatz	cansan
	imperfect	cansava	cansavas	cansava	cansàvam	cansàvatz	cansavan
	preterite	cansei	canseras	canset	cansèram	cansèratz	canseran
	future	cansarai	cansaràs	cansará	cansarem	cansaretz	cansarán
	conditional	cansariá	cansariàs	cansariá	cansariam	cansariatz	cansarián
	conditional 2nd form1	cansèra	cansèras	cansèra	canseram	canseratz	cansèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	canse	canses	canse	cansem	cansetz	cansen
	imperfect	cansèsse	cansèsses	cansèsse	cansèssem	cansèssetz	cansèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			cansa		cansem	cansatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Provençau

		simple			compound
infinitive		cansar			aver cansat
gerund		cansant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		cansat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	canse	canses	cansa	cansam	cansatz	cansan
	imperfect	cansavi	cansavas	cansava	cansàvem	cansàvetz	cansavan
	preterite	cansère	cansères	cansèt	canseriam	canseriatz	cansèron
	future	cansarai	cansaràs	cansarà	cansarem	cansaretz	cansaràn
	conditional	cansariáu	cansariás	cansariá	cansariam	cansariatz	cansarián
	conditional 2nd form1	cansèra	cansèras	cansèra	canseram	canseratz	cansèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	canse	canses	canse	cansem	cansetz	cansan
	imperfect	cansèsse	cansèsses	cansèsse	cansessiam	cansessiatz	cansèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			cansa		cansem	cansatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

Synonyms

• fatigar

Portuguese

Etymology

Inherited from Latin campsāre.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /kɐ̃ˈsa(ʁ)/ [kɐ̃ˈsa(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /kɐ̃ˈsa(ʁ)/ [kɐ̃ˈsa(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /kɐ̃ˈsa(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /kɐ̃ˈsa(ʁ)/ [kɐ̃ˈsa(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /kɐ̃ˈsa(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /kɐ̃ˈsaɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /kɐ̃ˈsaɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /kɐ̃ˈsa.ɾi/

• Hyphenation: can‧sar

Verb

cansar (first-person singular present canso, first-person singular preterite cansei, past participle cansado)

1. to tire, weary

   Synonyms: fatigar, afadigar, esfalfar, estrompar

Conjugation

    Conjugation of cansar (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	cansar
Personal	cansar	cansares	cansar	cansarmos	cansardes	cansarem
Gerund
	cansando
Past participle
Masculine	cansado			cansados
Feminine	cansada			cansadas
Indicative
Present	canso	cansas	cansa	cansamos	cansais	cansam
Imperfect	cansava	cansavas	cansava	cansávamos	cansáveis	cansavam
Preterite	cansei	cansaste	cansou	cansamos1, cansámos2	cansastes	cansaram
Pluperfect	cansara	cansaras	cansara	cansáramos	cansáreis	cansaram
Future	cansarei	cansarás	cansará	cansaremos	cansareis	cansarão
Conditional	cansaria	cansarias	cansaria	cansaríamos	cansaríeis	cansariam
Subjunctive
Present	canse	canses	canse	cansemos	canseis	cansem
Imperfect	cansasse	cansasses	cansasse	cansássemos	cansásseis	cansassem
Future	cansar	cansares	cansar	cansarmos	cansardes	cansarem
Imperative
Affirmative		cansa	canse	cansemos	cansai	cansem
Negative (não)		não canses	não canse	não cansemos	não canseis	não cansem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

Related terms

• cansaço
• canseira
• descansar

Further reading

• “cansar” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913
• “cansar”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2024

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin campsāre.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kanˈsaɾ/ [kãnˈsaɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: can‧sar

Verb

cansar (first-person singular present canso, first-person singular preterite cansé, past participle cansado)

1. (transitive) to tire

   Synonym: fatigar

2. (reflexive) to get tired

   Se me cansan los brazos.

   My arms are getting tired.

   Nunca me canso de escucharla cantar.

   I never get tired of listening to her sing.

Conjugation

    Conjugation of cansar (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			cansar
gerund			cansando
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		cansado		cansada
		plural		cansados		cansadas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	canso	cansastú cansásvos	cansa	cansamos	cansáis	cansan
	imperfect	cansaba	cansabas	cansaba	cansábamos	cansabais	cansaban
	preterite	cansé	cansaste	cansó	cansamos	cansasteis	cansaron
	future	cansaré	cansarás	cansará	cansaremos	cansaréis	cansarán
	conditional	cansaría	cansarías	cansaría	cansaríamos	cansaríais	cansarían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	canse	cansestú cansésvos2	canse	cansemos	canséis	cansen
	imperfect (ra)	cansara	cansaras	cansara	cansáramos	cansarais	cansaran
	imperfect (se)	cansase	cansases	cansase	cansásemos	cansaseis	cansasen
	future1	cansare	cansares	cansare	cansáremos	cansareis	cansaren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		cansatú cansávos	canse	cansemos	cansad	cansen
	negative		no canses	no canse	no cansemos	no canséis	no cansen

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of cansar

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive cansar
	dative	cansarme	cansarte	cansarle, cansarse	cansarnos	cansaros	cansarles, cansarse
	accusative	cansarme	cansarte	cansarlo, cansarla, cansarse	cansarnos	cansaros	cansarlos, cansarlas, cansarse
with gerund cansando
	dative	cansándome	cansándote	cansándole, cansándose	cansándonos	cansándoos	cansándoles, cansándose
	accusative	cansándome	cansándote	cansándolo, cansándola, cansándose	cansándonos	cansándoos	cansándolos, cansándolas, cansándose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative cansa
	dative	cánsame	cánsate	cánsale	cánsanos	not used	cánsales
	accusative	cánsame	cánsate	cánsalo, cánsala	cánsanos	not used	cánsalos, cánsalas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative cansá
	dative	cansame	cansate	cansale	cansanos	not used	cansales
	accusative	cansame	cansate	cansalo, cansala	cansanos	not used	cansalos, cansalas
with formal second-person singular imperative canse
	dative	cánseme	not used	cánsele, cánsese	cánsenos	not used	cánseles
	accusative	cánseme	not used	cánselo, cánsela, cánsese	cánsenos	not used	cánselos, cánselas
with first-person plural imperative cansemos
	dative	not used	cansémoste	cansémosle	cansémonos	cansémoos	cansémosles
	accusative	not used	cansémoste	cansémoslo, cansémosla	cansémonos	cansémoos	cansémoslos, cansémoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative cansad
	dative	cansadme	not used	cansadle	cansadnos	cansaos	cansadles
	accusative	cansadme	not used	cansadlo, cansadla	cansadnos	cansaos	cansadlos, cansadlas
with formal second-person plural imperative cansen
	dative	cánsenme	not used	cánsenle	cánsennos	not used	cánsenles, cánsense
	accusative	cánsenme	not used	cánsenlo, cánsenla	cánsennos	not used	cánsenlos, cánsenlas, cánsense

    Conjugation of cansarse (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			cansarse
gerund			cansándose
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		cansado		cansada
		plural		cansados		cansadas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
personal non-finite		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	infinitive	cansarme	cansarte	cansarse	cansarnos	cansaros	cansarse
	gerund	cansándome	cansándote	cansándose	cansándonos	cansándoos	cansándose
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	me canso	te cansastú te cansásvos	se cansa	nos cansamos	os cansáis	se cansan
	imperfect	me cansaba	te cansabas	se cansaba	nos cansábamos	os cansabais	se cansaban
	preterite	me cansé	te cansaste	se cansó	nos cansamos	os cansasteis	se cansaron
	future	me cansaré	te cansarás	se cansará	nos cansaremos	os cansaréis	se cansarán
	conditional	me cansaría	te cansarías	se cansaría	nos cansaríamos	os cansaríais	se cansarían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	me canse	te cansestú te cansésvos2	se canse	nos cansemos	os canséis	se cansen
	imperfect (ra)	me cansara	te cansaras	se cansara	nos cansáramos	os cansarais	se cansaran
	imperfect (se)	me cansase	te cansases	se cansase	nos cansásemos	os cansaseis	se cansasen
	future1	me cansare	te cansares	se cansare	nos cansáremos	os cansareis	se cansaren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		cánsatetú cansatevos	cánsese	cansémonos	cansaos	cánsense
	negative		no te canses	no se canse	no nos cansemos	no os canséis	no se cansen

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

Derived terms

• cansado
• cansancio
• cansino
• cansón
• descansar
• incansable

 

Related terms

• cansarse

 

Further reading

• “cansar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28