Nenda kwa yaliyomo

Maya

Hariri viungo
Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
Hekalu - piramidi ya Kimaya.
Ukurasa kutoka kitabu cha Kimaya kwa mwandiko ya hiroglifi.

Maya ni jina la ustaarabu uliostawi kusini mwa Meksiko ya leo (rasi ya Yucatan) pamoja na Gwatemala, Belize na sehemu za Honduras na El Salvador kuanzia mwaka 2000 hivi KK hadi waliposhindwa na Wahispania kutoka Ulaya (karne ya 16 na ya 17 BK).

Historia

[hariri | hariri chanzo]

Watu wa kwanza waliofika huko kutoka kaskazini walikuwa Waindio, wajukuu wa wahamiaji walioingia Amerika kutoka Asia ya Kaskazini. Hakuna uhakika kufika huko kulitokea lini: labda miaka 10,000 iliyopita[1].

Hao Waindio walikuwa wakulima hodari sana na mazao mbalimbali ambayo leo ni msingi wa chakula kote duniani yalianzishwa na kupandishwa nao, yakiwa pamoja na mahindi, mboga na nyanya. Kilimo cha mahindi hukadiriwa kilianzishwa takriban mnamo mwaka 9000 KK[2][3].

Kilimo kiliweka msingi kwa vijiji na jamii zilizoshirikiana katika maeneo makubwa. Miji ya kwanza inajulikana kuanzia takriban mwaka 1500 KK.

Wamaya waliishi katika vijiji na miji iliyojitegemea na kugombana kati yao mara kwa mara.

Wamaya walibuni mwandiko wa hiroglifi wenye alama nyingi kupita maandishi mengine katika Amerika ya Kale na kutunga vitabu. Waliendeleza pia hisabati, wakijua namba "sifuri" na kuboresha mfumo wa kalenda.

Walikuwa hodari sana katika astronomia yaani elimu ya nyota. Walipamba miji yao kwa majengo makubwa na mazuri na kuwa wafanyabiashara hodari. Sanaa yao ilijua uchongaji wa mawe na pia uchoraji.

Jamii ya Wamaya ilifikia kiwango cha juu kuanzia mwaka 500 KK wakati miji mikubwa ya kwanza ilipotokea. Mnamo mwaka 800 BK jamii za Wamaya katika Yucatan ziliporomoka; wataalamu wengi huamini ya kwamba mabadiliko ya ekolojia na halihewa pamoja na kuchoka kwa rutuba ya ardhi yalisababisha kutoka kwa watu katika makazi ya awali.

Lakini ustaarabu huu uliona tena kipindi cha kustawi katika maeneo mengine hadi kuja kwa Wahispania. Miji mbalimbali ya Wamaya iliendelea kujitetea dhidi ya wavamizi na Nojpeten, mji wa mwisho wa kujitegemea ulitekwa mwaka 1696 tu.

Tanbihi

[hariri | hariri chanzo]
  1. ↑ Michael S. Werner (January 2001). Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico. Taylor & Francis. pp. 386–. ISBN 978-1-57958-337-8
  2. ↑ A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 30; 99(9): 6080–6084. doi: 10.1073/pnas.052125199
  3. ↑ ""The Evolution of Corn". University of Utah HEALTH SCIENCES. Retrieved 2 January 2016". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2016-04-01. Iliwekwa mnamo 2016-04-01.

Marejeo

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Milbrath, Susan (1999). "Stars, the Milky Way, Comets, and Meteors". Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars. Austin, Texas, US: University of Texas Press. ku. 249–293. ISBN 0292752253. OCLC 40848420 – kutoka Project MUSE. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
Miles, Susanna W. (1952). "An Analysis of the Modern Middle American Calendars: A Study in Conservation". Katika Sol Tax (mhr.). Acculturation in the Americas. Proceedings and selected papers of the International Congress of Americanists. Chicago, Illinois, US: University of Chicago Press. ku. 273–284. OCLC 180504894.
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Rice, Prudence M.; Don S. Rice (2009). "Introduction to the Kowoj and their Petén Neighbors". Katika Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) (mhr.). The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. ku. 3–15. ISBN 978-0-87081-930-8. OCLC 225875268. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
Rice, Prudence M.; Don S. Rice; Timothy W. Pugh; Rómulo Sánchez Polo (2009). "Defensive Architecture and the Context of Warfare at Zacpetén". Katika Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) (mhr.). The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. ku. 123–140. ISBN 978-0-87081-930-8. OCLC 225875268. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
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Salisbury, David; Mimi Koumenalis; Barbara Moffett (19 Septemba 2002). "Newly revealed hieroglyphs tell story of superpower conflict in the Maya world" (PDF). Exploration: the online research journal of Vanderbilt University. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Office of Science and Research Communications. OCLC 50324967. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2015-05-20. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-05-20. {{cite journal}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2014-11-02 suggested (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Saturno, William A.; David Stuart; Boris Beltrán (2006-03-03). "Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala". Science. New Series. 311 (5765). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1281–1283. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1281S. doi:10.1126/science.1121745. ISSN 1095-9203. JSTOR 3845835. OCLC 863047799. PMID 16400112. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
Schele, Linda; Peter Mathews (1999). The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs. New York, US: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-85209-6. OCLC 41423034.
SFU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. "Featured Artifacts: Mayan Eccentric Flints". Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada: Simon Fraser University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-11-02. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-03-31.
Sharer, Robert J. (2000). "The Maya Highlands and the Adjacent Pacific Coast". Katika Richard E.W. Adams and Murdo J. Macleod (eds.) (mhr.). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ku. 449–499. ISBN 0-521-35165-0. OCLC 33359444. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
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Tanaka, Yuki (2008). A Comparative Study of Maya Hieroglyphic Writing and Japanese Orthography in the Quirigua Hieroglyphic Corpus. Ann Arbor, Michigan, US: ProQuest. ISBN 9780549999898.
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Tedlock, Barbara (1992) [1982]. Time and the Highland Maya (tol. la Revised). Albuquerque, New Mexico, US: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-1358-4. OCLC 45732799.
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