As far as I know there are three ways to install native Linux applications:

1. Build a ChromiumOS image and customize its packages. Very inflexible. After you've built the image and boot the computer, you can no longer add new programs due to ChromeOS' security policy. ChromeOS mounts writable partions as non-executable, and executable partitions as non-writable. Did I mention setting up the build environment is intimidating too?
2. Install a real Linux distro the approved way. Somewhat tedious (but now can be automated).
3. Install a standard x86/x64 OS, after you flash the BIOS.

This project adds a package manager to ChromeOS running on Cr-48, so that you can install native Linux applications without setting up a separate OS.

I chose to port dpkg/apt from Ubuntu Karmic, because its glibc 2.10.1 matches the version on ChromeOS. Using any rolling distro on top of ChromeOS is impossible, although I like Debian and Arch so much more.

Compilers (gcc and ghc), editors (emacs), x11-apps, and git have been successfully installed. This project is now completely self hosted without relying on an Ubuntu system for development. I personally consider it to be more than enough for casual programming.

# Turn off rootfs verification
sudo /usr/share/vboot/bin/make_dev_ssd.sh --remove_rootfs_verification
sudo reboot

sudo mount -o remount,rw /

# Remount /var exec because dpkg wants to execute scripts extracted from .deb files
# To avoid running this command after each reboot, copy the modified /sbin/chromeos_startup
sudo mount -o remount,exec /var

# Download dpkg's data.tar.gz from Ubuntu Karmic or this git project, extract it to / to get the dpkg binary
cd /; sudo tar zxf /path/to/data.tar.gz

# Create files needed by dpkg
sudo touch /var/lib/dpkg/status /var/lib/dpkg/available

# Copy ldconfig and update-rc.d, they are needed by dpkg

# Satisfy dpkg's dependencies by installing fake debs

# Install dpkg.deb for real

# Install apt.deb and copy /etc/apt

To download a .deb file, run sudo apt-get -d install --reinstall foo and you'll find /var/cache/apt/archives/foo*.deb.

Before you apt-get install a program, double check if it's pulling in any dependency that will overwrite existing files. Doing so may break the login manager, the browser, or any other critical program. I've created a simple tool TestPkg that looks at the dependencies and try to guess if they already exist on the system. If they do, a fake deb will be created. If it's unsure, i.e. some files exist but others don't, it lists the files and let the user decide. There are still some bugs in spawning child processes, so you may have to run the tool first to download the dependencies and rerun it again.

For example, before installing git-core, run ./tools/TestPkg git-core to test its dependencies and create fake debs. dpkg -i the fake debs and then apt-get install git-core.

I'll be updating the wiki for compatible programs.

Modifying your root file system will most likely disable ChromeOS' auto update. Overwriting existing libraries may make your system fail to start. But good thing is you're always able to restore to factory setting.

The root partition's size is only about 800 MB which is easily filled up by new packages. One solution is to resize the partitions. I chose to make use of the other inactive backup root partition. Since ChromeOS hasn't been updated yet, the active root partition is on /dev/sda3, and the inactive one on /dev/sda5.

I mounted /dev/sda5, erased its content, then moved the files under /usr/share over to free up space on the active root partition. I then need to tell the system to mount /dev/sda5 under /usr/share after booting up. If you're following through, you can uncomment the mount line in the modified /sbin/chromeos_startup.

I've created a simple tool FakePkg that automates the process of generating fake packages. Simply add the name of the package to fake-debs/build-debs.sh. If you've tested a fake package can be safely added, please send me a pull request and explain what real package was safely installed that requires the fake package you added.

You're also welcome to improve my simple tools, or report which packages can be safely installed.

I admit my approach is an ugly hack and if you know a better solution please let me know.

The concept of home directory is a little confusing under ChromeOS. Some programs use /home/chronos/ and others use /home/chronos/user/.

SSH client stores known_hosts under /home/chronos/user/.ssh, but reads config and keys from /home/chronos/.ssh.

Git reads .gitconfig from /home/chronos/user/.

ChromiumOS manages packages based on Gentoo's portage system. Its overlay can be viewed on the web and cloned from http://git.chromium.org/git/chromiumos-overlay. chromeos/scripts/setup_board sets the version of the system packages such as glibc.

To get an overview of the packages, we can run ls * at the top level. The structure resembles Gentoo a lot, except that many packages are removed. In fact I believe the ebuilds are taken from Gentoo directly. ChromeOS-specific ebuilds are found under chromeos-base/.

When you emerge the virtual package chromeos (there are some variants like chromeos-dev and chromeos-factoryinstall), image building starts and dependencies are pulled in. Unfortunately, while the package manager (sys-apps/portage) and the toolchain (sys-devel/) are in the portage, they don't get built into the image.

The stock system on beta channel seems to be built from ChromiumOS' 0.9.128.B branch (B for beta?), with some changes (some dev packages removed, and some proprietary drivers added).

Another important piece of code is the verified bootloader and the disk management utilities, available via git at http://git.chromium.org/git/vboot_reference.

For more information, see http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-guide
http://www.chromium.org/tips-and-tricks-for-chromium-os-developers
http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/how-tos-and-troubleshooting
http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/building-chromium-os/directory-structure

ChromeOS uses Ubuntu's upstart to handle starting of tasks and services during boot, stopping them during shutdown and supervising them while the system is running. Unfortunately ChromeOS seems to have reduced upstart's functionality. There's no /etc/init.d directory for managing daemons. There are many interesting scripts under /etc/init. For example, we can get a shell by pressing Ctrl-Alt-F2. It's actually controlled by /etc/init/tty2.conf. We can enable Ctrl-Alt-F3 by copying it to tty3.conf and replacing tty2 with tty3 in the file. Another more interesting file is /etc/init/startup.conf, which passes control to /sbin/chromeos_startup. This script is run on startup and we've already seen changing this file can be very useful.

Some people are creating their own unofficial images. I find this one particularly interesting. Its .pkglist files list the included packages.

1. Verify more packages
2. Write scripts for auto installation
3. Improve the tools, especially TestPkg.