Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben | |
|---|---|
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| Born | Friedrich Wilhelm Steuben September 17, 1730 |
| Died | November 28, 1794 (aged 64) |
Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (September 17, 1730 – November 28, 1794) was a German fighter who helped the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. At Valley Forge, he taught the Continental Army how to fight the European way.[1][2][3]
Early life
[change | change source]Steuben was born September 17, 1730 in Magdeburg. At the time, Magdeburg was in the Kingdom of Prussia.[3]
Steuben's father worked with engineers in the 1744 Siege of Prague.[1]
Steuben joined the Prussian army when he was 16. He learned that the Prussian army was a good army because it was very disciplined. He became a lieutenant. He fought in the Seven Years War. He became a captain.[1] He worked for General Johann von Mayer.[3] In 1762, he was aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great.[3] Steuben was in the army 17 years.
In 1763, Steuben was pushed out of the army because there was peace and the government wanted the army to be smaller.[1]
Middle career
[change | change source]Steuben went to work for the court of a small German country called Hohenzollern-Hechingen. In 1769, the prince of Baden added Steuben to the chivalric Order of Fidelity. That meant Steuben was allowed to use the title Freiherr, meaning "free lord," or "baron."[1]
In America
[change | change source]In 1777, Hohenzollern-Hechingen lost its money, and von Steuben needed a new job. He looked for army jobs in Europe, but Europe was mostly at peace. He looked for a job with the Prince of Baden, but someone told stories that von Steuben had "taken liberties with young boys," meaning someone called him a pedophile.[4]
The Revolutionary War had started in North America. Von Steuben looked for a job with the Continental Army. He went to France and met Benjamin Franklin and Silas Deane.[3] Franklin and Deane wanted von Steuben to help the Continental Army, so they wrote to the Continental Congress. They lied and said he had been a general in the Prussian army (he had really only been a captain). They told other lies too. They did this because many, many Europeans from rich or noble families wanted to fight in the Continental Army. Many of them expected to be generals, but the Continental Army was not large enough for so many generals. Also, many of them had not fought in wars before, and the Continental Congress sent them home. Franklin and Deane knew that only a very, very good story would make Congress hire von Steuben.[1]
Von Steuben came to America in 1777. He told Congress he did not mind if he was not a general. He told the Continental Congress that they only had to pay him if they won the war. They hired him.[1]
Von Steuben went to Valley Forge and met General George Washington. Washington made von Steuben Acting Inspector General and told him to teach the Continental Army soldiers how to fight the European way.[1]
Von Steuben taught the soldiers how to drill, meaning he made them practice marching, shooting, and fighting together until they were good fighters. He made all the officers use the same drills so the soldiers would not be confused in a real battle. He also told Washington and Congress which weapons and supplies they should buy, for example bayonets.[1]
Von Steuben did not speak English well. Instead, he cursed at the soldiers in French and German. The Continental soldiers liked him anyway.[1]
One problem with the Continental Army was that the officers who did drill their men sometimes used different drills. This made the soldiers confused in real battles. Von Steuben, the Marquis de Lafayette, and Alexander Hamilton wrote one drill book for the whole Continental Army, the Blue Book. The American military used it until after the War of 1812.[2][3]
Von Steuben wrote to a friend, "The genius of this nation is not in the least to be compared with that of the Prussian, Austrians, or French. You say to your soldier 'Do this and he doeth it'; but I am obliged to say [to the American soldier]: 'This is the reason why you ought to do that: and then he does it.'"
After the Battle of Monmouth, Congress gave von Steuben the rank Major General. He led soldiers at the Battle of Yorktown and other battles.[3]
Later life
[change | change source]Von Steuben died in November 28, 1794 at his home in New York State.[1][3]
Sexuality
[change | change source]Von Steuben was accused of being a pedophile,[4] but it was never proven.[1][5]
Historians today believe von Steuben was homosexual, meaning he had relationships with other adult men. It was an open secret, meaning that Washington and other people knew von Steuben was homosexual and decided not to talk about it.[5][6][7][8]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Erick Trickey (April 26, 2017). "The Prussian Nobleman Who Helped Save the American Revolution". Smithsonian. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mary Stockwell. "Baron von Steuben". Mount Vernon. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 "General von Steuben". National Park Service. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 John Lockhart (November 8, 2008). "Revolutonary Scamp". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 William E. Benemann (June 3, 2014). Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships. Routledge. p. 97. ISBN 9781317953463. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
- ↑ Jacob Ogles (February 2, 2018). "15 Gay Founding Fathers and Mothers". Advocate. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
- ↑ Samathan Schmidt (November 16, 2019). "'Like chasing shadows': Uncovering Colonial Williamsburg's LGBTQ history". Retrieved December 31, 2020.
- ↑ Jackie Botts (May 3, 2019). "ABCs of LGBTQ history mandated for more U.S. public schools". Reuters. Retrieved December 31, 2020.