MongoDB & Mongoose

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What's a database?

A database is an organized collection of data
This data can be organized by any criteria
Using a database we can read, create, update and delete data

Database types

Now a day we can find different types of databases that fulfill different projects needs
We can split the big database family into two big categories: Relational or No relational or NoSQL
The Relational are known as SQL databases (as they use SQL as query language)
NoSQL databases are No relational
Each database type will have pros and cons when reading, creating, updating or deleting values
We need to choose the right database for our job and know why we're going to use it
In this course section we'll learn MongoDB that's a NoSQL database

Relational Databases assets

NoSQL

NoSQL (Not Only SQL) is the given name for databases that are not relationals
In this database family we can find different types of databases like key/value, document oriented, grapsh or big tables
All this databases are prepare to horizontaly scale (this means that we can add more databases servers if we need so)
In some cases we can even use a simple computer (not much hardware) to solve a business problem
Martin Fowler gave a great Introduction to NoSQL talk where he explains all this concepts
This talk is a must to understand this subject
Also, you can read on his blog about it

MongoDB

MongoDB is a NoSQL document oriented database
This database a;low us to store data in JSON format
It has a flexible schema, this means that we can change/update our documents structure whenever we need it
This becomes helpful as we develop and we don't have the final data structure
MongoDB also it's prepared to horizontal scale in a easy way
As we learned JavaScript we'll use a database engine that allows us to keep on using this language to store our data

Install MongoDB

To use MongoDB locally we need to download & install it
Open the documentation to Install MongoDB Community Edition and choose your OS MongoDB version
- Windows
  - For Windows, execute the downloaded installer, follow all the default wizard steps and MongoDB will be installed on the following path C:\Program Files\MongoDB\Server\3.4\.
  - To be able to access MongoDB from anywhere in the terminal we need to configure our environments variables
    - Windows 10 & 8
    - Windows 7
- Mac
  - For Mac, use Homebrew to install MongoDB
- Linux

MongoDB videos

Start MongoDB instance

After adding MongoDB to our path we can start a server instance
- Windows:
```
mongod.exe
```
- Linux/Mac:
```
mongod
```
Once MongoDB starts will show us server configuration information
It will show the configured database /data/db
Engine type wiredTiger

Default MongoDB port 27017

[initandlisten] Detected data files in /data/db created by the 'wiredTiger' storage engine, so setting the active storage engine to 'wiredTiger'
I NETWORK  [thread1] waiting for connections on port 27017

MongoDB shell

To interact with MongoDB we need the server runnig (mongod) and a MongoDB shell
Start MongoDB shell running the following command:
- Windows:
```
mongo.exe
```
- Linux/Mac:
```
mongo
```

Once MongoDB shell connects we'll see a description message:

MongoDB shell version v3.4.2
connecting to: mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017
MongoDB server version: 3.4.2
>

MongoDB shell let us know that it's connected to mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017
Also shows the shell and server version (v3.4.2)
To use MongoDB we need the server and shell running
MongoDB shell it's a JavaScript REPL like Node.js one
This means that we can write/execute JavaScript code on it
```
> 2 + 2
4
```

To start learning mongo shell we can execute the help command that will show all the commands that we can use

> help
  db.help()                    help on db methods
  db.mycoll.help()             help on collection methods
  sh.help()                    sharding helpers
  rs.help()                    replica set helpers
  help admin                   administrative help
  help connect                 connecting to a db help
  help keys                    key shortcuts
  help misc                    misc things to know
  help mr                      mapreduce

  show dbs                     show database names
  show collections             show collections in current database
  show users                   show users in current database
  show profile                 show most recent system.profile entries with time >= 1ms
  show logs                    show the accessible logger names
  show log [name]              prints out the last segment of log in memory, 'global' is default
  use <db_name>                set current database
  db.foo.find()                list objects in collection foo
  db.foo.find( { a : 1 } )     list objects in foo where a == 1
  it                           result of the last line evaluated; use to further iterate
  DBQuery.shellBatchSize = x   set default number of items to display on shell
  exit                         quit the mongo shell

One of the commands it's show dbs
This command will let show us all the local databases
```
> show dbs
local  0.000GB
test  0.000GB
```
To know which database we're using we can call db
db it's just a JavaScript variable that has the selected database
By default MongoDB will set the initial selected database to test
```
> db
test
>
```
MongoDB has databases
MongoDB Databases has collections
A collection is where we can store our documents grouped by some criteria
This means that by using the database and the collection we'll have a namespace
```
database.collection
```
For example we can have a comics database with a superheroes collection
To access the superheroes collection we need to call
```
comics.superheroes
```
To create a new datbase we use the use dabasename command
In this case we run
```
use comics
switched to db comics
```
The use command will create a new database if it doesn't exists or swith to the selected one
MongoDB will create our databases and collections in a lazzy way
This means that it won't really, really create it until it has some data on it
We can still use the databases and collection while we don't have data on it but it's not persisted
When we change databases MongoDB will change the db reference switched to db comics
If we type db we can see the selected database
```
> db
comics
```

Document create

To create a new document we use the insertOne command
This method accepts a JSON object as parameter
This JSON object represents the document that we want to store in our database collection
Use db to let MongoDB in which database we would like to store this document

This means that we need to be sure that we use the right database first

> use comics
switched to db comics
> db.superheroes.insertOne({ "name": "SPIDER-MAN", "image": "spiderman.jpg" })
{
  "acknowledged" : true,
  "insertedId" : ObjectId("5b055c94f9ca342c9eaaf73e")
}

Once we inserted a document MongoDB will show us a result message
"acknowledged" : true means that it was able to store the document
"insertedId" : ObjectId("59c6eae6eb2fe8bf77e9c391") MongoDB creates a new ID for each new document
Our document has a _id property with this insertedId value
ObjectId is a data type supported by MongoDB to manage documents ids

We can insert some other documents

> db.superheroes.insertOne({ "name": "CAPTAIN MARVEL", "image": "captainmarvel.jpg" });
{
  "acknowledged" : true,
  "insertedId" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf73f")
}
> db.superheroes.insertOne({ "name": "HULK", "image": "hulk.jpg" });
{
  "acknowledged" : true,
  "insertedId" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf740")
}
> db.superheroes.insertOne({ "name": "THOR", "image": "thor.jpg" });
{
  "acknowledged" : true,
  "insertedId" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf741")
}
> db.superheroes.insertOne({ "name": "IRON MAN", "image": "ironman.jpg" });
{
  "acknowledged" : true,
  "insertedId" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf742")
}
> db.superheroes.insertOne({ "name": "DAREDEVIL", "image": "daredevil.jpg" });
{
  "acknowledged" : true,
  "insertedId" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf743")
}
> db.superheroes.insertOne({ "name": "BLACK WIDOW", "image": "blackwidow.jpg" });
{
  "acknowledged" : true,
  "insertedId" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf744")
}
> db.superheroes.insertOne({ "name": "CAPTAIN AMERICA", "image": "captanamerica.jpg" });
{
  "acknowledged" : true,
  "insertedId" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf745")
}
> db.superheroes.insertOne({ "name": "WOLVERINE", "image": "wolverine.jpg" });
{
  "acknowledged" : true,
  "insertedId" : ObjectId("5b055f1bf9ca342c9eaaf746")
}

Now MongoDB stored our database and collection
So we can use the comics.superheroes collection
Use show collections to know the database collections
```
> show collections
superheroes
```
Also, we can check that the database has been saved too using show dbs
```
> show dbs
comics
```
Once we have a database created we can start MongoDB shell and specify the initial selected database
The mongo command accepts the initial selected database as parameter
```
mongo comics
> db
comics
```

Full example:

mongo comics
MongoDB shell version v3.4.2
connecting to: mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/comics
MongoDB server version: 3.4.2
Server has startup warnings:
2018-05-23T07:07:16.271-0500 I CONTROL  [initandlisten]
2018-05-23T07:07:16.271-0500 I CONTROL  [initandlisten] ** WARNING: Access control is not enabled for the database.
2018-05-23T07:07:16.271-0500 I CONTROL  [initandlisten] **          Read and write access to data and configuration is unrestricted.
2018-05-23T07:07:16.271-0500 I CONTROL  [initandlisten]
> db
comics

Practice

Exercise 1

Read a collection

Use find to show the collection documents

If we don't pass any parameter to the find method it will return all the collection documents

> db.superheroes.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055c94f9ca342c9eaaf73e"), "name" : "SPIDER-MAN", "image" : "spiderman.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf73f"), "name" : "CAPTAIN MARVEL", "image" : "captainmarvel.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf740"), "name" : "HULK", "image" : "hulk.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf741"), "name" : "THOR", "image" : "thor.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf742"), "name" : "IRON MAN", "image" : "ironman.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf743"), "name" : "DAREDEVIL", "image" : "daredevil.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf744"), "name" : "BLACK WIDOW", "image" : "blackwidow.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf745"), "name" : "CAPTAIN AMERICA", "image" : "captanamerica.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f1bf9ca342c9eaaf746"), "name" : "WOLVERINE", "image" : "wolverine.jpg" }

In this case we have 9 inserted documents
Each of them have an unique _id property to identify it
All documents have a name property too

Document Query

The find method accepts an object with properties criteria to query documents

It will bring all documents if we pass an empty object as we're not using any criteria

> db.superheroes.find({})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055c94f9ca342c9eaaf73e"), "name" : "SPIDER-MAN", "image" : "spiderman.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf73f"), "name" : "CAPTAIN MARVEL", "image" : "captainmarvel.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf740"), "name" : "HULK", "image" : "hulk.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf741"), "name" : "THOR", "image" : "thor.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf742"), "name" : "IRON MAN", "image" : "ironman.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf743"), "name" : "DAREDEVIL", "image" : "daredevil.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf744"), "name" : "BLACK WIDOW", "image" : "blackwidow.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf745"), "name" : "CAPTAIN AMERICA", "image" : "captanamerica.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f1bf9ca342c9eaaf746"), "name" : "WOLVERINE", "image" : "wolverine.jpg" }

We can also add a criteria to search by

For example we can query documents by name

> db.superheroes.find({ "name": "WOLVERINE" })
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f1bf9ca342c9eaaf746"), "name" : "WOLVERINE", "image" : "wolverine.jpg" }

In this case we only have one document with WOLVERINE as name

We can use any document property to query by

> db.superheroes.find({ "image": "captanamerica.jpg" })
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf745"), "name" : "CAPTAIN AMERICA", "image" : "captanamerica.jpg" }

Practice

Exercise 2

Cursor

It looks like find returns documents
But in reality it returns a cursor
As we have JavaScript we can assign the find returned value to a variable
Dado que no le pasamos parámetro esta búsqueda retorna todos los documentos que tenemos en la colección
Using limit we can limit the amount of documents that we query
In this example we'll get the first three collection documents
```
> const cursor = db.superheroes.find().limit(3)
```
We can know if we can iterate over the cursor using hasNext()
This method will return a boolean value
In case it's true then we can call the next value
```
> cursor.hasNext()
true
```

Al ser un cursor el restulado podemos llamar al método next para obtener el próximo resultado

> cursor.next()
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b055c94f9ca342c9eaaf73e"),
  "name" : "SPIDER-MAN",
  "image" : "spiderman.jpg"
}
> cursor.next()
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf73f"),
  "name" : "CAPTAIN MARVEL",
  "image" : "captainmarvel.jpg"
}
> cursor.next()
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b055f19f9ca342c9eaaf740"),
  "name" : "HULK",
  "image" : "hulk.jpg"
}

In case we can call next three times as it's the result we got from the find calls
Once we reach the last document hasNext() will return false and we know we can't iterate

MongoDB will show an error if we try to iterate more documents that the cursor has

> cursor.hasNext()
false
> cursor.next()
E QUERY    [thread1] Error: error hasNext: false :
DBQuery.prototype.next@src/mongo/shell/query.js:305:1
@(shell):1:1

Practice

Exercise 3

Collection drop

To delete a collection we use the collection drop method

> db.superheroes.drop()
true
> show collections
>

Calling collection drop method will delete all the collection documents

Database drop

We can also drop a database using the database dropDatabase method

show dbs
local  0.000GB
test   0.000GB
comics  0.000GB

> use comics
> db.dropDatabase()
{ "dropped" : "comics", "ok" : 1 }

> show dbs
local  0.000GB
test   0.000GB

Calling db.dropDatabase() we tell MongoDB to delete the selected db database
Once we dropped the database we can recreate using use
```
> use comics
switched to db comics
```

Insert multiple documents

To insert a document we use the collection method insertOne
To insert many documents we use the collection method insertMany

insertMany accpets a document collection as parameter in JSON format

> db.superheroes.insertMany([
  { "name": "SPIDER-MAN", "image": "spiderman.jpg" },
  { "name": "CAPTAIN MARVEL", "image": "captainmarvel.jpg" },
  { "name": "HULK", "image": "hulk.jpg" },
  { "name": "THOR", "image": "thor.jpg" },
  { "name": "IRON MAN", "image": "ironman.jpg" },
  { "name": "DAREDEVIL", "image": "daredevil.jpg" },
  { "name": "BLACK WIDOW", "image": "blackwidow.jpg" },
  { "name": "CAPTAIN AMERICA", "image": "captanamerica.jpg" },
  { "name": "WOLVERINE", "image": "wolverine.jpg" }
])
{
  "acknowledged" : true,
  "insertedIds" : [
    ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e75"),
    ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e76"),
    ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e77"),
    ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e78"),
    ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e79"),
    ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7a"),
    ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7b"),
    ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7c"),
    ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7d")
  ]
}

Now we can call find again to retrieve all documents

> db.superheroes.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e75"), "name" : "SPIDER-MAN", "image" : "spiderman.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e76"), "name" : "CAPTAIN MARVEL", "image" : "captainmarvel.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e77"), "name" : "HULK", "image" : "hulk.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e78"), "name" : "THOR", "image" : "thor.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e79"), "name" : "IRON MAN", "image" : "ironman.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7a"), "name" : "DAREDEVIL", "image" : "daredevil.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7b"), "name" : "BLACK WIDOW", "image" : "blackwidow.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7c"), "name" : "CAPTAIN AMERICA", "image" : "captanamerica.jpg" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7d"), "name" : "WOLVERINE", "image" : "wolverine.jpg" }

In this example we see how to drop and insert many new documents
insertMany works in a similar way as insertOne but with a collection of documents
We get all the inserted documents ids
Also we can count the collections document using the collection method count
```
> db.superheroes.find().count()
9
```

Practice

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Pretty results

Sometimes our documents are too big and it's difficult to read

That's why MongoDB has a pretty pmethod to show documents result better

> db.superheroes.find().pretty()

{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e75"),
  "name" : "SPIDER-MAN",
  "image" : "spiderman.jpg"
}
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e76"),
  "name" : "CAPTAIN MARVEL",
  "image" : "captainmarvel.jpg"
}
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e77"),
  "name" : "HULK",
  "image" : "hulk.jpg"
}
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e78"),
  "name" : "THOR",
  "image" : "thor.jpg"
}
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e79"),
  "name" : "IRON MAN",
  "image" : "ironman.jpg"
}
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7a"),
  "name" : "DAREDEVIL",
  "image" : "daredevil.jpg"
}
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7b"),
  "name" : "BLACK WIDOW",
  "image" : "blackwidow.jpg"
}
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7c"),
  "name" : "CAPTAIN AMERICA",
  "image" : "captanamerica.jpg"
}
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7d"),
  "name" : "WOLVERINE",
  "image" : "wolverine.jpg"
}

Practice

Exercise 6

We can also search documents for more than one criteria

> db.superheroes.find({"name": "WOLVERINE", "image" : "wolverine.jpg"})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7d"), "name" : "WOLVERINE", "image" : "wolverine.jpg" }

In this case we're searching for a document with the WOLVERINE name and wolverine.jpg as image

If we search using other parameters we might not get documents back

> db.superheroes.find({"name": "WOLVERINE", "image" : "captanamerica.jpg"})

MongoDB is not able to retrieve any documents as we don't have any document with name WOLVERINE and image captanamerica.jpg

Practice

Exercise 7

Update a document

To update a document we use the collection method updateOne
This method accepts an object as first parameter with the find criteria
The second parameter is an object with a special operator called $set

$set uses an object with the document property that we want to update and the corresponding value

> db.superheroes.updateOne({ "name": "WOLVERINE"}, { $set: { "name": "LOGAN"}})
{ "acknowledged" : true, "matchedCount" : 1, "modifiedCount" : 1 }

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e7d"), "name" : "LOGAN", "image" : "wolverine.jpg" }

MongoDB updates the document and inform the operation status showing the amount of updated documents that match the critearia
As MongoDB doesn't have a rigid schema we can add any property to any document without changing the rest of the documents

For example we could add a power property to the hulk document

> db.superheroes.updateOne({ "name": "HULK"}, { $set: { "power": 100}})
{ "acknowledged" : true, "matchedCount" : 1, "modifiedCount" : 1 }

Now we can query the Hulk document

> db.superheroes.find({"name": "HULK"}).pretty()
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e77"),
  "name" : "HULK",
  "image" : "hulk.jpg",
  "power" : 100
}

Now we can see that power was added to the document with Hulk name

> b.superheroes.find().limit(1).pretty()
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e75"),
  "name" : "SPIDER-MAN",
  "image" : "spiderman.jpg"
}

We still see that the rest of the document haven't been updated with the new property
In this examples we have been using the name property to find our documents
What could it happen if we have more than one document with the same name?
The only way to make sure that we're going to update the right document is using the document id
Remember that the documents hava a _id property by default and this value is created by MongoDB to be unique

To update a document using the id we do it using ObjectId(id)

> db.superheroes.updateOne({"_id": ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e77")}, { $set: { "name": "THE HULK"}})
{ "acknowledged" : true, "matchedCount" : 1, "modifiedCount" : 1 }

We can also search by id

> db.superheroes.find({ "_id": ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e77")}).pretty()
{
  "_id" : ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e77"),
  "name" : "THE HULK",
  "image" : "hulk.jpg",
  "power" : 100
}

Excelent now we can use _id in our queries

Practice

Exercise 8

Delete a document

To delete a document we use deleteOne
This method will delete the first document that match the query criteria

To be sure that we don't delete the wrong document we can use _id too

> db.superheroes.deleteOne({ "_id": ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e77")})
{ "acknowledged" : true, "deletedCount" : 1 }

> db.superheroes.find({ "_id": ObjectId("5b0569b32c95847cf4135e77")})
>

Using deleteOne and ObjectId() we can delete a document
We could use any criteria (example: name property) to delete a document by
In case we need to delete many documents with the same criteria we can use the collection method deleteMany
```
> db.superheroes.deleteMany({})
{ "acknowledged" : true, "deletedCount" : 8 }
```
As we passed an empty array we delete all the collections documents

Practice

Exercise 9

Node.js integration

To use MongoDB from Node.js we need to use the MongoDB official driver
```
npm i mongodb
```
Once we installed Mongo we need to require MongoClient from this module
```
const MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
```
Also we need to set up MongoDB url to connect with
```
const url = 'mongodb://localhost:27017';
```
We know that by default MongoDB uses port 27017 and we have it installed in our local environment
MongoClient has a connect method that allows us to connect to MongoDB using Node.j
This method accepts the MongoDB server address (url) and a callback function
The callback function gets two parameters:
- The first parameter is an error object
- The second parameter ir a client object
```
MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, client) {
  console.log("Connected successfully to server");
});
```
We're going to use the client object to get the database
The client object has a db method that accepts a string with the database name
It returns a database object
```
const db = client.db('comics');
```
The same as using MongoDB shell we need to use a collection
The db object that we got from the client one has a collection method that allow us to select the collection
This method accepts a string with the collection name

This method returns a collection object

const collection = db.collection('superheroes');

Now that we have the collection we can use the find method to query
The find method accepts an object with the criteria to search by
```
collection.find({})
```
The find method returns a cursor object
We need to find a way to transform our cursor into objects to use the documents we get back
That's why the cursor object has a toArray method that will transform the result into an array of objects (documents)
The toArray object accepts a callback
This callback gets two parameters, first an error and second the documents that it get back
```
collection.find({}).toArray((error, documents) => {
  console.log(documents);
})
```
As we opened a connection to the MongoDB we need to close it if we're not using it
The client object has a close method that will close the database connection
```
client.close();
```
Great now we know how the mongodb driver works

Lets put everything together

const MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient;
const url = 'mongodb://localhost:27017';

MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, client) {
  const db = client.db('comics');
  const collection = db.collection('superheroes');

  collection.find({}).toArray((error, documents) => {
    console.log(documents);
    client.close();
  });
});

Using express we'll need to add this code to our route handler

app.get('/', (req, res) => {
  MongoClient.connect(url, function(err, client) {
    const db = client.db('comics');
    const collection = db.collection('superheroes');

    collection.find({}).toArray((error, documents) => {
      client.close();
      res.render('index', { documents: documents });
    });
  });
});

Close the connection before sending the response to the client
Now we know how to query MongoDB from Node.js and also using Express route
But what about inserting, updating or deleting documents?
The MongoDB driver has methods for each case
Check the MongoDB driver collection methods doc
As you can see there're a lot of things that we can do once we have a collection

To insert documents we have two methods: insertOne & insertMany

const doc = { "name": "CAPTAIN MARVEL", "image": "captainmarvel.jpg" };

collection.insertOne(doc, (err, result) => {
  callback(result);
});

Now insert many documents using an array

const documents = [
  { "name": "CAPTAIN MARVEL", "image": "captainmarvel.jpg" },
  { "name": "HULK", "image": "hulk.jpg" },
  { "name": "THOR", "image": "thor.jpg" }
];

collection.insertMany(documents, (err, result) => {
  callback(result);
});

Update also has two methods: updateOne & updateMany
This updates methods accepts a filter object as first parameter

Also accepts a second parameter that's a callback

const filter = { name: 'HULK' };
const update = { $set: { power: 100 } };

collection.updateOne(filter, update, (err, result) => {
    callback(result);
});

We can do the same with updateMany

const filter = { name: 'HULK' };
const update = { $set: { power: 100 } };

collection.updateMany(doc, update, (err, result) => {
    callback(result);
});

If we have more than one document with the name HULK it will update the power to 100
Finally we can delete documents using MongoDB driver two methods: deleteOne & deleteMany
As we're going to delete documents now it's a good time about MongoDB ObjectID

MongoDB driver has a

const ObjectID = require('mongodb').ObjectID;
const filter = { _id:  ObjectID('5b07560bda15952ac0b33e6c')};

collection.deleteOne(query, function(err, result) {
    callback(result);
  });

Practice

Exercise 10

Exercise 11

Other Databases

Express apps can use any database supported by Node (Express itself doesn't define any specific additional behavior/requirements for database management). There are many popular options, including PostgreSQL, MySQL, Redis, SQLite, and MongoDB.

Using an ODM/ORM

Rather than using the databases' native query language (e.g. SQL), you can use an Object Data Model ("ODM") / Object Relational Model ("ORM"). An ODM/ORM represents the website's data as JavaScript objects, which are then mapped to the underlying database. Some ORMs are tied to a specific database, while others provide a database-agnostic backend.
- Pros
  - Easier for programmers can continue to think in terms of JavaScript objects rather than database semantics
  - Provide an obvious place to perform validation and checking of data
- Cons
  - Less performant than native query languages

Mongoose

Mongoose is a MongoDB object modeling tool designed to work in an asynchronous environment. Mongoose supports both promises and callbacks.
Installing Mongoose and MongoDB
```
npm install mongoose
```

Connecting to MongoDB

Mongoose requires a connection to a MongoDB database. You can require() and connect to a locally hosted database with mongoose.connect(), as shown below.

//Import the mongoose module
var mongoose = require('mongoose');

//Set up default mongoose connection
var mongoDB = 'mongodb://127.0.0.1/my_database';
mongoose.connect(mongoDB, { useNewUrlParser: true });

//Get the default connection
var db = mongoose.connection;

//Bind connection to error event (to get notification of connection errors)
db.on('error', console.error.bind(console, 'MongoDB connection error:'));

Defining and creating models

Models are defined using the Schema interface.
The Schema allows you to define the fields stored in each document along with their validation requirements and default values.
```
const mongoose = require('mongoose');

const superHeroSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
  name: String
});
```
A SchemaType is then a configuration object for an individual property.

Schemas are then "compiled" into models using the mongoose.model() method.

const SuperHeroModel = mongoose.model('SuperHeroModel', superHeroSchema);

The following are all the valid SchemaTypes in Mongoose. Mongoose plugins can also add custom SchemaTypes:
- String
- Number
- Date
- Buffer
- Boolean
- Mixed
- ObjectId
- Array
- Decimal128
- Map
Mongoose provides built-in and custom validators, and synchronous and asynchronous validators.
The built-in validators include:
- All SchemaTypes have the built-in required validator. This is used to specify whether the field must be supplied in order to save a document.
- Numbers have min and max validators.
- Strings have:
  - enum: specifies the set of allowed values for the field.
  - match: specifies a regular expression that the string must match.
  - maxlength and minlength for the string.
```
var superHeroSchema = new Schema({
  movieCount: {
    type: Number,
    min: [0, 'Too few movies'],
    max: 12,
    required: [true, 'Why no movies?']
  },
  brand: {
    type: String,
    enum: ['Marvel', 'DC']
  }
});
```
While you can create schemas and models using any file structure you like, we highly recommend defining each model schema in its own module (file), exporting the method to create the model.

./models/superhero.model.js
```
const mongoose = require('mongoose');

const superHeroSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
  name: String
});
module.exports = mongoose.model('SuperHeroModel', superHeroSchema);
```

Using models

Creating Documents

An instance of a model is called a document. Creating them and saving to the database is easy.

var SuperHeroModel = require('../models/superhero.model')

var hero = new SuperHeroModel({ name: 'WOLVERINE' });
hero.save(function (err) {
  if (err) return handleError(err);
  // saved!
});

// or

SuperHeroModel.create({ name: 'WOLVERINE' }, function (err, small) {
  if (err) return handleError(err);
  // saved!
});

// or, for inserting large batches of documents
SuperHeroModel.insertMany([{ name: 'WOLVERINE' }], function(err) {

});

Querying Documents

Finding documents is easy with Mongoose, which supports the rich query syntax of MongoDB. Documents can be retreived using each models find, findById, findOne, or where static methods.
```
SuperHeroModel.find({ name: 'WOLVERINE' }).where('createdDate').gt(oneYearAgo).exec(callback);
```

Updating Documents

Each model has its own update method for modifying documents in the database without returning them to your application. See the API docs for more detail.

SuperHeroModel.deleteOne({ brand: 'DC' }, function (err) {
  if (err) return handleError(err);
  // deleted at most one tank document
});
SuperHeroModel.updateOne({ name: 'WOLVERINE' }, { name: 'LOGAN' }, function(err, res) {
  // Updated at most one doc, `res.modifiedCount` contains the number
  // of docs that MongoDB updated
});

Deleting Documents

Models have static deleteOne() and deleteMany() functions for removing all documents matching the given filter.

SuperHeroModel.deleteOne({ brand: 'DC' }, function (err) {
  if (err) return handleError(err);
  // deleted at most one tank document
});

Practice

Exercise 12

Exercise 13

Assets

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MongoDB & Mongoose

What's a database?

Database types

Relational Databases assets

NoSQL

MongoDB

Install MongoDB

MongoDB videos

Start MongoDB instance

MongoDB shell

Document create

Practice

Read a collection

Document Query

Practice

Cursor

Practice

Collection drop

Database drop

Insert multiple documents

Practice

Pretty results

Practice

Practice

Update a document

Practice

Delete a document

Practice

Node.js integration

Practice

Other Databases

Using an ODM/ORM

Mongoose

Connecting to MongoDB

Defining and creating models

Using models

Creating Documents

Querying Documents

Updating Documents

Deleting Documents

Practice

Assets

Let's Checkout Deploying