Internet of Things
IoT Components
[Sensors, Actuators, Microcontrollers, Networks]
Sensors
• Fundamental building blocks of IoT
• What a sensor does: It senses
• Devices/modules that detect events or changes in the environment
• Measures a physical quantity Digital representation
Actuators
Actuator takes an electrical input signal and turns it into physical action
• Modify the environment
• Natural complements to sensors
Examples:
• LEDs
• Relays
• Motors
• Solenoid valves
• Buzzers
• Display
Sensors and Actuators
MicroControllers Units (MCU)
• A microcontroller is an integrated circuit that contains one or more
CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable
input/output peripherals
Arduino UNO Seeedstudio XIAO M5 Paper E-ink
Edge/Fog Computing Nodes
• Higher processing power: CPU + GPU
• Higher RAM and non-volatile storage
• Consume more power than MCUs
• Custom full-fledged operating system
Raspberry Pi Nvidia Jetson Google Coral
Networking and Services
Source: [Link]
What is Arduino?
• Arduino is an open-source hardware/software/company
• Designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers for building digital devices
• Arduino Boards (Hardware)
• Arduino IDE (Software) and Arduino Web Editor
• Arduino Cloud
• Arduino boards are able
• Read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button
• Send output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online
• Accomplished by executing a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the
board
• A program written in Arduino programming language is called a Sketch
Arduino Boards
Ardunio UNO Maker UNO NodeMCU ESP32
ESP32-CAM LilyPad Arduino XIAO TTGO-LoRa
Microcontroller Board Anatomy
General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
pins: Used to connect microcontrollers
to sensors, diodes, displays etc.
1) Digital pins: Use these pins to read
digital input, write digital output,
and write analog output (only on
the pins with the PWM ~ symbol)
2) Pin 13 LED: LED is very useful for
programming and debugging
3) Power LED: Indicates that your
board is receiving power
4) Microcontroller: The heart of your
board
5) Analog Pins: Use to read analog
input. Can be used as digital pins in
some boards. [ADC written]
Arduino UNO Board Anatomy
6) GND and 5V/3.3V pins: To provide
+5V/3.3V power and ground to your
circuits
7) Power connector: Provide power to the
board when it’s not plugged into a USB
port for power
8) TX and RX LEDs: These LEDs indicate
communication between your board and
your computer
• Flicker rapidly during sketch upload as well as
during serial communication
9) USB port: Used for powering your board,
uploading your sketches to your board,
and for communicating with your
program (via Serial. println() etc.).
10) Reset button: Resets the microcontroller
11) Boot button: Shift to bootloader mode
Arduino Programming
• What you need
• Arduino Board
• Programmer
• Arduino Web Editor ([Link] Hardware Mode
• Arduino IDE
• USB Cable
• Sensors and Actuators
Arduino Simulators
• Wokwi
• Tinkercad
• Virtual Breadboard & Avatar Hardware
• SimulIDE
• PICSimLab
• UnoArduSim
• IO Simulator
• ……..
Arduino IDE
Arduino IDE 2.3.2
[Link]
en/software
Exploring Arduino IDE
Menu Bar Board Manager Serial Monitor
Serial Plotter
Verify/Upload Sketchbook
Start Debug Board Manager
Library Manager
Debugger
Search
Editor
Status Bar
PandaByte xC3m
By PandaByte Innovations Pvt. Ltd.
• ESP32-C3 SoC
• Supports 2.4 GHz WiFi (802.11b/g/n) and Bluetooth 5
• 32-bit single-core processor, up to 160 MHz
• 384 KB ROM
• 400 KB SRAM
• 4 MB FLASH
• 15 GPIO Pins Programmable LED
Programmable Switch
Programmable RGB
Cores for the Boards
• Third party microcontroller boards are not directly supported
• Cores allow new microcontrollers to be programmed with Arduino IDE
• Possibly use existing libraries and examples
• How to install third party core:
• Find a specific file [link], written in JSON format
• Go to Arduino IDE Preferences Additional Board Manager URLs
• Past the JSON link
• Go to Board > Boards Manager
• Search for the board Install
xC3m Pinout Diagram
3V3 GPIO0 ADC1_0 SCL XTAL_32K_P
SCK RST GPIO1 ADC1_1 SDA XTAL_32K_N
ADC1_4 GPIO4 GPIO2 ADC1_2 BOOT
MISO LED ADC2_0 GPIO5 GPIO3 ADC1_3 CS
MOSI RGB GPIO6 GPIO19 USB_D+
BUTTON GPIO7 GPIO18 USB_D-
GPIO8 GPIO21 TX0
BOOT GPIO9 GPIO20 RX0
GND GPIO10
5V GND
Setting Up IDE: Board Manager
• File Preferences Additional Board Manager URLs
[Link]
• Tools Board Board Manager OR Click Board Manager ICON
⮚Select esp32 by Espressif
• Select Board
⮚PandaByte xC3 ESP32C3
A (Very) Simple Sketch
void setup() {
// Runs only Once
}
void loop() {
// Runs until board has power
}
Each sketch must be stored in a folder having the same name as the sketch file
Digital vs Analog
Digital vs Analog
Digital HIGH and LOW
• HIGH, 1, true
• A voltage ~3.3V is present at the pin (3.3V boards)
• A voltage ~5V is present at the pin (5V boards)
• LOW, 0, false
• A voltage ~0V is present at the pin (5V or 3.3V boards)
Digital I/O
• pinMode(pin, mode): Configures the specified pin to behave either as an INPUT or
an OUTPUT
Example: pinMode(13, OUTPUT)
pinMode(14, INPUT) //Optional
• digitalRead(pin): Reads the value from a specified digital pin, either HIGH (1) or
LOW (0)
Example: val = digitalRead(14);
• digitalWrite(pin, value): Write a HIGH or a LOW value to a digital pin. 5V for HIGH,
0V (ground) for LOW
Example: digitalWrite(13, HIGH)
WARNING: If the pin isn’t connected to anything, digitalRead()
can return either HIGH or LOW
Blink Example : Digital Output
• Arduino Sketch to blink an LED in ON-OFF
pattern
• Setting a GPIO pin to OUTPUT
Ground
• Set pin to LOW and HIGH alternatively Output
LED Module
xC3m LED
2 IN
[Link] G GND
Blink Example : Digital Output
• Arduino Sketch to blink RGB LED in ON-
OFF pattern
• Setting three GPIO pin to OUTPUT
• Set each pin to LOW and HIGH alternatively
RGB Module
xC3m RGB
1 R
2 G
3 B
[Link] G GND
Serial Monitor
• Used for communication between the Arduino board and a computer
or other devices or sensor/actuators.
• All Arduino boards have at least one serial port
• Functions
[Link](115200): Sets the data rate in bits per second (baud)
for serial data transmission
[Link]("Hello"): Prints data to the serial port as human-
readable ASCII text
[Link]
Blink Example : Digital Input Push
Button
R2
• Arduino Sketch to print a message to the Serial
Monitor when a push-button is pressed R1
• Setting a GPIO pin to INPUT and connect the push-button
• [Link] a message whenever button is pressed
• NOTE: If the analog input pin is not connected to Input
VCC
anything Ground
• Value will fluctuate
• Based on a number of factors
• Values of the other input pins nearby xC3m Switch
• Static 2 IN
3.3V VCC
Push Button Module
[Link] G GND
Blink Example : Digital Input & Output
• Arduino Sketch to turn an LED ON
whenever push-button is pressed
• Setting a GPIO pin to OUTPUT and another
pin to INPUT
• Set OUTPUT pin to HIGH whenever INPUT
pin is HIGH
xC3m RGB
1 R xC3m Switch
2 G 4 IN
3 B 3.3V VCC
[Link] G GND G GND
Internal Pull-up Resister
Push
Button
xC3m RGB
1 R
xC3m Switch 2 G
2 IN 3 B
G VCC G GND [Link]
Grove Ecosystem
Classical Connections Grove Interfaces
Grove Ecosystem Standard M-M
Cable
• Standardized 4 wire system
Standard Female
Header
pin Function Note Wire Color
Primary Digital/Analog
pin1 X Yellow
Input/Output
Secondary Digital/Analog
pin2 Y White
Input/Output
pin3 VCC Power for Grove Module, 5V/3.3V Red
pin4 GND Ground Black
Grove Ecosystem
• For Microcontroller Boards
• Shield/Expansion Board/HAT
Blink Example : Digital Input & Output
• Using Grove Cables
xC3m RGB
1 G
2 R
3 B
G GND
xC3m Switch
4 IN
3V/5V VCC
G GND
[Link]
Hold the Button?
• Why keep holding the button to light up the LED?
• Single Push Button: ON <-> OFF Hold the Button
• Look for the value of the switch to change from low to high
• Switch Bouncing
How to Debounce?
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
