Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Aksara Siddham

{{Infobox Writing system|children=[[Aksara Tibet]] jeung katurunanna|fam1={{hipotesis abjad aram-brahmi}}|fam2=[[Aksara Gupta]]|languages=[[Sanskerta]]|name=Aksara Siddham|reg=[[India]], [[Cina]], [[Jepang]]|sample=Siddham script (consonants) sample.svg|sample_desc=Huruf-huruf konsonan dalam aksara Siddham. Varian suatu huruf tidak disertakan.|sisters=[[Aksara Nagari]]<br />[[Aksara Śāradā]]|time=Kira-kira ngawitan ti [[600]] [[Masehi|M]], nepi ka [[1200]] [[Masehi|M]] di [[India]], jeung nepi ka kiwari di [[Jepang]]|type=[[Abugida]]}}'''Aksara Siddhaṃ''' atawa '''Siddhamātṛkā''' (tina [[basa Sangsekerta]] ''siddhaṃ'' hartina "suksés" atawa "sampurna") nyaéta ngaran aksara ti India Kalér anu dipaké pikeun nulis [[basa Sangsekerta]]. Aksara ieu diturunkeun tina [[Aksara Brahmi]] ngaliwatan Aksara Gupta, anu ogé nurunkeun [[Aksara Devanagari]] jeung Aksara [[Asia]] anu henteu jiga [[Aksara Tibét]].

Aksara Siddham téh nyaéta salahsahiji abugida anu mangrupa bentuk hibrida antara aksara jeung sistem panulisan dumasar suku kata, sararua jeung Aksara India anu séjénna jeung ogé Aksara di Nusantara jiga [[Aksara Sunda|Kaganga]]. Masing-masing Hurup geus ngandung vokal a jeung bisa dirobah ku cara ''ngantelkeun'' [[Aksara Sunda|tanda diakritik]] ([[Aksara Sunda]] ''rarangkén'' ). Tuluy unggal aksara bisa dihapus vokalna ku ''pamaéh'' ([[Basa Sangsekerta|Sanskrit]] ''virama)''

Kiwari naskah Siddham dipaké ngan ukur di [[Jepang]] pikeun nulis [[mantra]] jeung niron [[Sutra|Sutera]] . Di Jepang naskah ieu dipikawanoh salaku ''bonji'' (梵字), di ''sakola mikkyo'' Budha (密 教, Buddhis ésotéris) ti aliran Shingon jeung Tendai Buddhisme sarta sékte sinkrétis Shugendō; di tempat séjén geus euweuh deui anu maké ieu aksara (punah). Kūkai ngawanohkeun naskah Siddham ka Jepang basa manéhna balik ti [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] taun [[806]], tempat anjeunna dialajar basa Sanskerta jeung biksu ti Nalanda, kaasup saurang lalaki anu ngarana Prajñā. Sutera anu dibawa ka Cina ti India ditulis dina rupa-rupa naskah, jeung naskah Siddham téh mangrupa naskah anu pang pentingna. Basa Kūkai diajar naskah ieu, jalur darat ka India, bagéan tina Jalan Sutra enggeus ditutup ku Kakaisaran Islam Abbasiyah anu geus ngalegaan. Dina panengahan [[Abad ka-10|abad ka-9]], Cina ngaberesihan internalna tina "agama luar", nu ngakibatkeun pegatna wewengkon Jepang tina sumber téks Siddham. Samentara éta, aksara séjénna saperti Devanagari geus jadi aksara nu loba dipaké di India beulah Kalér, ngagantikeun Siddham nu ngakibatkeun Jepang jadi hiji-hijina tempat naskah ieu disimpen, khususna pikeun nyalin mantra jeung Sutera. Ngan ayeuna aya inovasi pikeun nuliskeun Aksara Bonji dina T-Shirt (Kaos) di Jepang.

== Hurup ==
=== Vokal ===
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-style="font-size:80%"
!Wangun mandiri!!Romanisasi!!Salaku [[diakritik]] pikeun [[File:siddham kya.svg|14px]]!!Wangun mandiri!!Romanisasi!!Salaku diakritik pikeun [[File:siddham kya.svg|14px]]
|-
| [[File:siddham a.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|a}}||[[File:siddham kya.svg|24px|link=]]
| [[File:siddham aa.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|ā}}||[[File:siddham kyaa.svg|24px|link=]]
|-
| [[File:siddham i.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|i}}||[[File:siddham kyi.svg|24px|link=]]
| [[File:siddham ii.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|ī}}||[[File:siddham kyii.svg|24px|link=]]
|-
| [[File:siddham u.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|u}}||[[File:siddham kyu.svg|24px|link=]]
| [[File:siddham uu.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|ū}}||[[File:siddham kyuu.svg|24px|link=]]
|-
| [[File:siddham e.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|e}}||[[File:siddham kye.svg|24px|link=]]
| [[File:siddham ai.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|ai}}||[[File:siddham kyai.svg|24px|link=]]
|-
| [[File:siddham o.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|o}}||[[File:siddham kyo.svg|24px|link=]]
| [[File:siddham au.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|au}}||[[File:siddham kyau.svg|24px|link=]]
|-
| [[File:siddham am.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|aṃ}}||[[File:siddham kyam.svg|24px|link=]]
| [[File:siddham ah.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|aḥ}}||[[File:siddham kyah.svg|24px|link=]]
|}
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-style="font-size:80%"
!Wangun mandiri!!Romanisasi!!Salaku diakritik pikeun [[File:siddham k.svg|14px]]!!Wangun mandiri!!Romanisasi!!Salaku diakritik pikeun [[File:siddham k.svg|14px]]
|-
| [[File:siddham ri.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|ṛ}}||[[File:siddham kri.svg|24px|link=]]
| [[File:siddham rii.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|ṝ}}||style="background:#dddddd;"|
|-
| [[File:siddham li.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|ḷ}}||style="background:#dddddd;"|
| [[File:siddham lii.svg|24px|link=]]||{{IAST|ḹ}}||style="background:#dddddd;"|
|}

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Wangun alternatip
|-
| [[File:siddham aa1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ā}}
| [[File:siddham i1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|i}}
| [[File:siddham i2.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|i}}
| [[File:siddham ii1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ī}}
| [[File:siddham ii2.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ī}}
| [[File:siddham u1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|u}}
| [[File:siddham uu1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ū}}
| [[File:siddham o1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|o}}
| [[File:siddham au1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|au}}
| [[File:siddham am1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|aṃ}}
|}

=== Konsonan ===

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="3"|
!colspan="4"|[[Konsonan letup|Letup]]
!rowspan="3"|[[Konsonan nasal|Sengau]]
!rowspan="3"|[[Konsonan hampiran|Hampiran]]
!rowspan="3"|[[Konsonan frikatif|Tiup]]
|-
!colspan="2" style="font-size:80%"|[[Suara (fonetik)|Tanpasora]]
!colspan="2" style="font-size:80%"|[[Suara (fonetik)|Nyora]]
|-
! style="font-size:80%"|[[Apirasi (fonetik)|Tanpaembus]]
! style="font-size:80%"|Ngembus
! style="font-size:80%"|Tanpaembus
! style="font-size:80%"|Ngembus
|-
![[Konsonan glotal|Cera]]
|colspan="6" style="background:#dddddd;"|
| [[File:siddham h.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|h}}
|-
![[Konsonan velar|Langkang]]
| [[File:siddham k.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|k}}
| [[File:siddham kh.svg|24px|link=]]kh
| [[File:siddham g.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|g}}
| [[File:siddham gh.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|gh}}
| [[File:siddham ng.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ṅ}}
|colspan="2" style="background:#dddddd;"|
|-
![[Konsonan palatal|Langit]]
| [[File:siddham c.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|c}}
| [[File:siddham ch.svg|24px|link=]] d
| [[File:siddham j.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|j}}
| [[File:siddham jh.svg|24px|link=]] a
| [[File:siddham ny2.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ñ}}
| [[File:siddham y.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|y}}
| [[File:siddham sh1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ś}}
|-
![[Konsonan retrofleks|Tarbel]]
| [[File:siddham tt.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ṭ}}
| [[File:siddham tth.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ṭh}}
| [[File:siddham dd.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ḍ}}
| [[File:siddham ddh.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ḍh}}
| [[File:siddham nn.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ṇ}}
| [[File:siddham r.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|r}}
| [[File:siddham ss.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ṣ}}
|-
![[Konsonan dental|Huntu]]
| [[File:siddham t.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|t}}
| [[File:siddham th.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|th}}
| [[File:siddham d.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|d}}
| [[File:siddham dh2.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|dh}}
| [[File:siddham n.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|n}}
| [[File:siddham l.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|l}}
| [[File:siddham s.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|s}}
|-
![[Konsonan bilabial|Duabiwir]]
| [[File:siddham p.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|p}}
| [[File:siddham ph.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ph}}
| [[File:siddham b.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|b}}
| [[File:siddham bh.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|bh}}
| [[File:siddham m.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|m}}
|colspan="2" style="background:#dddddd;"|
|-
![[Konsonan labiodental|Birgi]]
| colspan="5" style="background:#dddddd;"|
| [[File:siddham v3.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|v}}
|colspan="1" style="background:#dddddd;"|
|}

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Konjungsi dalam aksara
|-
| [[File:siddham kss.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|kṣ}}
| style="background:#dddddd;"|[[File:siddham llm.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|llaṃ}}
|}

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Wangun alternatip
|-
| [[File:siddham ch1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ch}}
| [[File:siddham j1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|j}}
| [[File:siddham ny.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ñ}}
| [[File:Siddham tt1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ṭ}}
| [[File:Siddham tth1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ṭh}}
| [[File:Siddham ddh1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ḍh}}
| [[File:Siddham ddh2.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ḍh}}
| [[File:siddham nn1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ṇ}}
| [[File:siddham nn3.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ṇ}}
| [[File:Siddham th1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|th}}
| [[File:Siddham th2.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|th}}
| [[File:siddham dh.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|dh}}
| [[File:Siddham n2.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|n}}
| [[File:Siddham m1.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|m}}
| [[File:Siddham sh.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ś}}
| [[File:Siddham sh2.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|ś}}
| [[File:Siddham v.svg|24px|link=]] {{IAST|v}}
|}

== Référénsi ==

* John Stevens. ''Kaligrafi Suci Wétan'' . (Boston: Shambala, 1995)
* Taikō Yamasaki. ''Shingon: Budha Esoterik Jepang'' . (Fresno: Shingon Buddhist International Institute, 1988)

== Tumbu luar ==

* {{En icon}} [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/siddham.htm Siddham alphabet on Omniglot]
* {{En icon}} [http://www.visiblemantra.org/index.html Examples of Siddham mantras] with Roman alphabet equivalents
* {{En icon}} [http://www.visiblemantra.org/heartsutra.html The Heart Sutra]
* {{En icon}} [http://www.siddham.org/yuan_english/mantra/main_mantra.html Examples of Siddham mantras] Chinese language website.
* {{En icon}} [http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/scripts.html Scripts and Languages of India]
* {{En icon}} [http://www.mandalar.com/DisplayJ/Bonji/index.html Bonji Siddham] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627192919/http://www.mandalar.com/DisplayJ/Bonji/index.html |date=2009-06-27 }} Character and Pronunciation
* {{En icon}} [http://www.bonjibar.com/E/index.html Bonji Bar] Bonji Decoration Bar in Asakusa, Tokyo
* {{En icon}} [http://www.visiblemantra.org/2006_11_01_archive.html Siddham/Japanese writing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706122711/http://www.visiblemantra.org/2006_11_01_archive.html |date=2008-07-06 }} Diarsipkan 2008-07-06 di Wayback Machine. on a teeshirt.
[[Kategori:Budaya Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Buddhisme]]