Catalog Number: AOLT-GNEG-DOC-01

Part Number: 191-0000002 Rev 03

Alphion GPON Network

Engineering Guide
Catalog Number: AOLT-GNEG-DOC-01
Part Number: 191-0000002 Rev 03

PART NUMBER: 191-0000002 REVSION 03

PUBLISHED: MARCH 2008
ALPHION CORPORATION
196 PRINCETON HIGHTSTOWN ROAD
BUILDING 1A
PRINCETON JUNCTION, NJ 08550
[Link]

COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2008 Alphion Corporation Inc.
All Rights Reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide
Catalog Number: AOLT-GNEG-DOC-01
Part Number: 191-0000002 Revision 03
March 2008

TRADEMARKS
All of the Alphion names, brand names, and product names referred to in this Document, in particular,
the name Alphion and its logo, are either registered trademarks or trademarks of the Alphion
Corporation. All other registered trademarks or trademarks are the property of their respective
owners.

LIMITED WARRANTY
Alphion warrants that this Document has been delivered free of all rightful claims of any third person
by way of infringement or the like of any copyright, trade secret, or trademark. THIS DOCUMENT
AND THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED THEREIN (COLLECTIVELY, THE DELIVERABLES) ARE
PROVIDED AS IS AND ALPHION MAKES NO OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
AND DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL OTHER WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE
DELIVERABLES, OR ANY MODIFICATIONS THERETO, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, INCLUDING,
WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL ALPHION OR ANY ALPHION EMPLOYEE BE
LIABLE FOR THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE DELIVERABLES.

EXCLUSION OF CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES; LIMITATION OF LIABILITY

ALPHION SHALL NOT, UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES, BE LIABLE TO BUYER FOR
CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL OR INDIRECT DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR
RELATED TO THE DELIVERABLES, EVEN IF ALPHION HAS BEEN APPRISED OF THE
LIKELIHOOD OF SUCH DAMAGES. IN NO EVENT SHALL ALPHION'S LIABILITY TO BUYER
FOR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THE DELIVERABLES EXCEED THE
AGGREGATE PRICE OF THE DELIVERABLES.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Contents

Contents

Preface
About this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Related Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Contacting Alphion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Chapter 1: Introduction
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Chapter 2: System Overview

System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
GPON Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
GPON Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Optical Distribution Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
GPON Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Alphion GPON System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Alphion OLT Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Alphion ONU/ONT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Alphion Passives Splitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Alphion Passives - RF Injector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Alphion [Link] PON Extension System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Alphion EMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Chapter 3: GPON System Architecture

Alphion OLT System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Alphion ONT System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
GTC Layer Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
GTC Framing Sub-layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
GTC Adaptation Sub-layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Protocol Stack for Control and Management Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Chapter 4: Services Overview

Service Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
GPON Access Node. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
GPON Access Node High Level Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
VLAN Tagging in Access Node. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
VLAN Paradigms in Access Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
GPON Access Node: GPON-Specific Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
GPON-specific Access Node Attributes: GEM Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
GEM Port-based Forwarding in GPON Access Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
N:1 VLAN Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
N:1 VLAN Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

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N:1 VLAN Handling Upstream Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

N:1 VLAN Handling - Downstream Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
High Speed Internet Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
VPN Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Voice Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
IPTV Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
RF Overlay Video Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Chapter 5: Capacity Planning

AOLT-4000 Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GPON Ports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GigE SNI Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10GigE SNI Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

....
....
....
....
....
....

...
...
...
...
...
...

. . . 56
. . . 56
. . . 56
. . . 57
. . . 57
. . . 57

Splitter Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
AONT Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Subscriber Bandwidth Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Chapter 6: Non-protected System Configurations

Power, Clock, and Alarm Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
CTL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
SWT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
GLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Chapter 7: Protected System Configurations

CTL Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
SWT Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
OLT Port Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Chapter 8: Equipment Configuration Guidelines

Service Provisioning - Initial Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
High Speed Internet (HSI) / Data Service Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Voice Service Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Muticast (Video) Service Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Chapter 9: Network Configurations

Typical Network Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

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Chapter 10: GPON Engineering Rules and Guidelines

GPON Engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Chapter 11: Traffic Engineering

Rules and Guidelines
Traffic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Chapter 12: ODN Planning

Optical Distribution Network Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
ODN Network Design Checklist Network Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
ODN Network Design Checklist Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
ODN Network Design Checklist Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
ODN Network Design Checklist Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Chapter 13: Premises Planning

Premises Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Chapter 14: SNI Engineering Rules and Guidelines

Service Node Interface Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Chapter 15: Traffic Engineering Rules and Guidelines

Traffic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Chapter 16: Service Engineering Rules and Guidelines

Service Engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Service Engineering in ONT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Service Engineering in OLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Service Engineering in Aggregation Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Chapter 17: Planning and Site Preparation

General Site Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Electrical Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Rack Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Planning Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chassis Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building Integrated Timing Supply/Synchronization Supply Unit (BITS/SSU) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
External Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local Management Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GPON Line Card (GLC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GPON Protected Path Line Card (GLCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6

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117
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118
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Cable Management and Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Planning the Installation Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Site Survey Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Chapter 18: Customer Premises Network Guidelines

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Chapter 19: Core Network Guidelines

Core Network Guidelines for Data Backhaul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Example 1 MPLS Core Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Example 2 Ethernet Aggregation/MPLS Core Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Core Network Guidelines for Voice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Core Network Guidelines for IP Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Core Network Guidelines for RF Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Chapter 20: Technical Specification Summary

Technical Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Appendix A: References
List of References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ANSI Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telcordia Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ETSI Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IEEE Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IETF Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ITU Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TEC (Telecommunication Engineering Center) Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

136
136
136
136
137
138
138
139

Appendix B: Ordering Alphion Products

Ordering Alphion Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Appendix C: Site Survey

Using the Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Site Survey Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Site Information Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Glossary
Terms Used in this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Index

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Contents

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Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Preface
In this preface:

About this Manual

Organization
Related Documents
Contacting Alphion

Preface

About this Manual

Provides detailed information about network components recommendations to follow in
designing a network using the AOLT-4000, AONT-100C, and AONT-100.
This guide is intended for optical network engineers who are responsible for planning the
Alphion GPON installation. This network engineer will determine the number of devices
required to serve the specified number of end users (AONTs). This network engineer will
also determine the placement of such intermediate devices as DWDM couplers, reach
extenders, splitters, splices and connectors.
This guide does not discuss optical fiber specification or installation in any detail. This is
treated as the responsibility of the carrier providing the optical network services.

Organization
This Alphion GPON Engineering Guide contains the following:

10

Chapter 1, Introduction describes Alphions end-to-end GPON.

Chapter 2, System Overview describes the Central Office rack-mounted shelf that
provides optical line terminal services for Alphions GPON.

Chapter 3, GPON System Architecture describes the Customer Premises Equipment

that provides the Alphion Optical Network Terminal services for Alphions
Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON).

Chapter 4, Services Overview describes the services available with Alphion GPON.

Chapter 5, Capacity Planning explains how to maximize the Alphions GPON.

Chapter 6, Non-protected System Configurations describes how to plan for a nonredundant GPON.

Chapter 7, Protected System Configurations describes how to plan for a redundant

GPON.

Chapter 8, Equipment Configuration Guidelines describes how to configure Alphion

GPON equipment.

Chapter 9, Network Configurations describes typical network designs used in GPON

installations.

Chapter 10, GPON Engineering Rules and Guidelines describes typical GPON
designs used in GPON installations.

Chapter 11, Traffic Engineering Rules and Guidelines describes traffic engineering
considerations in designing a GPON.

Chapter 12, ODN Planning describes Optical distribution network considerations

in designing a GPON.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Preface

Chapter 13, Premises Planning explains considerations in planning a GPON at the

customer end.

Chapter 14, SNI Engineering Rules and Guidelines describes SNI engineering
considerations in designing a GPON.

Chapter 15, Traffic Engineering Rules and Guidelines describes additional traffic
engineering considerations in designing a GPON.

Chapter 16, Service Engineering Rules and Guidelines describes service engineering
considerations in designing a GPON.

Chapter 17, Planning and Site Preparation explains how to do site planning for a
GPON.

Chapter 18, Customer Premises Network Guidelines describes additional customer

premises equipment considerations in designing a GPON.

Chapter 19, Core Network Guidelines describes core network considerations in

designing a GPON.

Chapter 20, Technical Specification Summary describes technical specifications for

GPON hardware and software.

Appendix A, References describes the industry-standard publications cited in this

guide.

Appendix B, Ordering Alphion Products lists the part numbers and product
descriptions of Alphion GPON products.

Appendix C, Site Survey describes how do perform a site survey for a GPON
installation.

Glossary appendix provides an explanation of the terms and abbreviations used in

this manual.

Related Documents
For more information about the Alphion GPON, see the following publications:

Alphion AOLT-4000 Installation Guide

Describes how to install the Alphion optical line terminal (AOLT-4000) and verify
the installation; includes technical specifications.

Alphion AOLT-4000 Command Line Interface Reference

Describes the command line interface used to configure and manage the Alphion
AOLT-4000; includes commands, command syntax, and command usage.

Alphion AOLT-4000 Operations, Administration and Maintenance Guide

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

11

Preface

Describes the hardware and software elements of the AOLT-4000, as well as how
to administer, and maintain the system.

Alphion AONT-100C (SFU) Installation Guide

Describes how to install the Alphion AONT-100C (SFU) in customer premises.

Alphion AONT-100 (SFU) Installation Guide

Describes how to install the Alphion AONT-100 (SFU) in customer premises.

Alphion AONT-100C (SFU) User Guide

Describes basic troubleshooting and operational tasks for the AONT-100C (SFU).

Alphion AONT-100 (SFU) User Guide

Describes basic troubleshooting and operational tasks for the AONT-100 (SFU).

Alphion GPON System Description Guide

Provides an overview of the entire network in which the AOLT-4000, AONT100C, and AONT-100 and are installed; summarizes details provided in the other
guides.

Contacting Alphion
For sales support, contact:

sales@[Link],
For technical support, contact:

info@[Link]
For Alphion Corporation, call:
+1 (609) 936-9001

12

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

chapter

Introduction

In this chapter:

Scope

Chapter 1: Introduction

This network engineering and planning guide provides network planning, link
engineering, and services engineering methods for the Alphion GPON system.

Scope
This document has been written for the following audience involved in the planning,
installation, and upgrading of GPON broadband networks based on Alphions GPON
FTTX products:

14

Current planners

Strategic planners

System engineers

Access standards engineers

Network Administrators

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

chapter

System Overview

In this chapter:

System Overview

Chapter 2: System Overview

System Overview
To plan an Alphion GPON network, network engineers must know what devices are
required to create the end-to-end network, and they must know the operational and
performance characteristics of these devices.
This chapter describes GPON in general, then each of the devices that make up Alphions
GPON environment.

GPON Description
GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) is a standard protocol defined by the
International Telecommunication Union, Telecom committee (ITU-T) as G.984. GPON
extends the earlier G.983 Broadband PON (BPON) standard by increasing both the
downstream and upstream bandwidth, providing a more bandwidth-efficient
encapsulation method using GPON encapsulation method (GEM), making the transport
more packet based, providing a more scalable management method using ONT
Management Control Interface (OMCI) and improving on the encryption and Forward
Error Control (FEC) methods.
Each GPON fiber provides 2,488 Mbps of downstream service and 1,244 Mbps of
upstream Service. GPON uses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to provide bidirectional service on a single fiber. Downstream service is transmitted at 1490nm (14801500 nm window), and upstream service is transmitted a 1310nm (1260-1360 nm
window).
A key benefit of GPON is that it provides a mechanism for statistical multiplexing and
oversubscription of the upstream and downstream bandwidth, so that this high
bandwidth can be dynamically shared between many users. This statistical multiplexing
and oversubscription capability of GPON allows the service provider to save on backhaul
transmission costs while increasing the revenue potential of each fiber.

GPON Architecture
A GPON system consists of an Optical Line Terminal (OLT), one or more Optical
Distribution Networks (ODN), and one or more optical network terminals and/or
Optical Network Units (ONU) as shown in Figure 1:

16

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 2: System Overview

Figure 1

G.984 GPON Reference Network

The OLT provides the service node interface (SNI) toward the core network, and controls
the GPON. In the Alphion Release 1 GPON system, the OLT SNIs are 1 Gbps and/or 10
Gbps Ethernet LAN interfaces.
The ODN between the OLT and the ONT/ONUs consists of fiber optic cabling and
splitters.
The Optical Network Terminal (ONT) is designed for single subscriber use, while the
ONU is designed for multiple subscriber use. The splitters allow the PON to be shared by
up to 128 ONTs or ONUs, as shown in Figure 2. However, the PON is typically shared by
up to 64 users since the number of ONTs/ONUs on the GPON is limited by the optical
link budget allocated to the downstream and upstream signal, with the loss budget for
the 1310nm upstream signal being the limiting factor.
The ONT terminates the GPON fiber and presents many user network Interfaces (UNI)
ports to a single subscriber, terminating each UNI at the subscribers CPE equipment,
such as a PC, wireless router, home gateway, phone, or set-top box. The UNI ports for a
residential ONT are usually the typical native subscriber service interfaces such as 10/
100base-T for High Speed Internet (HSI) or IP Video, RF Coax for RF Video overlay
systems, and FXS analog phone interfaces for VoIP PSTN voice. The UNI ports for a
business ONT may also include 10/100/100Base-T for routers and L2/L3 switches and
DS1/E1 interfaces for PBX and/or key systems.
The Optical Network Unit (ONU) terminates the GPON fiber and presents many more
user network Interfaces (UNI) to multiple subscribers, rather than to just a single
subscriber like the ONT. Depending on the UNI interface type, such as ADSL2+, VDSL2,

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

17

Chapter 2: System Overview

PowerLine, HPNA or MoCA, and the distance to the subscriber (10/100Base-T is limited
to 100m (330 ft.), the ONUs UNI ports may not be able to connect directly to a
subscribers CPE equipment. In this case, the ONUs UNI connects to a Network
Terminal (NT) device that is placed at the subscribers end location that then can
terminate the subscribers CPE equipment, such as a PC, wireless router, phone, IP Video
set-top box, or RF Video set-top box.
Essentially an ONT combines the function of an ONU and an NT in a single device. This
combining of the two in one package makes the ONT the most cost effective solution for
providing GPON services to single family premises and single small and medium
businesses.
Figure 2 shows the GPON network elements defined in ITU-T G.984.
Figure 2

G.984 GPON Network Elements

Optical Distribution Network

The GPON ODN is totally passive as shown in Figure 3. The ODN consists of passive
optical fiber, splices, optical connectors and passive optical splitters. The optical splitters
divide the single fiber into multiple fibers going to different buildings and individual
homes along streets and neighborhood fiber right of ways. These splitters can be placed
in any location in the ODN, from the Central Office (CO)/ Local Exchange (LE) to the
customer premise and may be any size. They are designated as nxm, where n the number
of inputs = 1 or 2,and m is the number of outputs = 2,4,8,16,32,64 and 128, positioned
anywhere in the network, from the central office to the user premise.

18

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 2: System Overview

Figure 3

G.984 GPON ODN Network

Q
Ac cess Network System Management Functions

UNI

R/S

S/R

SNI

ODN
AF

ONU/
ONT

OLT
Optical Splitter

Service
node
function

(a) Reference point

IFPON

T Reference point
NE

WDM

POINT A

WDM

IFPON

POINT B

V reference point
NE
G.984.1 _F2

Optical Network Unit

Optical Network Terminal
Optical Distribution Network
Optical Line Termination
Wavelength Division Multiplex Module (If WDM is not used, this function is not necessary.)
Network Element which uses the different wavelength from the OLT and the ONU
Adaptation Function (Sometimes, it may be included in the ONU.)
Service Node Interface
User Network Interface
Point on the optica l fibre just after the OLT (Downstream)/ONU (Upstream) optical connection
point (i.e., optical connector or optical splice)
Point on the optica l fibre just be fore the ONU (Downstream)/OLT (Upstream) optical connection
R
point (i.e., optical connector or optical splice)
(a) Reference point If AF is included in the ONU, this point is not necessary.
If WDM is not used, these points are not necessary.
POINT A/B
ONU
ONT
ODN
OLT
WDM
NE
AF
SNI
UNI
S

NOTE Whether or not the AF is an operating object of the Q interface depends on the service.

Splitters can be centralized, for example, at the CO/LE, or at the far remote end such as
an apartment building. Splitters can create a star ODN, or they can be cascaded in
multiple stages, for a tree and branch ODN, or in the case of asymmetrical 1x2 splitters,
they can be linearly chained to create a linear bus ODN, Refer to Figure 4.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

19

Chapter 2: System Overview

Figure 4

G.984 Splitter Deployment Options

Single split vs. cascaded split

Apartment Bldg.

Exchange
OLT P

2x4

2x8

ONT
ONT

Apartment Bldg.

Exchange
OLT 1

2x32

2x8

ONT

Apartment Bldg.

Phase 1 up to eight
customers per building

2x8

OLT 2

Apartment Bldg.

ONT
ONT

ONT

2x32

OLT 3

2x8

OLT 4

ONT
2x32

ONT

ONT
ONT
ONT

Apartment Bldg.

ONT
ONT

ONT

ONT
Apartment Bldg.

ONT
Apartment Bldg.

ONT
ONT

ONT
Apartment Bldg.

ONT

Phase 2 32 customers
per bui lding

2x32

ONT

ONT
ONT
ONT

GPON Security
GPON is a secure transmission technology that includes:

AES
Advanced Encryption Standard
US government standard

ITU-T G.984.3
Defines the transmission convergence layer
Defines AES as the encryption standard for the downstream data
Defines using PLOAM messages to exchange encryption keys and control the
key switching
Defines 128-bit key to operate on the 128-bit blocks of data in the counter
mode

20

GPON encryption mechanism

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 2: System Overview

Encryption on the downstream direction of the bi-directional GEM ports due

to the broadcast nature of the downstream PON signal
No encryption on the upstream direction
No encryption on the multicast GEM port
Encryption key generated at ONTs
Encryption key sent to OLT in the clear
Physical Layer OAM (PLOAM) messages:
OLT to enable/disable encryption on a per GEM port basis
OLT to request the encryption key generation at the ONTs
OLT to retrieve the encryption key from the ONTs
OLT to coordinate the key switching between OLT and ONTs

Alphion GPON System

This section describes each of the devices in Alphions GPON environment.
The Alphion GPON FTTx system is an all-optical, fiber-to-the-x system that delivers
quadruple-play voice, data, video and wireless services to residential and business
subscribers.
The Alphion GPON FTTx system consists of the following network components, as
described further in subsequent sections of this document.

Optical Line Terminal AOLT-4000 platform - the optical line termination unit that
provides Network and GPON interface termination, L2 aggregation and control
functions. The model number is:

Optical Network Terminals - the optical network terminal located at the

subscriber premises. The model numbers are:
AONT-100 (single family)
AONT-200 (small business)
AONT-300 (multi dwelling unit)

Optical passives
ASPL series passive splitters
RF Injectors

AGEMS Element management system

The [Link] PON extension system

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

21

Chapter 2: System Overview

Alphion sample solutions

Passive ring, passive star

The Alphion GPON system is shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6.

Figure 5

Elements of Alphion GPON

Central Office

Outside Plant

Voice
Single Fiber

1490 nm
nmD/S
?
1490
? 1310
1310
nmnm
U/S

GPON
Optical Line Terminal
Data

22

(OLT)

ONT
ONT11
ONT
ONT22
ONT
ONT33

Video

1xN
Passive
Optical
Splitter

Customer
Premises

ONT
ONTNN

GPON
Optical Network Terminal
(ONT)

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 2: System Overview

Figure 6

Alphion GPON ODN

X-Connect
Patch Cords

Distribution
Cables

Feeder
Cables

Drop
Cables

1x32
splitter

AOLT4000

Fiber
Distribution
Frames

Fiber
Distribution
Hub

Central Office

Fiber Access
Terminal

Network
Interface
Device

Outside Plant

AONT100

Home Network

Alphion OLT Terminal

The Alphion AOLT-400 consists of the following components:
Control Card
The Alphion AOLT-4000 requires at least one control card to provide management
functions such as alarm monitoring. A fully redundant AOLT-4000 requires two control
cards.
Switching and Timing Card
The AOLT-4000 requires a switch and timing module to process data between the GPON
line-cards and the core network and to provide the timing source for TDM traffic. A fully
redundant AOLT-4000 requires two switch and timing cards.
GPON Line-cards
The AOLT-4000 requires at least one GPON line-card with a least one port enabled with
an SFP. This minimum configuration can support up to 64 or 128 AONT as determined by
the optical link budget.
SFPs and XFPs
All SFPs and XFPs are provided from Alphion. Third-party SFPs and XFPs are not
supported.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

23

Chapter 2: System Overview

Redundant Options
The AOLT-4000 is designed for redundant power, controller, switch, GPON line-cards,
fans, and I/O ports to eliminate a single point of failure. The AOLT-4000 shelf can be
configured in an active/standby configuration with another AOLT-4000 located in
another location to provide the highest degree of redundancy possible.
Network engineers can provision a basic GPON network with one AOLT-4000 shelf, one
controller, one switch, and one GPON line-card with one SFP to support 128 ONTs within
20 km of the AOLT-4000 central office. The AOLT-4000 can be configured for additional
AONT support by adding SFPs and additional GPON line-cards, controller, and switch
as needed.
The AOLT-4000 is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7

Alphion GPON AOLT-4000

Fully FSAN (ITU-T G.984)

compliant
Up to 128 ONTs per PON port
60 km logical reach

Supports passive ring and passive

star architectures
200 Gb/s backplane
56 Gb/s uplink capacity
Two redundant switch cards with 8
x GbE + 2 x 10-GbE uplink

Up to 40 GPON ports per shelf

Single shelf supports up to 5120
ONTs

Platform designed for GPON

Carrier class

Not an upgraded BPON

QM333, NEBS, UL, CE
Redundant powering, cooling,
storage, control

24

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 2: System Overview

Alphion ONU/ONT
The AONT-100C and AONT-100 SFUs are plug-and play devices that require only to be
physically connected to the fiber at the premises and turned on. See Figure 8 and Figure 9.
Figure 8

Alphion GPON AONT-100C

C
AONT-100c
Optical Network Terminal for

Single Family Unit (SFU)

Fully FSAN (ITU-T G.984)

compliant
Smaller size

Lower power consumption

Indoor only unit
Ethernet options

140 mm x 170 mm x 40 mm

4 Fast Ethernet ports

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

2 POTS lines
Class B+ (28 dB) optics
Ergonomic fiber handling

25

Chapter 2: System Overview

Figure 9

Alphion GPON AONT-100

Fully FSAN (ITU-T G.984)

compliant
Two POTS lines
Four Fast Ethernet ports
Class B+ (28 dB) optics
Ergonomic fiber handling
Indoor unit can be mounted on
wall or table
Indoor or outdoor units
Optional RF video support
Optional battery backup

The AONT-100-UPS is a high-density backup power solution companion to the AONT100 family of SFU ONTs. Unit may be either wall mounted or placed on the floor near the
ONT.
Figure 10 AONT-100C UPS

- Power backup for AONT-100 series

- Provides over 18 watts of regulated 12V DC
- Provides input overcurrent and output overvoltage and
overcurrent protection
- Thermal shutdown
- UL Listed, C-Tick, CE, EN 55022 Class B, EN 60950, EN
61000-3-2, FCC Part 15 Class B, UL 60950, VDE, RoHS,
and CCC approved
- Provides alarm and indication if the battery is missing
- Provides alarm and indication that battery has a failure
- Provides 5-6 hours of reserve operation in case of an AC
power failure
- Charges from low voltage cutoff to full reserve in 18
hours or less
- Controls and maintains the charge for a sealed and
maintenance-free battery
- Includes a Low-Voltage-Disconnect (LVD) circuit when
battery voltage below 10.5V
- Simultaneously provides power to the SFU while
charging the 9 AH battery IEC C14 AC input connector

26

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 2: System Overview

Alphion Passives Splitters

Alphion provides 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128-way splitters, in 1xm and 2xm configurations, to
provide flexibility in minimizing the number of splits necessary to support the network.
Locate each splitter as close as possible to the group of AONTs to be serviced so as to
minimize fiber run length.
Figure 11 Alphion GPON ASPL

Low excess loss

High port-to-port uniformity
Rugged enclosure
Dual input supports PON ring
architecture
ETSI
21,
1 RU rack mount in 19, or
23 inch
or ANSI platforms
.
platforms
Wall mountable for MDU
applications
Single (n=1) or dual (n=2) input
ports
Split ratios: nx4, nx8, nx16, nx32
SC/UPC, SC/APC, FC/UPC or
FC/APC connectorsmodels

Bulkheadadaptors
adaptersororpigtail.
pigtail
Bulkhead

Alphions family of passive optical splitters in an LGX cartridge offer a cost effective
solution that allow service providers to distribute content from a single fiber to a family
of subscribers through a point-to-multipoint architecture facilitated through the use of
optical splitters.
These splitters can be arranged in a single, centralized fashion or distributed in a
cascaded configuration. Since the network is purely passive, it is essential that splitter
loss is kept at a minimum. Alphions splitter family is designed and manufactured to
insure minimal splitter loss and maintain uniformity, thereby improving optical reach.
The LGX cartridge Chassis can accommodate up to 12 LGX plug-in modules. The
mounting slots are oriented vertically.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

27

Chapter 2: System Overview

Figure 12 LGX Splitter

- High performance
- Superior uniformity
- Low PDL
- Rugged enclosure
- High channel counts
- Rugged enclosure
- Mountable in a 19inch /ETSI 600mm/23
inch LGX chassis that can hold 12 LGX
cartridges.

Unit shown is a 2x4 SC/APC LGX splitter with 2 inputs

at the top of the cartridge. followed by 4 outputs

Alphion Passives - RF Injector

To support 1550-nm video overlay on a GPON network, each affected GPON port
requires an RF injector to be installed at the AOLT-4000. This is done using a 2:N splitter
where the 1 input is from the GPON and the second input is from the RF Optical
amplifier, or using a 3-port DWDM filter. A AONT-100 that has a diplexor optical
transceiver takes the RF signal on the 1550nm wavelength and converts it back to RF
video.
These devices are commonly available. However, Alphion can supply them upon
request.

Alphion [Link] PON Extension System

Alphion provides a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based PON extension
system [Link]) that allows a single fiber to be extended from a 20 km reach to a
maximum reach of 60 km.
The [Link] PON extension system can be located:

28

In the Central Office or Local Exchange

At the premise

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 2: System Overview

At the splitter

Figure 13 Alphion [Link] Extension System

Enables a class B+ GPON to

serve up to 128 customers at 60
km
Semiconductor Optical
Amplifiers based on Alphion
QLight technology
Transparent to protocol and line
rate, usable with BPON and GEPON

Alphion 1310 / 1490 nm dual semiconductor optical amplif ier

Powered by QLight

Alphion EMS
The Alphion Element Management System for GPON is called AGEMS. The AGEMS
user interface displays the following types of information.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

29

Chapter 2: System Overview

Figure 14 Inventory View

Domain-based Topology

Full Inventory View

30

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 2: System Overview

Figure 15 Wizard Toolset

Provisioning
Wizards

Complete
Network View

Easy Navigation Controls

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

31

Chapter 2: System Overview

Figure 16 ONT and Service Provisioning Wizards

Service Provisioning
Wizard

ONT Provisioning
Wizard

32

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 2: System Overview

Figure 17

Real-time Shelf
Equipage View
Remote Software
Upgrade

Figure 18 Alarm Management

Alarm History
View

Real-time Alarm
Filtering

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

33

Chapter 2: System Overview

Figure 19 Chart Displays

Real-time Alarm
Charts

Multiple Visualization
Options

34

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

chapter

GPON System
Architecture
In this chapter:

Alphion OLT System

Alphion ONT System
GTC Layer Protocol Stack

Chapter 3: GPON System Architecture

This chapter provides a functional overview of the AOLT and the AONT, as well as an
overview of the protocol layers that enable the transfer of user, control, and management
traffic between the AOLT and the AONTs.

Alphion OLT System

Figure 20 depicts the functional blocks of the AOLT system.
Figure 20 AOLT Functional Blocks
PON core shell

ODN interface
function

Cross-connect shell

Service shell
Service
adaptation

PON TC
function

Crossconnect
function

ODN interface
function

PON TC
function

Service
adaptation

The functional blocks of the AOLT are:

36

ODN interface function: Each ODN interface function block, referred to as a PON
port, implements the Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) layer as defined in [39],
complying with the requirements of a particular ODN class (Class B, B+, C, etc.)
with which it is designed to interface.

PON TC function: Each PON TC function block implements the GPON

Transmission Convergence (GTC) layer per ITU-T G.984.3 [40] . This layer
comprises several sub-layers that define the framing and the adaptation of user
and control traffic onto the frames. Interoperability between the AOLT and the
AONTs at this layer is critical for the entire PON network. This is described in
section GTC Layer Protocol Stack.

Cross-connect function: The cross-connect function enables forwarding user traffic

between the service shells and the PON core shell, based on the needs of the
different service types configured on the system.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 3: GPON System Architecture

Service adaptation: The service adaptation function provides translation between

service interfaces and the TC layer interfaces on the PON section.

Alphion ONT System

Figure 21 depicts the functional blocks of the AONT system.
Figure 21 AONT Functional Blocks

The functional blocks of the AONT are:

ODN interface function: The ODN interface function block, referred to as a PON
port, implements the Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) layer as defined in [39],
in conformance with the requirements of a particular ODN class (Class B, B+, C,
etc.) with which it is designed to interface.

PON TC function: Each PON TC function block implements the GPON

Transmission Convergence (GTC) layer per ITU-T G.984.3 [40]. This layer
comprises several sub-layers that define the framing and the adaptation of user
and control traffic onto the frames.

Service MUX and DEMUX: This function enables multiplexing (in upstream
direction) and de-multiplexing (in downstream) of the user traffic belonging to
different services, according to operator-configurable criteria (user ID, priority,
etc.).

Service adaptation: The service adaptation function provides translation between

service interfaces and the TC layer interfaces on the PON section.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

37

Chapter 3: GPON System Architecture

GTC Layer Protocol Stack

Figure 22 depicts the protocol stack for the GPON GTC layer.
Figure 22 Protocol Stack for the GTC Layer

OMCI

PLOAM

GEM Client

GPON Transmission Convergence (GTC) Layer

GTC Adaptation Sublayer
OMCI Adapter

GEM Adapter

DBA Control

GTC Framing Sublayer

GPON Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) Layer

The different sub-layers of the GTC layer are defined in [40], and their functionalities are
summarized in the following sections.

GTC Framing Sub-layer

This sub-layer, defined in [40], provides the basic GPON framing structure, referred to as
GTC frame.
The GTC framing sub-layer has the following three main functionalities:
1

38

Multiplexing and de-multiplexing

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 3: GPON System Architecture

The GTC framing sub-layer allows multiplexing of user payload and control
traffic both in the downstream and upstream directions. The GTC framing format
allows recognizing different higher-layer user and control traffic sections, based
on their location within a GTC frame.
2

Header creation and decoding

Each GTC frame includes a GTC frame header. At the OLT, a GTC frame header is
created and is formatted in a downstream frame, and an upstream burst header is
decoded in the upstream direction. This sub-layer is itself controlled through
Embedded OAM, which is included as part of the GTC frame header, and is
terminated at this layer.

Internal routing function based on Alloc-ID

This sub-layer performs the routing of data from/to the GEM TC Adapter, based
on Alloc-IDs (Allocation IDs).

GTC Adaptation Sub-layer

This sub-layer provides two TC adapters: the GEM Adapter and OMCI Adapter.
The GEM TC Adapter delineates GEM PDUs from the GTC payload section in a
GTC frame. In the opposite direction, it maps these PDUs into the GTC payload.
This sub-layer also recognizes the ONT Management Control Interface (OMCI)
traffic according to a specific GEM Port-ID.
The OMCI Adapter accepts OMCI data from the GEM Adapter, and transfers it to
the higher-layer OMCI (client) entity. In the opposite direction, it transfers OMCI
data from the OMCI entity to the GEM Adapter.
Besides these two adapters, the GTC Adaptation sub-layer also comprises a
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) control entity, which controls the
allocation of upstream bandwidth among the different Traffic Containers (TCONTs) residing in the same ONT or different ONTs.

Protocol Stack for Control and Management Planes

Figure 23 provides an overview of the protocol layers used for the control and
management planes.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

39

Chapter 3: GPON System Architecture

Figure 23 Protocol Stack for Control / Management Planes

PLOAM

OMCI

GTC Adaptation Sublayer

OMCI Adapter

Port-ID
Filter

GEM Adapter

GTC Framing Sublayer

PLOAM Partition

Alloc-ID
Filter

Embedded
OAM

GEM Partition

Frame Header

Multiplexing based on location within frame

The control and management planes comprise three different channels:

40

Embedded OAM: The Embedded OAM channel is provided by field-formatted

information in the header of a GTC frame. Since each information piece is
mapped into a specific field in a GTC frame header, this channel offers a lowlatency path for time-urgent control information. The higher-layer functions that
use this channel include bandwidth allocation, security key switching, and
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) signaling.

PLOAM: The PLOAM channel is a message-formatted channel carried in a

dedicated space within a GTC frame. This channel is used for all the other PMD
and GTC layer management information that is not exchanged via the Embedded
OAM channel. All the PLOAM messages follow a generic message structure.

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Chapter 3: GPON System Architecture

OMCI: The ONU Management and Control Interface (OMCI) channel is used to
manage the service-defining layers, which reside above the GTC. This channel
relies on the GTC layer to provide a GEM-based transport interface for its traffic,
including configuration of appropriate transport protocol flow identifiers (GEM
Port-IDs).

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Chapter 3: GPON System Architecture

This page is blank intentionally.

42

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

chapter

Services Overview

In this chapter:

Service Models
High Speed Internet Service
VPN Service
Voice Services
IPTV Services
RF Overlay Video Services

Chapter 4: Services Overview

Telecommunications service providers worldwide made the strategic decision to begin

the migration to an integrated, packet based network that will allow them delivery of
superior voice, broadband data, and video services at a fraction of todays cost.
Migration of the legacy telephone and TV service to the integrated packet network
presents unprecedented challenges as VoIP and video services must match the quality
and reliability of the legacy audio and video services. Voice and video applications are
highly susceptible to network delay, jitter, and of packets arriving out of sequence.
Traditional data traffic can well tolerate delays and jitter present in packet networks, but
delay and relatively small jitter can make voice service unworkable. Successful migration
of the legacy voice service to the next generation network (NGN) platform requires a
network architecture where each application receives adequate network services
guaranteed by the end-to-end quality of service (QoS) implementation controlling
bandwidth, packet loss, jitter, and delay according to the requirements of the individual
applications.
A QoS-enabled network will attempt to deliver a particular kind of service based on the
QoS parameter specified (marking 802.1p priority and DSCP bits) by each packet or
frame. Proper support of user level QoS requires effective network level engineering as
well as support of QoS at every network element.
GPON offers 2.488 Gbps on the downstream and 1.244 Gbps on the upstream; this
bandwidth is distributed fairly among the end users (32-to-128) attached to the PON.
Within the total bandwidth allocation for a particular subscriber, the service provider can
control the bandwidth allocated for each of the services to which the user subscribes. The
AOLT-4000 allows the service provider to provide differentiated services by enforcing
bandwidth allocation for both the upstream and downstream directions and assigning
unused bandwidth fairly.

Service Models
The following sections describe supported service models.

GPON Access Node

With respect to Ethernet based services, an AOLT-4000 system and its connected ONT
systems together are regarded as a GPON Access Node, the GPON equivalent of the
Ethernet based Access Node defined in TR-101

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Chapter 4: Services Overview

Figure 24 GPON Access Node

GPON Access Node

UNI
interfaces
ODN

AOLT4000

ODN

AONT
(e.g.,
AONT100c)
C

AONT
(e.g.,
AONT100c)
C

GPON Access Node High Level Requirements

The GPON Access Node supports the Ethernet-based services defined in G.984.1 and
G.984.4.
The GPON Access Node supports the following Access Node requirements defined /
currently being defined by the DSL Forum:
TR-101 Migration to Ethernet-Based DSL Aggregation: a popular access
architecture currently deployed for DSL, and
WT-156 - Using GPON in the context of TR-101: a standard currently being
developed that shall stipulate how the TR-101 framework can be utilized in
GPON systems
GPON Access Node functions are distributed between the OLT and ONTs.

VLAN Tagging in Access Node

VLAN tagging - a standard virtualization mechanism for Ethernet based networks
defined in IEEE 802.1Q / 802.1ad - provides for mechanisms to realize some of the key
Access Node requirements per TR-101:

Traffic aggregation: Grouping multiple traffic flows into a single VLAN, identified
with a unique 12-bit id

CoS distinction: VLAN tag supports a 3-bit priority field (p-bits)

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Chapter 4: Services Overview

User isolation & Traceability: A VLAN tag can be allocated to a single user.
Alternatively, a VLAN tag can be assigned to a group of users, and additional
mechanisms can be used for isolation & traceability within that group.

VLAN Paradigms in Access Node

To enable different residential and business user scenarios, 3 different VLAN assignment
paradigms shall be supported in the GPON Access Node (AOLT and AONT):

N:1 VLAN: A single VLAN is shared among multiple subscribers

1:1 VLAN: A single VLAN is dedicated for a single subscriber

Transparent VLAN Services (TLS) VLAN: Designated traffic from a business

subscriber is transparently forwarded, without any modification of the Ethernet
frame or header, and without the Access Node being pre-configured with its
VLAN information.

GPON Access Node: GPON-Specific Attributes

With respect to Access Node functions, GPON technology has some unique
characteristics in comparison to DSL

GPON medium is inherently point-to-multipoint, and broadcast based.

Notion of GPON Encapsulation Mode (GEM) ports that serve as virtual ports of a
PON port, identifying specific traffic flows between the OLT and the ONTs, for
classification and QoS purposes.

Support for complex types of UNI ports at the ONT: e.g., xDSL UNI ports on
MDU ONUs / PON-fed DSLAMs

GPON-specific Access Node Attributes: GEM Ports

GPON, as part of its GPON Transmission Convergence (GTC) layer, uses GPON
Encapsulation Mode (GEM) Ports to distinguish between the different traffic flows
between the OLT and ONTs.

46

A GEM Port ID can be used to uniquely identify a specific CoS going to a specific
UNI port on an ONT, allowing for per-subscriber per-service QoS.

A GEM port is mapped into one and only one T-CONT a facility in GPON to
allocate upstream bandwidth among multiple ONTs.

GEM Ports are assigned automatically (that is, without operator intervention) by
the AOLT based on how VLANs are assigned to UNI ports by the operator and on
QoS requirements.

Two types of GEM Ports are defined:

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 4: Services Overview

Downstream GEM Ports:

Used for downstream broadcast or multicast
A dedicated multicast GEM Port is used per multicast VLAN (a VLAN
that carries multicast traffic)
Bi-directional GEM Ports:
Used for both downstream and upstream traffic between the OLT and
ONTs.
Due to the broadcast nature of the GPON medium, AES encryption is used at the MAC
layer to achieve privacy between downstream traffic destined to different ONTs.

GEM Port-based Forwarding in GPON Access Node

In the US direction, based on ingress classification, traffic is forwarded upstream into
multiple GEM ports so that proper QoS is applied.

An ONT maps traffic flows into GEM ports based on user port, VLAN ID, VLAN
priority, Ethernet Type, or DSCP value.

In cases where the traffic should get same QoS treatment, multiple traffic flows
may be assigned to the same GEM Port.

In the DS direction, the OLT forwards traffic onto GEM ports based on VLAN ID and
optionally MAC DA, and CoS (802.1p bits). The ONT forwards downstream traffic on
GEM ports out the appropriate user port.

N:1 VLAN Architecture

A single S-VLAN is shared among multiple user ports. Typically a distinct VLAN is used
per service, though the VLAN-per-OLT model is also possible. This results in much fewer
VLANs than the number of subscribers which makes it suitable for residential triple-play
services.
Figure 25 N:1 VLAN
UNI port 1
UNI port 2

UNI port n
Frames can be
untagged, priority
tagged, or
802.1Q tagged

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

S-VLAN 1

GPON Access
Node (OLT and
ONT)

S-VLAN 2

SNI interfaces
S-VLAN m
(With 1 S-VLAN per
service, m is
typically much
smaller than n)

47

Chapter 4: Services Overview

Figure 26 N:1 VLAN Details

Multiple GEM ports on the

same VLAN, with each GEM
port representing a CoS
1

GLC 1

AONT 1
P1

Settop
box

GLC Ethernet Layer 2

switch

splitter

AONT 128

10-GbE port

splitter
P4

AOLT
AONT 1

GLC 10

AONT 1
Settop
box

GLC Ethernet Layer 2

switch

Settop
box

splitter

SWT Ethernet Layer 2 switch

Settop
box

8 x 1-GbE ports

10-GbE port

P3

Legend:
HSI VLAN
Voice VLAN
Video VLAN

N:1 VLAN Example

This section presents an example N:1 VLAN (S-TAG or S-Tag) with multiple GEM ports.

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Figure 27 N:1 VLAN Example

UNI Ports
SNI
Ports

A set of GEM ports are used per UNI port, with each GEM port identifying a CoS based
on port, VLAN, p-bits or EtherType.

N:1 VLAN Handling Upstream Direction

The AONT typically is configured to add, or translate an incoming tag on an UNI port to,
a provisioned S-Tag (Service VLAN tag). The AONT sends an US frame into an
appropriate GEM port (assigned by the OLT) based on the frames CoS.
The AOLT performs learning process to associate the upstream frames VID, MAC SA,
and CoS (802.1p) with the incoming GEM port.
The AOLT typically is configured to pass-through upstream packets with an S-Tag.
However, to handle special cases, it shall also support VLAN tag (VLAN ID, 802.1p bits)
modification towards the SNI ports.

N:1 VLAN Handling - Downstream Direction

The AOLT looks up outgoing PON port and GEM port from MAC DA, VID, and CoS (1p)
bits, based on US-learned association.
Then the AONT forwards frames from a GEM port to its associated UNI port after
removing the VLAN tag, or translating it to an outgoing VLAN tag on the UNI interface

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Chapter 4: Services Overview

High Speed Internet Service

Internet service will allow the subscriber to securely browse the Internet, download
music, video and other data as well as watch streaming video from sites like YouTube.
Streaming video service is not explicitly supported by the service provider; it is treated as
best effort HSI; the QoS applied to IPTV is not provided.
The service is offered over one or more 10/100 Ethernet interfaces directly from the ONT
or from a Residential Gateway (GW).
The end user may connect to the network via a RG (residential gateway, also referred to
as a home router); in which case the RG is provided an IP address over PPPoE and the
users computer receives the IP address over DHCP.
End users may be directly attached to the ONT; in this case the users computer will
receive an IP address via DHCP.

VPN Service
The public network is a large collection of unrelated machines operating at the same level
and exchanging information freely. A private network connects computers that share
information specifically with each other. The Internet is an example of a public network.
A virtual private network (VPN) allows the creation of a secure, private network over
public networks. It is called virtual because it depends on the use of temporary
connections that have no lasting physical presence. These connections are made up of
Layer 2 (VLANs) or L2TP or Layer 3 (IPSec) or MPLS routed through the Internet.
The AOLT-4000 supports VLAN stacking allowing simple Layer 2 VPN implementation.

Voice Services
Subscribers can access legacy voice services via one the RJ-11 FXS ports of the ONT. The
subscribers phone will access a legacy Class 5 CO over the IP network via a SIP-to-V5.2
gateway eliminating the need to build and maintain a copper infrastructure.

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Chapter 4: Services Overview

Figure 28 SIP-to-V5.2

The ONT supports all the CLASS features the CO can offer like 3-way calling, call
waiting, CLID, as well as FAX and modem calls.
Also the FXS port accepts an answering machine.

IPTV Services
IPTV is the delivery of traditional TV services, including broadcast television, pay-perview, VOD, time shifted PVR, interactive TV over a broadband IP network to an IP
enabled set-top box. With IPTV, the network operator controls the user experience, the
programming and applications delivered, and the quality of service (QoS) of the
broadband IP pipe to the subscriber. IPTV includes support for both standard and high
definition television (HDTV) and uses MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 encoding.
IPTV is crucial for telecom operators to remain competitive in the market where service
bundling is the only way to compete.
The main components of the IPTV networks are the:

Encoders

Streaming Servers

DRM (Digital Right Management)

Middleware

Set-top box

A prerequisite to the IPTV service is a QoS-enabled network that can deliver a particular
kind of service based on the QoS parameter specified (marking 802.1p priority and DSCP
bits) by each packet or frame. GPON can provide the broadband access with the
necessary bandwidth and QoS.
Bandwidth requirements for IPTV dwarf any other service; IPTV needs about 4 Mbps for
an MPEG2 encoded channel, 3 Mbps for a standard definition MPEG4 encoded channel
and about 8 Mbps for an MPEG4 encoded HDTV channel.

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Chapter 4: Services Overview

Broadcast television is delivered via IP multicast thus reducing bandwidth requirements.

In IP multicast, a single stream is received by a large number of users; packet replication
is done at the closest point to the end user.
Time shifted TV and VOD are unicast using network resources over the entire path from
source to the endpoint.

RF Overlay Video Services

Service providers can leverage existing CATV infrastructure and inside-home wiring by
delivering triple play services via an RF overlay when implementing GPON access. The
RF overlay solution obsoletes CMTS, while offering much higher bandwidth for HSI with
reduced IP bandwidth requirements for offering triple play.
RF overlay solution is shown in Figure 29.
Figure 29 RF Overlay

The analog or digital TV signal will be carried over the third wavelength at 1550 nm. The
RF video transmission is unidirectional, for interactive service the 1310 nm signal shall
carry the return path.

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Chapter 4: Services Overview

The RF signal is modulated via a video transmitter and usually is further amplified to
deliver an optical signal to the RF capable ONT at 0 to -9 dBM level. The amplified signal
is combined with the PON signals via a passive WDM coupler and transmitted over the
PON to the ONT-s. At the ONT the triplexer separates the 1550 nm signal and feeds it to
the RF converter. The RF converter delivers the signal to the TV set in case of an analog
transmission or to a set top box for digital TV.

Design Considerations
Due to the nature of the analog modulation of the 1550 nm signal the sensitivity of the
ONT is at 0 to -9 dBm while the sensitivity of the 1480 nm PON receiver is -28 dBm. The
optical budget for the PON is 28 dB; the power level of the RF overlay transmission must
be adjusted to this fact.
The optical transmitter and EDFA optical amplifiers are relatively expensive devices
therefore the engineering shall focus on maximizing the number of users served by those.
The following example shows a design where one optical transmitter can support up to
4096 end users.
Figure 30 shows a typical deployment using 1 optical transmitter and 34 EDFA-s covering
up to 4096 end users. The figure shows cascaded splitting having a slightly higher loss
then centralized splitting.
Figure 30 Overlay Budget
EDFA 2

EDFA 1

Video
Transmitter

Pre Amplifier

Splitter1

Post Amplifier

(1:32)

1550 nm
10 dBm

Video
Transmitter

+23dBm

(1:2)

15

WDM2

(1:8)

(1:4)

EDFA

..

Splitter4

Splitter3
WDM1

20 dBm

EDFA

Splitter2

WDM

N7

WDM

1550 n
m

Video
RF

N3

AMP

32
Node 8 :

28 dB
OLT

Transmission

1490 /1310 nm

Loss
1490 /1310 nm
Node 6 :
Input pow er

ONT
18 .5 dBm

:
Node 0

Node 2
Node 3 :
Input pow er 20 dBM Input pow er 3dBm

Node 5
Node 4
Input pow er 23dBm Input pow er 19 .5 dBm

Central Office Side

Cascade split

Video Receiver Sensitivity

- 9dBm

Home Side

The RF signal fed into the video transmitter is converted into an optical signal at 1550 nm
with a typical output level of 10 dBm. Many transmitters have dual output. Given the
sensibility of the RF side of the ONT of -9 dBm and the optical budget of 28 dB of the
PON the output power at the WDM coupler must be around 20 dBm from where it is
split 32 ways to ONT-s.

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Chapter 4: Services Overview

There can be many different designs based on the number of end users and network
topology but all the designs shall follow the same principles and budget calculation.

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chapter

Capacity Planning

In this chapter:

AOLT-4000 Capacity
Splitter Capacity
AONT Capacity

Chapter 5: Capacity Planning

There are both port and bandwidth requirements for a GPON access network. When
planning service, the provider must plan for the appropriate number of ONTs and
sufficient bandwidth per user. Planning includes:

GLC/GLCP modules

Splitting ratio

Uplink (SNI) ports

Redundancy

AOLT-4000 Capacity
The AOLT resides in the CO for the area to be serviced. There are two considerations that
must be addressed when configuring each AOLT:

Number of ports

Number of cards - non-redundant and redundant

Number of Ports
To determine per port dependencies, consider:

Each GPON port requires an Alphion SFP.

Each GigE port requires an Alphion SFP.

Each 10GigE LAN port requires an Alphion XFP.

GPON Ports
AOLT can support up to ten GPON line-cards and each GPON line-card can support
up to four ports. Each port supports a single-mode optical fiber capable of being split into
128 timeslots.
The maximum capacity of an AOLT is:
40 x 128 = 5,210
Therefore each AOLT-4000 chassis can support up to 5,210 AONTs.
Each port can be configured with a redundant counterpart. Configuring a port to be
redundant reduces the number of AONTs that can be supported in the case of redundant
GLCs. For example:
1 : 1 port redundancy requires two ports.

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Chapter 5: Capacity Planning

Where:
1:1 means only 1 port is active and the other is in standby and is unable to carry
traffic.
In the case of GLCP, the total OLT port count is not reduced due to the increased port
count per module.

GigE SNI Ports

Each switch card has 8 x 1GE SNI ports. The OLT can have 2 switch cards with 1:1
redundancy.

AOLT supports GE port aggregation. Ports can be aggregated in multiple trunk

groups, supporting any combination of ports for example, 2 ports, 3 ports, up to
8 ports per trunk.

10GigE SNI Ports

Each switch card has 2 x 10 GE LAN ports. The OLT can have 2 switch cards with
1:1 redundancy.

Number of Cards
The AOLT shelf can support two switches and two control cards, as well as redundant
power supplies and fans. All points of failure on the AOLT can be mitigated by
redundancy planning, including planning for redundant AOLTs in geographically
diverse locations.

Splitter Capacity
Alphion optical splitters allow the single fiber line to be split into 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128
individual optical lines.
Each line split consumes xdB (depending on splitter size and type) of the 28 dB available
from each port.
Table 1

Splitter Loss

Splitting ratio
2
4
8
16
32

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Loss in dB
3
6
9
12
15

57

Chapter 5: Capacity Planning

To provide a maximum of 128 ports, typically four 32-way splitters are required.
However other splitter combinations are possible, such as:

1x2 followed by 1x64

1x8 followed by 1x16

1x16 followed by 1x8

SOAs can replace the dB loss created by insertions (splits). An SOA can extend the range
of a GPON signal from 20km to 60km.

AONT Capacity
This section describe AONT capacity planning.

Subscriber Bandwidth Capacity

Raw downstream bandwidth is 2.488 Gbps while the raw upstream bandwidth is 1.244
Gbps. Figure 31 shows bandwidth requirements by quadruple-play subscribers
Figure 31 Subscriber Services and Bandwidth Example

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chapter

Non-protected System
Configurations
In this chapter:

Power, Clock, and Alarm Panel

CTL
SWT
GLC

Chapter 6: Non-protected System Configurations

The AOLT-4000 GPON system is designed to support redundancy protection. However

customers can choose to purchase non-redundant systems for lower cost. This section
describes the non-protected system configuration.
Figure 32 illustrates the AOLT-4000 chassis layout for a non-redundant system
configuration. The common section on the top of the chassis is the interconnection panel
for DC power inputs, BITS/SSU clock inputs and outputs, alarm displays, alarm cutoff
button and alarm outputs. The left most slot holds the System Control (CTL) card. The
adjacent dual width slot holds the Switch and Timing (SWT) card. The middle 10 slots
hold the 10 GPON Line cards. On the right hand side, the two slots are reserved for
redundant CTL and SWT cards
Figure 32 Non-protected AOLT-4000 Chassis Layout
Power, clock and alarm panel

BLANK

BLANK

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

SWT

CTL

All the plug-in cards are connected together through the backplane. Figure 33 illustrates
the interconnections between the cards.

Power, Clock, and Alarm Panel

Redundant -48VDC inputs are fed to all slots. All plug-in cards support redundant DC
power inputs.
The LEDs on the panel indicate the system alarms. The ACO button allows the alarm
cutoff maintenance action. The system alarm outputs are fed to the centralized alarm
display in the central office environment.
The AOLT-4000s operation requires a central office BITS/SSU clock. Two redundant
BITS/SSU clock inputs are connected to the Switch and Timing card slots. The panel also
provides the buffered BITS/SSU clock output.

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Chapter 6: Non-protected System Configurations

CTL
The System Control card manages the other plug-in cards through the point-to-point GE
interface and shared I2C interface. It connects to the network management systems
through the fast Ethernet interfaces and/or the USB interface on the faceplate.

SWT
The Switch and Timing card connects to the GPON line cards via 10GE XAUI interfaces.
It distributes the system clock to all the GLC slots. The network facing interfaces consist
of two 10 GE interfaces and eight GE interfaces on the faceplate.

GLC
The GPON line card supports four ITU-T standards-compliant OLTs ports. It accepts four
Alphion SFP OLT transceivers on the faceplate.
The GLCP GPON protected path line card supports four working ITU-T standards
compliant OLTs ports. It accepts eight Alphion SFP OLT transceivers on the faceplate,
four for the working paths and four for the corresponding protected paths. Working and
protection ports are grouped as adjacent pairs.

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Chapter 6: Non-protected System Configurations

Figure 33 Non-protected AOLT-4000 System Architecture

Redundant
BITS clock input

Clock circuit

BITS clock output

4 x GPON OLT ports

GLC #1
2 x 10GE

8 x GE

4 x GPON OLT ports

SWT #1

GLC #2
10 x XAUIs
+ clock

4 x GPON OLT ports

GLC #3
4 x GPON OLT ports
GLC #4
4 x GPON OLT ports
GLC #5

GE

4 x GPON OLT ports

GLC #6

2 x FE

1 x USB

CTL #1

4 x GPON OLT ports

GLC #7
10 x GEs

4 x GPON OLT ports

GLC #8
4 x GPON OLT ports
GLC #9
4 x GPON OLT ports
GLC #10

Alarm LEDs

Alarm control
and display

System alarm output

& ACO

Redundant
-48VDC input

Dual circuit
breaker

Redundant
-48VDC output
to all slots

Each OLT port is connected to a 1:N optical splitter. N is typically 32 or 64. The ONT/
ONUs are connected to the N splits. Figure 34 shows the non-protected OLT to ONT/
ONUs configuration.

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Chapter 6: Non-protected System Configurations

Figure 34 Non-protected OLT/ONU Configuration

1:N
splitter

Aggregation
switch

ONU #1#1
ONU/ONT

OLT port

ONU/ONT
ONU #N#N

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Chapter 6: Non-protected System Configurations

This page is blank intentionally.

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chapter

Protected System
Configurations
In this chapter:

CTL Protection
SWT Protection
OLT Port Protection

Chapter 7: Protected System Configurations

The AOLT-4000 GPON system is designed to support redundancy. This section describes
the protected system configuration.
Figure 35 illustrates the AOLT-4000 chassis layout for a redundant system configuration.
The chassis layout is similar to the non-redundant system with the exception of extra CLT
and SWT being plugged in.
Figure 35 Protected AOLT-4000 Chassis Layout
Power, clock and alarm panel

CTL

SWT

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

GLC/GLCP

SWT

CTL

CTL Protection
Either of the redundant CTLs is able to manage the entire system. Typically the
redundant CTLs both are connected to the EMS so that EMS can continue to manage the
system in the presence of single CTL failure. See Figure 36.

SWT Protection
The GLCs network-facing interfaces connect to the two redundant SWT cards. If the
active SWT card fails, the traffic is automatically switched over to the standby SWT card.
See Figure 36.

OLT Port Protection

In the OLT port protected system configuration, the working and protection OLT ports
are connected to a 2 x N optical splitter. The working OLT port operates in the same way
as non-protected system configuration. The protection OLT port turns off its optical
transceiver to avoid interfering with the working OLT port. Upon detecting a failure in
the working path, for example a fiber cut, the affected OLT port turns off its optical
transceiver. The user traffic stops. The protection OLT port turns on its optical transceiver.
The user traffic starts flowing through the protection path.

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Chapter 7: Protected System Configurations

Figure 36 Protected AOLT-4000 System Architecture

Redundant
BITS clock input

Clock circuit

BITS clock output

4 x GPON OLT ports

GLC #1
2 x 10GE

8 x GE

4 x GPON OLT ports

SWT #1

GLC #2
10 x XAUIs
+ clock

Redundancy
control

4 x GPON OLT ports

GLC #3

2 x 10GE

4 x GPON OLT ports

GLC #4

8 x GE

SWT #2
4 x GPON OLT ports
GLC #5

10 x XAUIs
+ clock
2 x GEs

4 x GPON OLT ports

GLC #6

2 x FE

1 x USB

CTL #1

4 x GPON OLT ports

GLC #7

Redundancy
control

2 x GEs

10 x GEs

4 x GPON OLT ports

GLC #8

2 x FE
4 x GPON OLT ports
1 x USB

GLC #9

CTL #2

4 x GPON OLT ports

10 x GEs

GLC #10

Alarm LEDs

Alarm control
and display

System alarm output

& ACO

Redundant
-48VDC input

Dual circuit
breaker

Redundant
-48VDC output
to all slots

As mentioned in the previous section, the DC power input and BITS/SSU input are
redundantly protected as well.
Figure 37 shows the protected OLT to ONT/ONU configuration.

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67

Chapter 7: Protected System Configurations

Figure 37

68

Protected OLT/ONU Configuration

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

chapter

Equipment Configuration
Guidelines
In this chapter:

Service Provisioning - Initial Configuration

High Speed Internet (HSI) / Data Service Provisioning
Voice Service Provisioning
Muticast (Video) Service Provisioning

Chapter 8: Equipment Configuration Guidelines

This section provides an overview of the configuration steps required to perform initial
configuration of the system, and the steps required to provision different types of services
on the Alphion GPON system.

Service Provisioning - Initial Configuration

The following initial configuration steps are required to be performed on the AOLT and
AONT systems before any service can be provisioned.
1

Configure System ID and/or IP address using the AEMS craft terminal or the
Control cards CLI.

On the SWT card:

Depending on uplink connectivity, create Link-aggregated trunks out of the
10-GbE or 1-GbE ports
Configure RSTP parameters
Specify Layer 2 switchs aging time

Insert GLC/GLCP cards into AOLT-4000 chassis.

PON port instances shall automatically be created
Specify GLC/GLCP cards Layer 2 switchs aging time

Configure the AONT.

Add on-demand / Range the AONT
Download SW image to AONT
Activate the AONT
Using AEMS, provision UNI ports (Ethernet, POTS, etc.) on the AONT

Create a service-specific QoS / VLAN profile (if a matching profile for the
subscriber is not already existing).
Specify per-port default priority (802.1p) bits for the subscriber UNI port
Specify DSCP to 802.1p mapping
Specify VLAN handling for the subscriber UNIs
Upstream: Add or translate to a new VLAN tag
Downstream: Strip VLAN tag or translate it to another VLAN tag to use
on the UNI port

70

Create a service-specific bandwidth profile (if a matching profile for the

subscriber is not already existing).
Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 8: Equipment Configuration Guidelines

Specify Committed Information Rate (SIR) and Excess Information Rate (EIR)
7

Create a service-specific priority queue profile (if a matching profile for the
subscriber is not already existing).
Specify the number of distinct queues to use
Specify weight factor for each queue
Specify P-bit to Queue mapping

High Speed Internet (HSI) / Data Service Provisioning

The steps required to provision an instance of the HSI service include:
1

Complete initial provisioning steps described above in Service Provisioning - Initial

Configuration

Configure the external network elements.

Configuration related to VLAN (that is, S-VLAN) and DHCP (for example,
DHCP server address configuration) are performed on the network elements
upstream to the AOLT (that is, the Layer 2 aggregation switch, the Broadband
Network Gateway (BNG), etc.)

Configuring S-VLAN on the AOLT and AOLT systems.

Create the same VLAN configured in step (2) above as the S-VLAN.
Configure the uplink SNI port (which could possibly be link aggregated) and
PON-side port on the SWT card to belong to the S-VLAN used in step 2)
above.

Provision HSI service using N:1 VLAN.

Perform the initial provisioning on the AOLT and AONTs, as described
earlier.
Provision the Ethernet aggregation network (i.e., the network between the
AOLT and the Broadband Network Gateway (BNG)).
Create S-VLAN on the BNG and other network elements upstream to
AOLT.
Establish Layer 2 connections over the aggregation network (MAN)
transport medium (e.g., RPR).
Set up the Layer 3 Edge Router / BNG, and the DHCP server(s), as necessary,
for HSI service for the subscriber.

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Specify the QoS, bandwidth, and priority queue profiles (previously created) to
use for the HSI service.

Specify the S-VLAN for the service (This VLAN shall be same as the S-VLAN
configured on the network elements upstream to the AOLT, including the BNG.)
Create S-VLAN on the SWT card, and add as members to this S-VLAN, the
appropriate uplink SNI interface (possibly link aggregated) and the PON-side
(SWT-GLC) 10-GbE port to the appropriate GLC card (i.e., the GLC card off of
one of whose PON ports the subscriber is connected.)
Associate the appropriate UNI port on the subscriber AONT with the SVLAN for the service.
Assumption: The UNI port on the subscriber AONT has already been
created as part of the Initial Configuration steps.
Configure the S-VLAN on the appropriate GLC card, which triggers
generation of OMCI messages towards the appropriate ONT resulting in
the configuration of the associated UNI port.
Identify whether the S-VLAN is stacked or not (typically N:1 VLANs are
single-tagged VLANs).
T-CONT and GEM port shall be automatically assigned by the AOLT
(GLC card SW), based on the QoS and bandwidth information in the
subscribers profiles.
Specify service label (for operator convenience).
Enable / Disable AES encryption for the subscriber.
Specify maximum number of MAC addresses that can be learnt on the
subscriber UNI.

Configure the UNI interface at the ONT

Configure C-VLAN for the UNI interfaces, as necessary

HSI Service creation

Associate the ONT UNI ID for the service
Pointers to the previously created QoS profile, bandwidth profile
S-VLAN for the service
Provision Service Label for the service
Enable / Disable AES encryption

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Figure 38 HSI Service Provisioning Overview

Overview of HSI Service Provisioning (using N:1

VLAN)
AONT 1_1_1
GPON MAC 1

CTL card
GLC
L2
Switch

AONT 1_1_2

BNG

GPON MAC 4

GLC1

AONT 1_4_1

SWT L2 switch
GPON MAC 2

GLC
L2
Switch

GLC2
AONT 2_2_1

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Chapter 8: Equipment Configuration Guidelines

Figure 39 HSI Service Provisioning Process

Overview of HSI Service Provisioning (using N:1

VLAN)
Add / Range ONT

Download SW, activate AONT

Provision UNI ports on AONT (using EMS)

Configure System IP address

using craft terminal

Specify profiles (which already should have been created) for QoS, BW, queuing

AONT 1_1_1
5
GPON MAC 1
GLC
L2
Switch

3
GPON MAC 4

Setup connection
to BNG

GLC1

Per-port VLAN ID

Per-port Priority

VLAN handling for subs. UNI port:

Configure S-VLAN
4

Configure S-VLAN

Assoc. S-VLAN with subscriber

UNI port

GPON MAC 2
Enable/Disable/Specify DSCP to 802.1p mapping

US: Add tag or replace tag w/ a new tag

DS: Remove tag or replace tag w/ a new tag

GLC2

2) Create a BW profile (if it already does not exist) per

BW requirements

For each UNI port for which service needs to be

enabled:

BNG

Configure RSTP

Specify L2 aging time,

etc.

Creation of subscriber profiles (when supported):

1) create a QoS / VLAN subscriber-profile (if it already

does not exist)

CTL card

Configure LAG trunks as

reqd.

SWT L2 switch

=> T-CONT and GEM port shall be

automatically
assigned by GLC card
GLC
SW,L2
depending on the QoS and BW
info.
in
subscriber
the profiles
Switch
Enable/Disable AES encryption for
subscriber
Specify max no. of MAC
addresses that can be learnt on
subscriber UNI

Specify SIR and EIR

Configure S-VLAN

Include SNI port and

appropriate SWT-GLC port

Specify L2 aging time,

etc.
6

AOLT-4000

3) Create a Queing profile (if it already does not exist)

Specify weight factor each Qx

Specify 802.1p to priority queue mapping

Voice Service Provisioning

This section explain provisioning Voice services.

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Figure 40 VoIP Service Provisioning

VoIP Service Provisioning

UpStream VID 100, 802.1p=5
Map VID 100 to a high priority
GEM port and to a (TCONT)
Mapped to HP queue
DownStream VID 100, 802.p=5
Mapped to HP queue

UpStream VID 100 tagged, 802.1p=5

DSCP=46 (optional subject to
Layer 3 design)
Queue, mapped to queue 5
DownStream VID 100 tagged, 802.p=5
DSCP=46 (optional subject to
Layer 3 design)
Mapped to queue 5

UpStream VID 100, 802.1p=5

Queue, mapped to HP queue
DownStream VID 100, 802.p=5
Mapped to HP queue
Map the VID 100 into the high
Priority GEM port and (TCONT)

EMS (PON, SIP/V5GW)

AONT 1

HP

GE

GE

DHCP server

FE

10 -

LP
128

VID100
untagged

GLC
SWT

AONT

10BT

FE

VID100
untagged

SIP/V5.2 GW

The VIDs depicted

are examples only for
illustration purposes.

Provision SIP
Provision PSTN end-point
Provision V5.2 interface

nXE1
Class 5
Voice
switch

The steps required to provision an instance of the voice service include:

1

Initial provisioning steps described in Service Provisioning - Initial

Configuration.

Configuring network elements upstream to the AOLT:

Perform necessary voice-related configuration (for example, V5.2 interface,
V5.2 link, Layer 3 PSTN user port, etc.) on the external network elements such
as the SIP-V5.2 Gateway, Class 5 switch, etc.
Perform necessary VLAN-related provisioning required on the external
network elements such as the SIP-V5.2 Gateway, voice aggregation switch/
router, etc.

Configuring VLANs at the OLT

Create S-VLAN for VoIP service on the SWT (the same S-VLAN could be used
for all VoIP packets)
Configure the uplink / SNI port and the PON-side port on the SWT to belong
to the S-VLAN

Configuring the Service Profile at the OLT:

Create bandwidth profile to use for VoIP service
Provision CIR and EIR values

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Chapter 8: Equipment Configuration Guidelines

Create priority queue profile to use for VoIP service

Provisioning services at the ONT:

Configure IP address of the VoIP client to match with that provisioned for the
external SIP-V5.2 gateway
Configure the same S-VLAN that was created on the AOLT
Use the same bandwidth and QoS profiles as the ones used at the AOLT

Muticast (Video) Service Provisioning

The steps required to provision an instance of the multicasting service include:
1

Initial provisioning steps described in Service Provisioning - Initial Configuration

Multicast Provisioning on the AOLT

Enable IGMP snooping
Configure maximum allowable bandwidth for multicast across each PON port
IGMP system parameters
Configure IGMP Router Port, protocol timers, etc.

Figure 41 Multicast Services

Multicast Services
AONT 1_1
STB

Repl.
Func. +
IGMP
snooping

STB

AONT 1_32

BNG /
Router

GLC 1 Multicast
replication function
+
IGMP snooping w/
proxy reporting

Repl.
Func. +
IGMP
snooping

SWT Repl. Func.

(IGMP snooping w/
proxy reporting)

STB

AONT 2_1
STB

Repl.
Func. +
IGMP
snooping

GLC 2 Multicast
replication
function +
IGMP snooping
w/ proxy
reporting

AONT 2_32
STB

76

Repl.
Func. +
IGMP
snooping

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Chapter 8: Equipment Configuration Guidelines

Figure 42 IPTV Broadcast Service Provisioning

IPTV Broadcast Service Provisioning

IGMP Snooping;
Forward
Requested
Channel to
Ethernet port

UpStream VID 200, 802.1p=4

Queue, mapped to HP queue
Map VID 200 to a high priority
GEM port and to a (TCONT)
DownStream VID 200, 802.p=4
Mapped to HP queue

UpStream VID 200, 802.1p=4

Queue, mapped to HP queue
DownStream VID 200, 802.p=4
Mapped to HP queue
Map the VID 200 into the high
Priority GEM port

STB

UpStream VID 200 tagged, 802.1p=4

DSCP=26
Queue, mapped to queue 4
DownStream VID 200 tagged, 802.p=4
DSCP=26 (optional subject to
Layer 3 design)
Mapped to queue 4

EMS
AONT 1

GE

HP

GE

DHCP server

FE

10 -

STB
LP
Continuously
broadcast
all channels on
VID 200, 802.1p=4

GLC

32 [128]

SWT

AONT

VID200
untagged

GE

VID200
untagged

Streaming server

The VIDs depicted

are examples only for
illustration purposes.

Continuously
broadcast
all channels

Snoop IGMP V2
Forward requested
channels to the
appropriate GLC
port

The broadcast service may be implemented in

a Layer 2 network as shown above. Layer 3
network design will
affect IP address allocation and IP multicast
Implementation (routing)

Figure 43 IPTV Video on Demand Service Provisioning

IPTV VOD Service Provisioning

UpStream VID 200, 802.1p=4
Queue, mapped to HP queue
Map VID 200 to a high priority
GEM port and to a (TCONT)
DownStream VID 200, 802.p=4
Mapped to HP queue

UpStream VID 200, 802.1p=4

Queue, mapped to HP queue
DownStream VID 200, 802.p=4
Mapped to HP queue
Map the VID 200 into the high
Priority GEM port

STB

UpStream VID 200 tagged, 802.1p=4

DSCP=26
Queue, mapped to queue 4
DownStream VID 200 tagged, 802.p=4
DSCP=26 (optional subject to
Layer 3 design)
Mapped to queue 4

EMS
AONT 1

HP

GE

GE

FE

DHCP server

10 -

STB
LP
128

AONT

VID200
untagged

GLC
SW
GE

Streaming server

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

GE

VID200
untagged

Application server
(EPG, PVR control)

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chapter

Network Configurations

In this chapter:

Typical Network Topologies

Chapter 9: Network Configurations

Typical Network Topologies

This section illustrates typical network topologies.
Figure 44 HSI and IPTV Configuration

HSI and IPTV Configuration Example

Alphion EMS

Core Data
Network
IPTV Service Provider
Network

HSI

nxGbE or
10GbE

IPTV

1GbE
nx1GbE
nx1GbE

BNG

Access
Aggregation
Network
Nx10/1GbE

PE Router

Nx10/1GbE

AOLT-4000

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Figure 45 Voice Over IP to PSTN Example

Voice Over IP to PSTN Configuration

Example
PSTN

N x E3
or STM-1

SWT cards

Voice

2x10Base-T

GbE
4 x E1

Class 5
Local Exchange Switch

2x100Base-T

SIP to V5.2 LE
gateway

Fast Ethernet
Switch
GbE

AOLT-4000

AOLT-4000
AOLT-4000totoClass
Class5 5LELEVoice
Voiceswitch
switch
connection
via
SIP-V5.2
LE
Gateway
via the SIP to V5.2 LE gateway

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Chapter 9: Network Configurations

Figure 46 RF Overlay Example

RF Overlay Connection Example

DVD Player Source

Frequency Agile
Edge Modulator

DVD Player

Local Exchange

ODN

Premise

AOLT-4000

RF
Combiner

MPEG2/4 Source
IPTV
Network

PAL/NTSC TV
MPEG2/4
over 1GbE

RF
Combiner

Video Server Source

Video Server

MPEG2/4 to PAL/NTSC
Converter & Modulator

MPEG2/4
over 10-BaseT

CATV Source

Direct to RF
input of TV

Optical Converter
& EDFA

MPEG2/4 to PAL/NTSC
Converter & Modulator

RF
Combiner

Coax

1550nm
ADD Filter
Outdoor
splitter

AONT-100

2x32

RF Amplifier

CATV Headend
AMVSB RF Coax

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10

chapter

GPON Engineering Rules

and Guidelines
In this chapter:

GPON Engineering

Chapter 10: GPON Engineering Rules and Guidelines

GPON Engineering
This section describes how to plan the Alphion GPON network by drawing the proposed
network and then creating a GPON link planning worksheet.
Alphion recommends mapping the proposed network to determine the grouping of
AONTs, the corresponding location of the splitters, the number of SOA-based PON
extenders required and the number of splitters required to support AONTs further away
from the AOLT-4000 than 20 km.
Also draw any redundancy requirements at the central office to determine extra
equipment required.
This map does not need to be drawn to scale and should use icons wherever possible to
minimize the required effort. When finished with this rough sketch, transfer the parts
needed to the worksheet to further refine the plan and to generate a parts list for
ordering. For information on part numbers, refer to Appendix B, Ordering Alphion
Products.
Items to consider:

Number of AONTs to be provisioned.

Number of PON ports required (number of AONTs/128) also factoring in

redundancy requirements

Number of splitters required (maximum split ratio is 64)

SOA requirements (signal loss per split and fiber run distance over 20km)

Number of RF video multiplexers based on number of AONTs to receive RF video

signal (on 1550 nm wavelength).

Number of AONTs per AOLT is 5,120 (128 ONTs per PON port * 4 working PON
ports per GLC/GLCP * 10 GLC/GLCP cards per shelf).

An example of link budget evaluation is shown in Figure 47. As shown in the figure, the
losses (in decibel (dB) unit) of the different passive elements in the ODN, such as the
splitters and WDM couplers (used in case of RF overlay), are added together to estimate
the total loss. The total loss should include all types of losses possible for each element in
the ODN. These losses include:

Insertion loss (IL),

Wavelength dependent loss (WDL),

Polarization dependent loss (PDL),

Temperature dependent loss (TDL)

Total Loss (dB) = IL (dB) + WDL (dB) + PDL (dB) + TDL (dB)

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The downstream and upstream link budgets are then evaluated as follows:
Downstream Link budget (dB) = Mean OLT output power (dB) ONT minimum
sensitivity (dB) Total Loss (dB)
Upstream Link budget (dB) = Mean OLT output power (dB) ONT minimum sensitivity
(dB) Total Loss (dB)
Figure 47 Alphion GPON System Optical Link Budget

Video
source
RF

ONT output power : 3 dBm ONT

ONT minimum sensitivity: - 27 dBm
RF video optical
transmitter
TV
1550 nm
RF
1490 nm
(downstream),
1310 nm
(upstream)

WDM loss: 0.4 dB

AONT-100

WDM

1:32
splitter

AONT-100c

AOLT-4000
OLT output power : 3 dBm
OLT minimum sensitivity: -28 dBm
AONT-100c
ODN
Downstream Link Budget covering all optical components between the OLT and ONT =
OLT output power ONT minimum sensitivity WDM loss = 3 (-27) 0.4 = 29.6 dB; round to 29 dB
Upstream Link Budget covering all optical components between the OLT and ONT =
ONT output power OLT minimum sensitivity WDM loss = 3 (-28) 0.4 = 30.6 dB ; round to 30 dB

Using FEC typically results in an increase in the link budget by about 1.5 dB.

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11

chapter

Traffic Engineering
Rules and Guidelines
In this chapter:

Traffic Engineering

Chapter 11: Traffic Engineering Rules and Guidelines

Traffic Engineering
This section discusses traffic engineering guidelines.
Figure 48 Residential User Bandwidth Drivers

IP/MPLS
Network

PE
OLT
Rou ter /
BNG
1/10 GbE

ONT
GPON

Splitter

1 Gb E

TDM
Network
SIP
Gateway

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Chapter 11: Traffic Engineering Rules and Guidelines

Figure 49 Maximum Amount of Bandwidth per Residence

Table 1*: Bandwidth per application and the number of digital streams to calculate
the maximum amount of digital data required per household.

* Broadband Properties, August 2006

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chapter

ODN Planning

In this chapter:

Optical Distribution Network Planning Considerations

ODN Network Design Checklist Network Size
ODN Network Design Checklist Services
ODN Network Design Checklist Interfaces
ODN Network Design Checklist Management

Chapter 12: ODN Planning

Optical Distribution Network Planning Considerations

GPON permits deployment of Bandwidths greater than 100Mbps peak per subscriber.
Figure 50 Access Bandwidth and Technology

1km=3300 ft

The end-to-end GPON optical fiber connection can be illustrated as shown in Figure 51. In
the central office, AOLT-4000 systems and ASPL passive optical splitters are connected
through fiber distribution frames. Between the fiber distribution frames, Alphion AFJ
series premium fiber optic jumper cables can be used for optical fiber cross connections.

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Figure 51 GPON ODN Network

X-Connect
Patch
Cords

Distribution
Cables

Feeder
Cables

Drop
Cables

1x32
splitter

AOLT4000

Fiber
Distribution
Frames

Fiber
Distribution
Hub

Central Office

Fiber
Access
Terminal

Outside Plant

Network
Interface
Device

AO NT100

Home Network

In the outside plant, feeder cables usually have a large number of fibers. The feeder cables
are terminated at the fiber access terminals. The distribution cables are relatively thinner
with less fiber counts. The feeder cables and distribution cables can be either buried
underground or run overhead. They are terminated further at the network interface
devices. Bend insensitive optical fiber cables are used to connect the ONTs to the NIDs.
Typically the fiber access terminals can be overhead (aerial), below-grade (man-hole), or
pedestal mounted. Figure 52 through Figure 54 show the details of the optical fiber
connections outside subscriber homes.
In the case of a pole-to-home service drop, the distribution fiber cable is partially
terminated in the fiber access termination box on the pole. The remaining fibers continue
on the pole to reach other subscribers homes. The terminated fiber is spliced to a 1x4
splitter. One of the four fibers is laterally dropped at the outdoor ONT attached to the
wall of subscriber house. The ONT gets AC power from subscriber home, which is
backed up by the battery pack. ONT provides quadruple-play services over category 3
analog phone cables and category 5e data cables. Wi-Fi data and/or cordless phone are
alternatives to in-home cabling.

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Figure 52 FTTP Drop System Example - SFU, Splitter Aerial, or Pole

Splitter in enclosure attached to

strand via J Hook

Lateral Fiber Drop 1

Premise
Fiber

Fiber distribution cable

attached
to messenger wire

Splitter
1:4

Enclosure to GR487
and NEMA 4 (IP56) specs

AONT-100C

Fiber
NID

UPS

AC

Premise

In the case of a pedestal-to-home service drop, the distribution fiber cable is partially
terminated inside the pedestal enclosure. The remaining fibers continue in the
underground conduit to reach other subscribers homes. The terminated fiber is spliced to
a 1x4 splitter. One of the four fibers is dropped at the outdoor ONT attached to the wall of
subscriber house. The indoor cabling is the same as the previous case.

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Figure 53 FTTP Drop System Example - SFU, Splitter in Pedestal

Premise
Fiber
AONT-100C

Splitter
1:4

Lateral Fiber Drop 1

Distribution F iber

Lateral Fiber Drop 2

Lateral Fiber Drop 3
Lateral Fiber Drop 4

UPS
Conduit for blowing Fiber

AC

Premise

In the case of a man-hole-to-home service drop, the distribution fiber cable is partially
terminated inside the man-hole fiber termination box. The remaining fibers continue in
the underground conduit to reach other subscribers homes. The terminated fiber is
spliced to a 1x4 splitter. One of the four fibers is dropped at the outdoor ONT attached to
the wall of subscriber house. The indoor cabling is the same as the previous case.

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Chapter 12: ODN Planning

Figure 54 FTTP Drop System Example - SFU, Splitters Underground

Premise
Fiber
AONT-100C

Feeder/Distribution
Fiber buried or or
in a conduit

Drop Fiber buried or in a conduit

Lateral F iber Drop 1

Distribution Fiber

Splitter
1:4

Lateral Fiber Drop 2

Lateral F iber Drop 3
Lateral Fiber Drop 4

UPS
Conduit for blowing Fiber

AC

Premise

In the case of a fiber-to-the-building service drop, the distribution fiber cable is partially
terminated in the fiber access termination box on the pole. The remaining fibers continue
in the underground conduit to reach other buildings. The terminated fibers are fed into
the building basement. From the building basement, optical fibers are dropped at each
floor and fed into a 1x4 splitter. The split fibers are then dropped at indoor ONTs in each
apartment. The ONT gets AC power from subscriber home, which is backed up by the
battery pack. ONT provides quadruple-play services over category 3 analog phone cables
and category 5e data cables. Wi-Fi data and/or cordless phone are the alternatives to inhome cabling.

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Figure 55 FTTP Drop System Example - MDU, Splitter Underground

Feeder/Distribution
Fiber buried or
in a conduit

Indoor fiber
splice box
with 1x4 splitter

Indoor drop fibers

Indoor fiber
splice box
with 1x4 splitter

Indoor dro p fibers

Drop Fiber buried or in a conduit

Lateral F iber Drop 1

Distribution Fiber

Termination
box

Lateral Fiber Drop 2

Lateral F iber Drop 3
Lateral Fiber Drop 4

Conduit for blowing F iber

Indoor fiber
termination b ox

Basement

ODN Network Design Checklist Network Size

The following information helps to establish the number of ONTs that will be required:

How many customers?

Initial deployment
Final /eventual build-out
How many ONTs per OLT on day-one?

What is the distance range (in km)?

Are maps available? (Can we get copies?)

Has trunk fiber been installed?

Has distribution fiber been installed?

Have fiber losses been surveyed?

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Chapter 12: ODN Planning

ODN Network Design Checklist Services

The following information helps to establish the services that will be provided:
What services are to be provided and provisioned?

Voice over IP
Typical Service: 1 POTS line per ONT
Busy Hour Traffic (BHT) per subscriber of 0.08 Erlang
Traffic model: Erlang B
Desired Grade of Service (GOS): 0.01 (1 %)
VoIP packet overhead: 58 bytes (including RTP, UDP, IP, Ethernet layers)

Take rate = 100%

Video over IP
Typical Service: Present DSL offering?
Define offering
What is the present video over IP ecosystem? (headend, content delivery
network, middleware, set-top-box)
Set-top-boxes per home = 1
Maximum concurrency = 20%
Take rate = 100%

High speed internet

Multiple tiers?
Rate limiting?
Bandwidth demand model?
Take rate = 100%

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Chapter 12: ODN Planning

Figure 56 FTTP/H Network Services Planning

Understand services is critical to provisioning bandwidth

ODN Network Design Checklist Interfaces

The following information enables us to configure OLT platform for specific routers,
switches, servers, and gateways:

How does the GPON tie into the core network(s)?

Services, service models, take rates determine core network bandwidth
requirements.

What voice, video and data networks will GPON interface with?
Voice
Soft switch or voice gateway (V5.2 or Q.931) to C4/C5 switch?
Separate switch / router for voice traffic?
Video / Data
Assumption: Content Delivery Network and Core Data Network are
converged.

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Chapter 12: ODN Planning

What is the capacity requirements of back-end data/video switch / router

/ BRAS?
Will the existing BRAS for the DSL network be sufficient for trial?

ODN Network Design Checklist Management

Typically the EMS and database servers will be local, and that management will be
provided in-band.

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13

chapter

Premises Planning

In this chapter:

Premises Planning Considerations

Chapter 13: Premises Planning

Premises Planning Considerations

Figure 57 shows connections to an indoor SFU ONT for a typical single Family Unit (SFU)
residence.
Figure 57 Example of Indoor Premises connections for SFU

Premise fiber; Either

Bend-tolerant fiber
G.657, type B (min
bend radius of
7.5mm) for premise
cabling, moving to
bend-insensitive
fiber (min bend
radius of 5mm)

Up to 5 Analog
Telephones

Analog
Telephone
Line1

Drop fiber; Example

Corning fiber,
Optisheath OSP fiber
and OptiTap
connectors

Fiber
NID

Premise Fiber
10/100
Base-T

Wi-Fi
AP

Analog
Telephone
Line2

AONT-100C

10/100
Base-T
AC

Laptop
PC

Drop Fiber

102

IP Settop
Box
Desktop
PC
TV

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

14

chapter

SNI Engineering Rules

and Guidelines
In this chapter:

Service Node Interface Engineering

Chapter 14: SNI Engineering Rules and Guidelines

Service Node Interface Engineering

This section provides guidelines to planning the Alphion GPON connection to the
aggregation network.

The OLT has 8 X 1GE and 2 X 10GE LAN ports over which Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol (RSTP) runs to prevent forwarding loops.

The OLT supports link aggregation of multiple combinations GE ports thus 2, 3, 4,

5, etc. Gbps trunks can be created to economically support any data rate the
service provider plans to deliver to end users.

The number of SNI ports needed is subject to traffic assumptions. For example, if
an OLT serves 1,000 users and 50% of these users are IPTV subscribers watching
broadcast TV and VOD at 20% concurrency rate and HSI users are allocated 5
Mbps with 20% of users concurrently on line, the capacity of the SNI uplink
should be computed (voice traffic is negligible compared to video and data) as :
IPTV 100x4 Mbps=400 Mbps
HSI 200x5 Mbps=1Gbps
Therefore 2 x1 GE ports aggregated would satisfy the bandwidth needs of 1000
users.

Uplink connections will terminate in a Layer 2 aggregation switch, a broadband remote

access (BRAS) or a router.
Best Practice:
It is a good engineering practice to have redundant aggregation switches to minimize
service interruption to a large number of subscribers.
There are two popular approaches for Layer 2 aggregation:

Star configuration

Ring configuration

Figure 58 shows a star configuration with both redundant and non-redundant Layer 2
aggregation switches. Each OLT is attached to two switches and RSTP will select the
forwarding and standby links.

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Chapter 14: SNI Engineering Rules and Guidelines

Figure 58 Star Configuration

Figure 59 shows a Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) configuration. Currently there are 1 and 10
Gbps rings available. Redundancy is provided by a dual ring structure using
unidirectional, counter-rotating ringlets. Redundancy is provided by either steering or
wrapping around ring failures.

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105

Chapter 14: SNI Engineering Rules and Guidelines

Figure 59 Ring Configuration

106

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

15

chapter

Traffic Engineering Rules

and Guidelines
In this chapter:

Traffic Engineering

Chapter 15: Traffic Engineering Rules and Guidelines

Traffic Engineering
Figure 60 shows an example of V5.2 capacity estimation for VoIP to PSTN connectivity.
Figure 60

GPON

PSTN

No. of
Total no.
POTS
of PSTN
ports/ON
subs
T

No. of
ONTs /
OLT

Total
no. of
ONTs

10

1000

10000

25

1000

25000

50

1000

50000

No. of
OLTs

Codec

Require ments for

Switch/Router (between
AOLT-4000 and Media
Gateway)
Packet
Ethernet switching
Min.
Packet
bandwidth throughp
packet
per
required
ut reqd.
size
Second
per call
for voice
(bytes)
(PPS)
(kbps)
traffic
(Mbps)

Requirements for
Media Gateway
Minimum
Num. of number of
V5.2/Q931 V5.2/Q931
E1 links interfaces
required

20000

G.711

87.20

150.00

160

85523

55

50000

G.711

87.20

368.00

160

210893

134

100000

G.711

87.20

732.00

160

419318

267

17
5

10

1000

10000

20000

G.729

31.20

54.00

64

85523

55

25

1000

25000

50000

G.729

31.20

132.00

64

210893

134

50

1000

50000

100000

G.729

31.20

262.00

64

419318

267

17

10

1000

10000

20000

21.87

38.00

64

57015

55

25

1000

25000

50000

21.87

93.00

64

140595

134

50

1000

50000

100000

21.87

184.00

64

174650

267

17

G.723.
1
G.723.
1
G.723.
1

Figure 18-1 Example of Voice traffic Modeling

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Chapter 15: Traffic Engineering Rules and Guidelines

Figure 61 Example of Data Traffic Modeling

Given
A central office, 50 OLT platforms, each OLT platform serving 1000 ONTs each
with 2 POTS ports, 4 fast Ethernet ports.

Assumptions

Bandwidth per residential customer: 3 Mbps

Assuming the average data packet size: 150 bytes
Assuming 100% take rate
Oversubscription ratio: 20

Data bandwidth
Total data bandwidth for Router/BNG: 3 Mbps x 50,000 /20 = 7.5 Gb/s
The packet rate at Router/BNG: 7.5 Gbps / 150 byte per packet = 6,300,000 packets per
second

Required bandwidth capacity for Router/BNG is 7.5 Gbps or 6,300,000 pps

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Chapter 15: Traffic Engineering Rules and Guidelines

Figure 62 Example of Video Traffic Modeling

Given
A central office, 50 OLT platforms, each OLT platform serving 1000 ONTs each
with 2 POTS ports, 4 fast Ethernet ports.

Assumptions

Bandwidth for each SDTV channel: 4 Mbps

Bandwidth for each HDTV channel: 8 Mbps
Video packet size: 1,500 bytes
500 multicast video channels
50,000 PON customers
50,000 PON customers x 50% take rate = 25,000 video customers
One HDTV and one SDTV simultaneously per video customer
Mixture of 80% multicast and 20% unicast traffic

Video bandwidth
Bandwidth for one HDTV and one SDTV: 4 Mbps + 8 Mbps = 12 Mbps
Bandwidth for 500 multicast SDTV channels: 500 x 4 Mbps = 2 Gbps
Bandwidth for 25,000 (1 HDTV + 1 SDTV) video customers = 25,000 x 12 Mbps = 300
Gbps
Unicast bandwidth for 25,000 (1 HDTV + 1 SDTV) video customers = 20% x 300 Gbps
= 60 Gbps
Total bandwidth for Router/BNG: 2 Gbps (multicast) + 60 Gbps (unicast) = 62 Gb/s
The corresponding packet rate: 62 Gbps / 1,500 bytes per packet = 5,166,667 packets
per second
Required bandwidth capacity for Router/BNG is 62 Gbps or 5,166,667 pps

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16

chapter

Service Engineering
Rules and Guidelines
In this chapter:

Service Engineering
Service Engineering in ONT
Service Engineering in OLT
Service Engineering in Aggregation Network

Chapter 16: Service Engineering Rules and Guidelines

Service Engineering
Voice and video applications are highly susceptible to network delay, jitter, and of packets
arriving out of sequence. Traditional data traffic can well tolerate delays and jitter present
in packet networks, but delay and relatively small jitter can make voice service
unworkable. Video service has no tolerance to packet loss; subject to the type of frame a
single lost I-frame can introduce significant deterioration of the picture. Successful
migration of the legacy voice service to the NGN platform will require a network
architecture where each application will receive adequate network services guaranteed
by the end-to-end QoS. QoS implementation allocates bandwidth, packet loss, jitter and
delay according to the requirements of the individual services.
A QoS enabled network will attempt to deliver a particular kind of service based on the
QoS parameter specified (marking 802.1p priority and DSCP bits) by each packet or
frame. Proper support of user level QoS requires effective network-level engineering as
well as support of QoS at every network element.

Service Engineering in ONT

The engineering services that need to be provided on the ONT are:

Services segregated in VLANs

Incoming packets classified and marked:

802.1 p (0 for HSI, 6 for IPTV, 7 voice)
TOS precedence (0 for HSI, 6 for IPTV, 7 voice)
DSCP (Best Effort for HSI, AF43 for IPTV, EF voice)

Incoming packets policed

Buffering

Scheduling

Service Engineering in OLT

The engineering services that need to be provided on the OLT are:

Services segregated in VLANs

Incoming packets classified and marked:

802.1 p (0 for HSI, 6 for IPTV, 7 voice)
TOS precedence (0 for HSI, 6 for IPTV, 7 voice)

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Chapter 16: Service Engineering Rules and Guidelines

DSCP (Best Effort for HSI, AF43 for IPTV, EF voice)

Incoming packets policed both in the up and downstream directions

Non-conforming packets discarded or remarked and buffered

Buffering
8 priority queues per port
Map marking (802.1p, TOS or DSCP) to priority queue

Scheduling
Strict Priority (SP) for voice and IPTV traffic
Weighted Round Robin (WRR) for data traffic

Service Engineering in Aggregation Network

The engineering services that need to be provided in the aggregation network are:

Services segregated in VLANs

Incoming packets classified and marked:

802.1 p (0 for HSI, 6 for IPTV, 7 voice)
TOS precedence (0 for HSI, 6 for IPTV, 7 voice)
DSCP (Best Effort for HSI, AF43 for IPTV, EF voice)

Incoming packets policed both in the up and downstream directions

Non-conforming packets discarded or remarked and buffered

Buffering
8 priority queues per port
Map marking (802.1p, TOS or DSCP) to priority queue

Scheduling
Strict Priority (SP) for voice and IPTV traffic
Weighted Round Robin (WRR) for data traffic

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Chapter 16: Service Engineering Rules and Guidelines

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Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

17

chapter

Planning and Site

Preparation
In this chapter:

General Site Requirements

Electrical Requirements
Rack Requirements
Planning Cables
Planning the Installation Activities
Site Survey Checklist

Chapter 17: Planning and Site Preparation

General Site Requirements

To ensure optimal system operation, the installation site must meet the environmental
requirements listed in Table 2.
Table 2

Environmental Requirements

Operating temperature

5 to 55 C

Operating altitude

20 to 4000 meters

Operating relative humidity

5 to 85% non-condensing

Cooling requirements

Allow adequate space at the front and back of the AOLT-4000 unit for ventilation and
service access.
Make sure that the ventilation openings at the front and the top of the sides and back of
the unit will not be obstructed.

Electrical Requirements
The AOLT-4000 requires two -48 V DC power sources. The integrated I/O panel provides
two DC power connections for redundant -48V DC power feeds. Each power cable
should be connected to an independent power source with its own circuit breaker.
All electrical work and installations must comply with local, state, and national electrical
codes.
The AOLT-4000 unit is shipped with two DC power cables. On one end of each cable is a
keyed connector for connecting to the integrated I/O panel. The other end of the cable is
left unterminated to allow you to attach the connectors needed for your particular power
distribution system.

Rack Requirements
The AOLT-4000 unit is designed to fit in an ETSI standard 600-mm equipment rack,
which equates to approximately 21 inches between the mounting rails. Adapters are
available from Alphion for mounting the unit in a 23-inch rack.
Allow 9U (15.75 inches/40 cm) of rack space for each installed AOLT-4000 unit.
Rack mounting screws are not included with the chassis installation hardware. You must
provide eight screws appropriate for the rack being used.

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Chapter 17: Planning and Site Preparation

The rack should meet the requirements listed in Table 3.

Table 3

Rack Requirements

Rack type

ETSI standard 600-mm

Adapters available for 23-inch rack

Vertical rack space needed

9 U (40.0 cm or 15.75 in)

Stability

Bolted to the floor, ceiling, wall, or other secured racks, as

required by local building codes

Strength

Support for up to 68 kg (150 lb)

Planning Cables
This section describes the types of cables needed for the AOLT-4000. It includes cables for
grounding the chassis, making the connections to the integrated I/O panel, and
connecting ports on the installed modules in the chassis.

Chassis Ground
The AOLT-4000 chassis has a dedicated ground lug attached to each rack mounting
flange. To connect the chassis to ground, use a minimum 6 AWG (13 sq mm) wire with
green or green and yellow insulation.

Building Integrated Timing Supply/Synchronization Supply Unit (BITS/

SSU)
Two types of BITS/SSU connections are provided:

Two BNC connectors for connecting an analog timing source (BITS/SSU In) and
for cascading the timing signal to other units (BITS/SSU Out)
Use a 75-ohm coaxial cable terminated in a BNC connector

Single DB-9 male connector for connecting a T1 (100 ohm) or E1 (120 ohm)
balanced timing source. The AOLT-4000 chassis is shipped with an attached DB-9
wire-wrap adapter on the connector.
Use an unterminated 2-pair STP cable and connect it to the provided DB-9 wirewrap adapter. Alternatively, use an STP cable terminated in a DB-9 female
connector. For the required connector pinouts, see the AOLT-4000 Installation
Guide.

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117

Chapter 17: Planning and Site Preparation

Use only one type of timing connection, either the 75-ohm unbalanced BNC connection or
the DB-9 balanced 100/120 Ohm twisted-pair connection.

External Alarms
The external alarm interface connector is a DB-15 connector. The AOLT-4000 chassis is
shipped with an attached DB-15 wire-wrap adapter on the connector.
To connect the AOLT-4000 to an external alarm system, connect any 24-wire or 28-wire
twisted pair cable with wire-wrappable solid wire. Alternatively, use a twisted pair cable
terminated in a DB-15 male connector. For the required connector pinouts, see the AOLT4000 Installation Guide.

Management Port
The Control card (CTL) has a management port for connection to a management console.
To connect this port, use a Category 5 or better Ethernet cable.
A crossover cable is required to connect a computer directly to the management port. You
can use standard twisted-pair Ethernet cables if there is a hub or switch between the
computer and the management port.

Local Management Interface

The local management interface connector is a type-B USB receptacle on the CTL module.
Use a standard USB cable with a type-B connector to connect this port to a laptop for
direct access to the command line interface.

GPON Line Card (GLC)

Ports on the GLC are implemented as small form-factor pluggable (SFP) modules. For the
specific cables required by each type of supported SFP module, refer to the Alphion GPON
Network Engineering Guide.

GPON Protected Path Line Card (GLCP)

Ports on the GLCP are implemented as small form-factor pluggable (SFP) modules. For
the specific cables required by each type of supported SFP module, refer to the Alphion
GPON Network Engineering Guide.

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Chapter 17: Planning and Site Preparation

Cable Management and Labeling

The AOLT-4000 has an integrated cable management tray at the bottom of the unit. Plan
additional cable management channels or racks as needed for the cables that will be used
in the network, and provide cable bundling or wrapping materials for dressing the
cables.
Provide labeling and record-keeping materials to allow accurate recording of the cables
as they are installed and connected.

Planning the Installation Activities

Allow adequate space for unpacking and maneuvering the chassis during installation.
You will need space to set aside the packing materials and accessory boxes during the
installation process.
Because of its weight and size, the AOLT-4000 chassis can be awkward for one person to
maneuver into the rack. Alphion strongly recommends a two-person team for installing
the chassis.

Site Survey Checklist

Appendix D provides a site survey checklist that can be copied for use by installing
technicians. Complete the checklist before you begin to unpack the equipment.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

119

Chapter 17: Planning and Site Preparation

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120

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18

chapter

Customer Premises
Network Guidelines
In this chapter:

Overview

Chapter 18: Customer Premises Network Guidelines

Overview
Install the AONT-100C in an area where the temperature ranges between 0 and 40 C. The
AONT-100C is shipped with an AC power adapter. Before you connect the power, verify
that the power input matches the specifications printed on the adapter. Make sure the
power outlet is within 1 meter (approximately 3 feet) of the installed AONT-100C.

122

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19

chapter

Core Network Guidelines

In this chapter:

Core Network Guidelines

Core Network Guidelines
Core Network Guidelines
Core Network Guidelines

for Data Backhaul

for Voice
for IP Video
for RF Video

Chapter 19: Core Network Guidelines

Core Network Guidelines for Data Backhaul

This section discusses guidelines for supporting data backhaul.

Example 1 MPLS Core Network

124

The backhaul network is an IP/MPLS network based on ring topology. Two

routers are deployed in the POP, for service redundancy in case of a node failure.

Video on Demand (VoD) and DHCP Internet services are routed in the backhaul
network with IS-IS or OSPF (differences may occur depending on countries).

VoIP service is transported by L3 VPN in the backhaul network.

Broadcast TV service is supported by L3 multicast protocols: PIM and IGMP V2/

V3.

PPP Internet service is transported through L2 MPLS tunnels.

Business services require transparent customer VLAN transport and are provided
with L2 VPN through MPLS tunnels.

In a first step GPON OLT will be connected to a single network element of

backhaul network, through one fiber or several fibers when link aggregation is
activated.

In a second step, GPON OLT will be attached to two network elements of

backhaul network, in order to increase the bandwidth and to increase the
reliability of sensitive services like VoIP and TV. Depending on the functional
scenario, the bidder will provide protection mechanisms.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 19: Core Network Guidelines

Figure 63 Example 1 - Connecting to an MPLS Core Network

Example 2 Ethernet Aggregation/MPLS Core Network

Figure 64 Link Aggregation in the MPLS Core Network

Core Network

Aggregation Network
BRAS

PE1

PE2

PE12

BRAS

BRAS

NxGE
Regional Video Server
Level I 1
Edge Video Server

1
2

10 GE

6 GE
Level II

6 GE

CO2

CO1

CO
1

CO3

CO
2

CO
1

CO
3

CO
2

CO
4

OLT 1
OLT 1
2

OLT
1

2
10

2
Access Network

10

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

1
0

1
0

OLT
1

1
0

1
0

125

Chapter 19: Core Network Guidelines

The network shown in Figure 64 connects the access network (GPON OLT-s) to a two
level aggregation network of Ethernet switches.
Assumptions are:

4 PE (provider edge router) pairs at the core of the network located in the four
major cities

Each city network serves about 375,000 end users in 38 POP-s/CO-s each serving
10,000 users connected to 10 OLTs

50% of users subscribe to IPTV service

Each POP/CO has its own Edge Video Server to serve 1,000 streams concurrently

A Regional Video Server is attached in each Level I aggregation office; 12 in a city

network

Each Regional Video Server shall support 1,500 concurrent streams

Level II and Level I aggregation switches are fully duplicated as those provide
service to at least 10,000 users although it may not apply to the initial phases of
deployment.

Each Level I aggregation switch connects to two (optionally one) PE (provider

edge MPLS router)

Each Level I aggregation network has its own BRAS; HSI and optionally VoIP
operates PPPoE while IPTV over DHCP.

Keep the unicast video traffic off the core as much as possible.

Broadcast video traverses the MPLS core in a Layer 2 VPN.

Core Network Guidelines for Voice

There are two main methods for providing voice services:

126

SIP to V5.2 gateway to a Class 5 switch

SIP to VoIP soft switch to a Class 5 or Class 4 switch

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 19: Core Network Guidelines

Figure 65 Method 1 - SIP to V5.2 LE Gateway

Figure 66 Method 2 - SIP to VoIP Soft Switch

AOLT-4000
AOLT-4000
connects
connectstotoVoIP
VoIP
Softswitch
Softswitch via
viaGbE
GbE
VoIP
VoIPSoftswitch
Softswitch
connects
connectstotoClass
Class44
via
viaE1s,
E1s,E3s
E3soror
STM-1s
STM-1s
IfIfE1s
E1sare
areused
usedtoto
connect
connecttotothe
theClass
Class
44then
thenthe
the
connection
is
the
connection is the
same
sameasasfor
formethod
method
22SIP
SIPtotoPRI
PRIQ.931
Q.931
Gateway
Gateway
Call
Callrecords
recordsand
and
billing
billinginformation
information
are
stored
in
are stored in
Softswitch;
Softswitch;for
forM2,
M2,
the
thegateway
gatewaydoes
does
not
notstore
storecall
callrecords
records
and
andbilling
billing
information.
information.

Alphion
Element
Management
System

Net wo rk
Man agem ent
System (NM S)

PSTN
Class 5
Switch

C5

C4

Class 4
Switch

VoIP
softswitch
E1s, E3s o r
STM- 1

IP
AOLT-4000

GbE

Passive
Opt ical
Split ters

Additional AOLT-4000s
(either co-located or remote)

AONT-100C
An alog
FXS Port s

Subscriber Analog Phone

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

127

Chapter 19: Core Network Guidelines

Core Network Guidelines for IP Video

Figure 67 Level I and Level II Aggregation

PE1

PE2

NxGE or 10 GE

Regional Video Server

6xGE or 1x10GE

Level I
Edge Video Server
4xGE

18

1
12

19

2
1

20
10

Level II

19

20
10

Figure 67 shows the Level I and Level II aggregation network for a single Level I
aggregation office. To support the video traffic requirements in the number of switches
and interfaces shall conform to the configuration shown in Figure 63 for a redundant
network.
Table 4

City Aggregation Hardware

City Aggregation

Switch

Quantity

Level II
Level I
Total

Level I
office
6
2
8

GE Ports
City
72
24
96

Level I
office
90
80
170

10 GE Ports
City
1080
960
2040

Level I
office
6
6
12

City

Level I
offices in
city
12

72
72
144

Other Considerations:

128

Broadcast TV traffic originates from the Central Head End where the Prime
Repository of VOD content may also be located. Core network shall be engineered
with enough bandwidth to support all the broadcast TV channels as well as nonreal time distribution of VOD content to regional and/or edge video servers.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Chapter 19: Core Network Guidelines

With geographically redundant head ends there is need for multicast routing;
otherwise a layer 2 distribution over the MPLS core and the aggregation network
with IGMP support is sufficient.

Core Network Guidelines for RF Video

Figure 29 shows RF overlay on the PON interface. The RF signal transported over the
1550 nm wavelength can carry both analog and digital TV channels. The RF overlay
solution is available in two flavors:

Return path available

If a return path is available, besides the basic TV services (unencrypted broadcast
channels) other revenue generating services like VOD, network based PVR, and
time-shifted TV will be available. The service provider may opt to provide a set of
analog channels for customers not willing to pay for a set-top box and digital
channels for premium channels and other services. Furthermore a service
provider with an IP network can even offer IPTV over the RF overlay. The
advantage of IPTV over RF versus DVB-C over RF overlay is double fold: IP settop boxes are cheaper and conditional access (DRM) management is much more
efficient.

No return path available

When there is no return path, the service offering will be limited.

Regardless of the type of service, the content must be distributed over the providers
network. A provider with a quadruple-play services offering must have an advanced IP
backbone and it should use it for the TV content distribution. The most popular formats
suitable for transmitting over the RF overlay are:
1

MPEG2 streams MPTS (Multi Program Transport Stream) over QAM

PAL/ NTSC over RF

IP encapsulated SPTS (Single Program Transport Stream) or MPTS over QAM

The most popular interfaces to carry video traffic in a service providers network are:
1

DVB-ASI

Ethernet

Telco and traditional Cable TV providers are bundling telephony, video, and Internet
access into triple play service and expanding capabilities to fiber access (GPON). RF
overlay can be a viable delivery method for TV services for both the Telco and Cable
providers. The following example describes the delivery of a cable TV service providing
both analog and digital basic TV service with no return signal access facilities.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

129

Chapter 19: Core Network Guidelines

Subject to the source of the content, the provider converts the analog TV signals into
MPEG2 streams (both MPTS and SPTS) and distributes the MPEG 2 streams over
Ethernet/IP throughout the IP network as shown in Figure 68.
In the CO, the various transport streams are fed into QAM up-converters and groomed
into analog and digital QAM channels. RF combiners mix all the channels into single coax
runs generating a DVB-C signal.
The resulting DBV-C signal is fed to an optical transmitter that modulates a 1550 nm
optical carrier. The resulting optical signal is amplified and combined with the PON via a
WDM coupler.
The core IP network must meet the bandwidth and QoS requirements.
Figure 68 Content Transport

Figure 69 shows details of TV service delivery over RF overlay. Content is received and
converted to an MPEG 2 stream in the head end. The MPEG 2 streams are distributed

130

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Chapter 19: Core Network Guidelines

over the providers core and aggregation networks to the individual CO (central offices)
where the access equipment (GPON OLT) is installed. The example assumes 10 GPON
OLTs per CO serving about 10,000 subscribers, each OLT having up to 40 PON circuits. In
the CO, the transport streams are groomed and converted into RF QAM channels. The
channels are combined into DVB-C coax runs and fed to optical transmitters. For an OLT
with 40 PONs, 40 individual optical streams and EDFA channels are required.
Figure 69 Core Network

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Chapter 19: Core Network Guidelines

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20

chapter

Technical Specification
Summary
In this chapter:

Technical Specifications

Chapter 20: Technical Specification Summary

Technical Specifications
Please consult the Product Data Briefs for a summary of the specifications for each
Alphion Product in the GPON product-line. Technical specification for the Alphion
GPON solution include:

134

AOLT Specifications

AOLT Specifications

GPON Specifications and Optical Budget

UNI Specifications

SNI Specifications

RF-Overlay Specifications and Optical Budget

System Capacity Specifications

Power Specifications

Mechanical Specifications

Environmental Specifications

Regulatory Specifications

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

appendix

References

In this appendix:

List of References

Appendix A: References

List of References
The following documents are relevant to this document

ANSI Documents
1

ANSI/SCTE 01 1996 [F-connector]

Telcordia Documents
2

TR-NWT-000332, Reliability and Quality Generic Requirements, [Reliability]

GR-57-CORE, Issue 1, October 2001, Functional Criteria for Digital Loop Carrier
(DLC) Systems

GR-409-CORE, Generic Requirements for Premises Fiber Optic Cable, Issue 1,

May 1994.

GR-909-CORE, Issue 2, Generic Requirements and Objectives for Fiber in the

Loop (FITL) Systems, December 2004.

GR-506-CORE, LSSGR: Signaling for Analog Interfaces, November, 1996, FR-64

GR-418-CORE, Generic Reliability Assurance for Fiber Optic Transport Systems.

[Reliability]

GR 1401, LSSGR: Visual Message Waiting Indicator Generic Requirements (FSD

01-02-2000), June 2000, FR-64.

GR-910-CORE, Generic Requirements for Fiber Optic Attenuators.

10 GR-929-CORE, Reliability Quality Assurance for Telecommunications Systems,

[Reliability]
11 GR-1089, Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electrical Safety Generic Criteria
for Network Telecommunications Equipment, Issue 2, December 1997 with
revision 1, February 1999. [Packaging, EMI NEBS Level 3]

ETSI Documents
12 ETS 300-019-1-3 Equipment Engineering (EE) (02/92); Environmental conditions
and environmental tests for telecommunications equipment Part 1-3:
Classification of environmental conditions Stationary use at weather protected
locations [Environmental] Class 3.1
13 ETS 300 119-2, Equipment Engineering (EE); European telecommunication
standard for equipment practice Part 2: Engineering requirements for racks and
cabinets. January 1994.
136

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Appendix A: References

14 ETS 300 119-4 [Packaging Dimension ETSI]

15 ETS 300 132-2 (09/96): Equipment Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the
input to telecommunications equipment; Part 2: Operated by direct current
16 ETS 300-386-1 [Environmental]
17 ETSI EN 300 659-1, Access and Terminals (AT); Analogue access to the Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); Subscriber line protocol over the local loop
for display (and related) services; Part 1: On-hook data transmission, January
2001.
18 ETSI EN 300 659-3, Access and Terminals (AT); Analogue access to the Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN); Subscriber line protocol over the local loop
for display (and related) services; Part 3: Data link message and parameter
codings, January 2001.

IEEE Documents
19 IEEE Std 802.1d (1998); Information technology Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks
Common specifications Part 3: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges.
20 IEEE 802.1p [LAN Traffic Prioritization]
21 IEEE 802.1Q (2003) IEEE Standards for Local and metropolitan area networks
Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks
22 IEEE 802.1w (2001) IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks
Common specifications Part 3: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges
Amendment 2: Rapid Reconfiguration
23 IEEE 802.1ad LCAP
24 IEEE 802.1x [Full-duplex PAUSE]
25 IEEE 802.1ad Ethernet provider bridges standards
26 IEEE 802.1ah Ethernet provider backbone bridges standard
27 IEEE 802.1d/p/q Ethernet bridging standards
28 IEEE 802.3aa [Gigabit Ethernet Maintenance]
29 IEEE 802.3ab-1999 [100Base-T]
30 IEEE 802.3u-1995, 100Base-TX and 100Base-FX
31 IEEE 802.3ad Ethernet link aggregation standards
32 IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet in First Mile standard

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Appendix A: References

33 IEEE 802.3z-1998, 1000Base-LX (long wavelength laser (1310nm)

34 IEEE 802.3z-1998, 1000Base-SX, short wavelength laser (850nm)
35 IEEE 1101.1 [ANSI Packaging]

IETF Documents
36 RFC 1157, 1441-1452, 2570-2580 SNMP
37 RFC 1213 [MIB-II]
38 RFC 1493 Bridge MIB
39 RFC 1757 RMON MIB
40 RFC 2236 IGMPv2
41 RFC 2327 SDP
42 RFC 2616 - Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1, June.199
43 RFC 2833 (DTMF over RTP)
44 RFC 3261 SIP
45 RFC 3550/3551 RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications (replaces
RFC 1889).
46 RFC 4330, Simple Network Time Protocol version 4 for IPv6, IPv4, and OSI,
January, 2006.
47 DHCP option 82 (Authentication)

ITU Documents
48 ITU-T Rec. G.168 (08/04), Digital network echo cancellers.
49 ITU-T G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
50 ITU-T Rec. G.655 Characteristics of NZ-DSF Single Mode Optical Fibre and Cable
51 ITU G.657 Characteristics of bend-insensitive single-mode optical fiber cable
52 ITU-T G.711(11/88), Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies.
53 ITU-T G.712
54 ITU-T G.723.1A/B
55 ITU-T G.726

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Appendix A: References

56 ITU-T G.729 (A and B)

57 ITU-T G.843.3, Management Interface Requirements (EMS)
58 ITU-T G.983.2 ONT management and control interface specification for B-PON
59 ITU-T G.984.2 Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON): Physical
Media Dependent (PMD) layer specification, February, 2006
60 ITU-T G.984.3 Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (G-PON): Transmission
convergence layer specification, February 2004
61 ITU-T G.984.4 Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (G-PON): ONT
management and control interface specification, June 2004
62 ITU-T Q.834 (CORBA)
63 ITU-T Y.1541 [VoIP packet loss, packet jitter]
64 ITU-T G.992.3 - Asymmetric digital subscriber line transceivers 2 (ADSL2)
65 ITU-T G.992.5 - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) transceivers
Extended bandwidth ADSL2 (ADSL2plus)
66 ITU-T G.993.2 - Very high speed Digital Subscriber Line Transceivers 2
67 ITU G.984.6 Reach extension for Gigabit capable Passive Optical Access Networks,
Draft, 2008. [Based on [Link]]
68 ITU G.984.5 GPON Enhancement band operation
69 ITU-T T.38 FAX

TEC (Telecommunication Engineering Center) Documents

70 GR for FTTH/[Link] Broadband Access Applications using GPON
Technology, GR No.: GR/PON-01/[Link].2006

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139

Appendix A: References

140

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appendix

Ordering Alphion
Products
In this appendix:

Ordering Alphion Products

Appendix B: Ordering Alphion Products

Ordering Alphion Products

Table 5

Alphion Catalog Part Numbers

Catalog Part Number

ELEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
AOLT-4000-CTL-01
AOLT-4000-EXT-01

Description

AOLT-4000-FLTR-01
AOLT-4000-FT-01
AOLT-4000-GLC-01

AOLT-4000 Filter Cartridge.

AOLT-4000 Fan Tray.
AOLT-4000 GPON line card with four OLT ports per card

AOLT-4000-GLCP-01

AOLT-4000 GPON path protected line card with four working OLT
ports per card
AOLT-4000 switch / timing card includes 2 x 10 GbE XFP optics
and 8 x GbE SFP optics

AOLT-4000-SWT-01

AOLT-4000 control card

AOLT-4000 [Link] PON extension system - single port

AONTs
AONT-100C-01

AONT-100 Compact Optical Network Terminal (w/o RF)

AONT-100-UPS-01

AONT-100 CPE Uninterruptible Power Supply

AONT-100-01

AONT-100 Optical Network Terminal with RF Video

AONT-200-01

Small Business Unit GPON Optical Network Terminal

AONT-300-CH-01
AONT-300-ADSL-01

AONT-300 chassis
AONT-300 ADSL2+ Service Card (24 ports)

AONT-300-ENET-01

AONT-300 Ethernet Service Card (24 ports)

AONT-300-POTS-01
AONT-300-VDSL-01
AONT-300-UPS-01

AONT-300 POTS Service Card (24 ports)

AONT-300 VDSL2 Service Card (12 ports)
Uninterruptible Power Supply for AONT-300

EQUIPTMENT RACKS
AFRM-ETSI
AFDF-ETSI
APDU-ALM-ETSI-01

Central Office Equipment Frame

Fiber Distribution Frames
Power Distribution Alarm Panel (ETSI)

PASSIVE OPTICAL SPLITTERS

ASPL-IND-L-2x4-SU
ASPL-IND-L-CH-600
ASPL-IND-W-1X16-SU
ASPL-IND-W-1X32-SU
APL-IND-W-2x8-SU

142

2X4 splitter in LGX

LGX Chassis
Indoor Wall Mount 1x16 Splitter
Indoor Wall Mount 1X32 Splitter
Indoor Wall Mount 2x8 Splitter

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Appendix B: Ordering Alphion Products

ASPL-IND-W-1X8-SU
ASPL-IND-W-2X32-SU
ASPL-IND-W-2X4-SU

Indoor Wall Mount 1x8 Splitter

Indoor Wall Mount 2X32 Splitter
Indoor Wall Mount 2x4 Splitter

OPTICAL ATTENUATORS
AOA-SU-5

5 dB optical attenuator SC/UPC

FIBER JUMPERS
AFJ-S-FU-FU-10.0

10 m FC/UPC on both ends.

AFJ-S-SU-P-10.0

10 m SC/UPC on one end, pigtail on other

AFJ-S-SU-SU-10.0

10 m SC/UPC on both ends

PRODUCT LITERATRURE
AOLT-4000-DOC-01

Alphion AOLT-4000 Installation Guide (Hard Copy)

AOLT-4000-DOC-02

Alphion AOLT-4000 Installation Guide (CD)

AOLT-4000-DOC-03
AOLT-4000-DOC-04

Alphion AOLT-4000 Command Line Interface Reference (Hard

Copy)
Alphion AOLT-4000 Command Line Interface Reference (CD)

AOLT-GNEG-DOC-01

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide (Hard Copy)

AOLT-GNEG-DOC-02

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide (CD)

AOLT-GSDG-DOC-01

Alphion GPON System Description Guide (Hard Copy)

AOLT-GSDG-DOC-02

Alphion GPON System Description Guide (CD)

AOLT-4000-DOC-05

AOLT-GRG-DOC-01

Alphion AOLT-4000 Operations, Administration, and Maintenance

Guide (Hard Copy)
Alphion AOLT-4000 Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
Guide (CD)
Alphion GPON Repair Guide (Hard Copy)

AOLT-GRG-DOC-02

Alphion GPON Repair Guide (CD)

AONT-100-DOC-01

Alphion AONT-100 (SFU) Installation Guide (Hard Copy)

AONT-100-DOC-02

Alphion AONT-100 (SFU) Installation Guide (CD)

AONT-100-DOC-03

Alphion AONT-100 (SFU) User Guide (Hard Copy)

AONT-100-DOC-04

Alphion AONT-100 (SFU) User Guide (CD)

AONT-100C-DOC-01

Alphion AONT-100C (SFU) Installation Guide (Hard Copy)

AONT-100C-DOC-02

Alphion AONT-100C (SFU) Installation Guide (CD)

AONT-100C-DOC-03

Alphion AONT-100C (SFU) User Guide (Hard Copy)

AOLT-4000-DOC-06

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Appendix B: Ordering Alphion Products

AONT-100C-DOC-04

Alphion AONT-100C (SFU) User Guide (CD)

AONT-UPS-DOC-01

Alphion AONT-UPS (SFU) Installation Guide (Hard Copy)

AONT-UPS-DOC-02

Alphion AONT-UPS (SFU) Installation Guide (CD)

ASPL-WMS-DOC-01

Alphion ASPL-Wall Mount Splitter TIOCMR Guide (Hard Copy)

ASPL-WMS-DOC-02

Alphion ASPL-Wall Mount Splitter TIOCMR Guide (CD)

ASPL-LGX-DOC-01

Alphion ASPL-LGX Splitter TIOCMR Guide (Hard Copy)

ASPL-LGX-DOC-02

Alphion ASPL-LGX Splitter TIOCMR Guide (CD)

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appendix

Site Survey

In this appendix:

Using the Forms

Site Survey Checklist
Site Information Sheets

Appendix C: Site Survey

Using the Forms

This appendix provides a checklist and information sheets to use in performing a site
survey before the Alphion equipment is delivered for installation.
Use Table 6 to record completion of the site information and planning sheets as you fill in
each sheet. In addition, note whether or not a map or directions to the installation site are
included with the information sheets.
Use the site information sheets to record information about the site and about installation
requirements for the Alphion equipment. Information sheets include Site Access
Information, General Site Information, Power and Grounding Information, Fiber Cables and Fiber
Management, and Other Cabling Information.
The information sheets are printed one per page so that you can copy or print the pages
to use at the installation site.

Site Survey Checklist

Table 6

Completed Information Sheets and Other Information

Site Access Information (Table 7)

General Site Information (Table 8)
Power and Grounding (Table 9)
Fiber Cables and Management (Table 10).
Other Cabling Information (Table 11)

NOTE: Print map or directions and attach them to the checklists.

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Appendix C: Site Survey

Site Information Sheets

Table 7

Site Access Information

Points of Contact

Name:
Phone
Email:
Name:
Phone
Email:
Name:
Phone
Email:

Site address

Name:
Street Addr.:
City:
State/Province:

Delivery address (if

different(

Name:
Street Addr.:
City:
State/Province:

Site access/working hours

Access:
Working:

Date of site survey

Date is confirmed?
Directions to site have been
printed?

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Appendix C: Site Survey

Table 8

General Site Information

Date of Survey
Earthquake Safety
Requirements

Load requirements for

heating, ventilating, and air
conditioning (HVAC)

Path from delivery site to

installation site

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Appendix C: Site Survey

Table 9

Power and Grounding Information

Date of survey
What is the maximum current
required by the system?
What is the allowable voltage drop?
Where is the power connection?

What length of power cable is

required?
What kind of termination is required
for the power cable?

Type of lug:
Size of stud:
Number of holes:
Hole spacing:

Where is the facility input power

shutoff?
What chassis grounding is required?

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Appendix C: Site Survey

Table 10 Fiber Cables and Fiber Management

Date of survey
How many fiber connections?
What kind of cable is required for
these?

Type
Size
Color
Connector
Manufacturer

How far is it from the front of

the AOLT-4000 to the site fiber
termination point?
How much cable will be needed?

What is required for slack

storage?
Vendor and model of cable slack
management hardware
what fiber management
hardware is needed
Vendor and model of cable slack
management hardware

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Appendix C: Site Survey

Table 11 Other Cabling Information

Date of survey
Timing cables needed? (Y/N)
What kind of cable is required for
these?

Type
Size
Color
Connector
Manufacturer
Length

Alarm cables needed? (Y/N)

What kind of cable is required for
this?

Type
Size
Color
Connector
Manufacturer
Length

Management port cable needed?

(Y/N)
What kind of cable is required for
this?

Type
Size
Color
Connector
Manufacturer
Length

Local management port cable

needed? (Y/N)

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

If yes, use USB type-A connector.

151

Appendix C: Site Survey

This page is left blank intentionally.

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Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Glossary

Glossary

Terms Used in this Manual

ABSORPTION

In optical fiber, the optical attenuation that results from

converting optical power to heat. One cause of absorption is
impurities introduced into the fiber when it is manufactured.

ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER

See ADM.

ADM

Add/drop multiplexer. A device that can add (insert) or drop

(extract) lower-rate signals from a higher-rate multiplexed signal.

AGC

Automatic gain control.

AIS-L

Alarm indication signalline. Alarm indicator for line-level

errors.

ANGLED CONNECTOR

Used for Video Overlay (1550nm) transmission connections. The

angled faces direct reflections away from the signal thus
eliminating interference.

APS

Automatic protection switching.

ATTENUATION

The measured decrease in signal strength along an optical fiber.

Attenuation is due to a combination of absorption and scattering.
Attenuation is expressed in decibels per kilometer (dB/km).

BAD FRAME COUNT

See BFC.

BANDWIDTH

In an optical network, the range of frequencies in which an

optical fiber or NE can transmit data or information. Also, the
measured information-carrying capacity of a transmission
channel.

BER

Bit error rate. The BER acronym is used when setting Global PM
Thresholds in the Node Views of the VersiNET Manager EMS and
CIT clients.

BERT

Bit error rate tester.

BFC

Bad frame count errors. An aggregate total of errors affecting

Ethernet frames (other than CRC errors). The BFC includes errors
in frame alignment and length.

BIAS

Refers to the power applied to the laser in a line card. Excessive

variations from the normal bias may indicate a degraded laser
element. In terms of performance monitoring, an alarm event is
generated if the bias value falls below 80% or exceeds 120%, as a
normalized percentage.

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Glossary

BIN TYPE

In terms of performance monitoring, this refers to the elapsed

time of the PM monitoring period, either 15 minutes or 24 hours.

BIP

Bit interleaved parity. An error-detection method.

CHANNEL

Network-compatible data-encoded optical signal. Conditions for

compatibility can be found in the optical layer system
specifications.

CHROMATIC DISPERSION

See dispersion.

CIRCUIT

A data path through a network, enabling the transfer of

information from one point on the network to another.

CIT

Craft interface terminal.

CLI

Command line interface.

CLIENT SIGNAL

Typically used in reference to the customer signal.

CLIENT STATE

State of the client. The state can be:

In Service
Out of Service
Maintenance (OOS)Under maintenance, out of service
Unprovisioned (OOS)Unprovisioned, out of service
Auto Provisioned (IS)Automatic in service
Locked

CODE VIOLATION
CORRECTED

CPE

1S/0S

See CV.
Total number of digital 1s/0s that have been corrected by the
digital wrapper forward error correction.
Customer Premises Equipment. The equipment located at (and
typically owned by) the end user location.

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Glossary

CRC

Cyclic redundancy check. A CRC is a type of block error detection

code that is generated by a transmitter from the information bits
in the digital bit stream. It is inserted into the bit stream by the
transmitter so that a receiver can detect errors. The errors indicate
that an Ethernet frame has been damaged during transmission;
damage is typically associated with hardware problems in the
network interface card (NIC).
The CRC field in an Ethernet packet contains a hash value for the
frame that is used to determine if the frame was damaged during
transmission. A CRC error means that the CRC value no longer
matches the current frame contents, which indicates that the
frame is damaged.

CTL LINE CARD

Control line card. Exchanges management information with other

modules in an AOLT-4000 shelf.

CV

Code violations. The occurrence of transmission bit errors in

paths and lines, as detected by examining a redundancy-check
code, such as CRC or parity, embedded in the signal format.

CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK

See CRC.

DARK FIBER

An optical fiber not currently in use.

DBM

DeciBels below 1 Milliwatt) A measurement of power loss in

decibels using 1 milliwatt as the reference point. A signal received
at 1 milliwatt yields 0 dBm. A signal at .1 milliwatt is a loss of 10
dBm.

DCN

Data communications network. The network of control

connections between and among the management system and the
NEs.

DFB

LASER

EDFA

156

Distributed feedback laser. An injection laser diode combined

with a Bragg reflection grating outside the active region to
suppress multiple longitudinal modes and enhance a single
logitudinal mode.
Erbium-doped fiber amplifier. A device for amplifying optical
signals. An EDFA device differs from a conventional regenerative
or electro-optical repeater in that the optical signal (light) is not
converted to an electrical signal before being amplified, and so
does not have to be converted back into light. In an EDFA device,
a length of fiber is treated with the rare earth element erbium,
which can amplify light in the 1550-nm region when pumped by
an external laser. See also OA line card.

Alphion GPON Network Engineering Guide

Glossary

EMS

Element management system. The set of equipment, software,

and procedures designed to manage the NEs in a network. An
EMS typically provides control over configuration, provisioning,
fault isolation and resolution, security, and performance
monitoring.

ERRORED SECONDS

See ES.

ES

Errored seconds. ES is a count of seconds during which at least

one of the following has occurred: CV (for example, a parity
error), AIS-L defect, line layer BIP error, or other lower-layer
traffic-related, near-end defect.

FC

Failure count.

FC/PC

Full contact/physical contact. Type of optical connector. Uses a

screw-thread lock with a key to prevent rotation while screwing
on the connector.

FIBER BRAGG GRATING

See FBG.

FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION

FEC is a method of sending redundant data to allow the receiver

to detect and correct errors without having to retransmit.

G BE

Gigabit Ethernet.

GBPS

Gigabits per second.

GBPS

Gigabytes per second.

GEM

See GPON Encapsulation Method.

GENERIC ENCAPSULATION METHOD See GEM.

GHZ

GigaHertz (one billion Hertz).

GLC

GPON line card.

GLCP

GPON protected path line card.

GPON

Gigabit Passive Optical Network

HZ

Hertz (cycles per second).

INSERTION LOSS

The added attenuation caused by insertion of the component in

question into the lightpath. This can be observed as the reduction
in measured power downstream from the component.

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157

Glossary

ITU

International Telecommunication Union. The International

Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization
Sector (ITU-T) is the successor to the CCITT (Consultative
Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone).

KBPS

Kilobits per second.

KHZ

KiloHertz. 1,000 cycles per second.

KM

Kilometer. 1 km is equal to 3,280 feet or 0.62 miles.

LBC

Laser bias current. This parameter is the normalized value of the

laser bias current, expressed as an integer percentage, that is, the
measured value of the laser bias current divided by the nominal
value for the bias current as determined by the vendor, times 100.

LC

Lampert connector. Type of optical connector. Small form factor

connector with a single ferrule per fiber. A locking beam snaps
the connectors together and in place. Available for backplane
applications as single connector or in arrays. Backplane version is
referred to as BLC.

LIGHTPATH

The route an optical signal follows from the emitter/transmitter

at the origin to the receiver at the destination.

LIGHTPATH STATE

State of a lightpath. The state can be:

EstablishedLightpath creation is completed.
Creation in progressEither there is not enough resources to
finish the lightpath or the signalling through the nodes is not yet
complete.
Deletion in progressThe system is trying to complete the
signalling through all the nodes to tear down the lightpath.
RejectedNo valid resource can be found.

LOF

Loss of frame. An LOF is declared when a severely errored

framing (SEF) defect has been active for 3 ms. It is cleared when
the signal is in-frame for 3 ms.

LOS

Loss of signal.

MBPS

Megabit per second, or one million bits per second.

MMF

Multimode fiber. An optical fiber that has a core large enough to

propagate more than one mode of light. See also SMF.

MULTIMODE FIBER

See MMF.

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Glossary

MULTIPLEXER

Component that combines a number of signals Onto a single

fiber.

MUX

See multiplexer.

NE

Network element (or equipment). Any device that is part of a

communication transmission path and also performs one of the
section-, line-, or path-terminating functions.

NETWORK ELEMENT

See NE.

NOC

Network Operations Center.

ODN

Optical Distribution Network

OPR

Optical power received. A measure of the average optical power

of the received signal.

OPT

Optical power transmitted. A measure of the average optical

output power transmitted Onto the line.

OPTICAL AMPLIFIER

See OA line card.

OPTICAL LINE TERMINAL

AOLT-4000.

OPTICAL LINK LOSS BUDGET

The maximum available loss for a given span. See also span.

OPTICAL NETWORK TERMINAL

AONT-100C and AONT-100.

OSNR

Optical signal-to-noise ratio. Ratio of signal power to the power

of the noise at the wavelength of the signal. The optical noise
bandwidth employed for this measure is typically 0.1 nm.

PERFORMANCE MONITORING STATE

State of the performance monitoring. The state can be:

PartialData collection is incomplete
N/AData not available
GoodData is collected properly
Partial is indicated if the interval measuring the activity varies
from the standard 15-minute or 24-hour intervals by more than 10
seconds. This may occur when the component reboots, in which
case the first and last intervals are often corrupted because they
are less than the standard interval. A corrupted interval can also
occur when a change in system time occurs.

PM

Performance monitoring. Refers to the nonintrusive monitoring

of transmission quality of in-service signals.

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159

Glossary

PORT STATE

State of the port. The state can be:

EquippedThe port (SFP) is installed.
Not EquippedThe port (SFP) is removed.
DeletedThe port (SFP) is not expected to be installed.

POWER LOW/HIGH

The signal power transmitted or received at the measurement

interval. In a 15-minute or 24-hour interval, Power Low is the
lowest value and Power High is the highest value, in decibels
(dBm). An alarm event is generated if this value falls below 80%
or exceeds 120%, respectively.

PROTECTION PATH

The path initially allocated for protection of a protected service.

PROTECTION SWITCH

A switch from the working to the protection path (or vice versa)
in response to a network failure or a manually initiated
command.

PSC

Protection switch counts. For a working line, the PSC is a count of

the number of times that service has been switched to the
protection line, plus the number of times it has been switched
back to the working line. For the protection line, it is a count of
the number of times that service has been switched from any
working line to the protection line, plus the number of times
service has been switched back to a working line. The PSC
parameter is only applicable for OSPRING services.

RATE

In terms of path and pointer performance monitoring, this is the

rate of the signal that the PM is monitoring.

RING

A set of NEs interconnected to form a closed loop. Used to create

a defined diverse path between any two nodes.

SC

Square connector. Type of optical connector. Mechanical locking

is by locking-tabs that snap into place when the connectors are
mated together.

SD

Signal degrade. Signal degrade is declared (and event is

generated) for a BER greater than 10e-9 or less than 10e-5.

SEF

Severely errored frame. An SEF defect is declared when the

incoming signal has four consecutive errored framing patterns.
SEF is cleared when two consecutive error free framing patterns
are detected.

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Glossary

SERVICE STATE

State of a service in a ring. The state can be:

EstablishedService creation is completed.
Creation in ProgressEither there are not enough resources to
finish the service or the signalling through the nodes is not yet
completed.
Established Locking
Established Unlocking
Deletion in ProgressThe system is trying to complete the
signalling through all the nodes to and from the service.
Rejected
Retry
Reroute

SERVICE TYPE

The type of available services on a ring. Available types are:

Dedicated ProtectionEquivalent to DPRING or UPSR
Shared ProtectionEquivalent to OSPRING
Link Node DisjointLND
UnprotectedProtection not set

SES

Severely errored seconds. SES is a count of the seconds during

which an excessive number of the following errors is detected:
line layer BIP errors, AIS-L defects, or other lower-layer trafficrelated, near-end defects. The following is the number of errors
per second that cause the second to be counted as a severely
errored second: OC-48: 2,459 and OC-192: 9,835.

SEVERELY ERRORED SECONDS

See SES.

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161

Glossary

SEVERITY

All system alarms, errors, and events are assigned a severity level
to appropriately prioritize them. Severities, denoted by color
coded LEDs, are displayed on the physical hardware installed in
a shelf as well as anywhere alarm status or event/error logging is
displayed in the VersiNET Manager EMS and CIT clients.
Severities include:
CriticalRed LED
MajorOrange LED
MinorYellow LED
Not AlarmedBlue LED (not applicable to error or event
logging)
ClearedGreen LED (not applicable to error or event logging)
Not Reported (not applicable to error or event logging)
InformationFor information only (applicable to error or event
logging only)

SF

Signal failure. Signal failure is declared (and an event generated)

for a BER greater than 10e-6.

SFP

Small form factor pluggable (SFP) laser optical transceiver

modules.

SINGLE MODE FIBER

See SMF.

SLA

Service level agreement. An agreement by a service provider to

provide a customer with a specified level of service.

SLOT STATE

State of the slot. The state can be:

EquippedFully installed and configured.
Not EquippedNot yet fully installed or configured.
MaintenanceUnder maintenance.
Deletedline card is taken out of service for removal. Not
included in the provisionable resource list.

SMF

Single mode fiber. A small-core optical fiber through which only

one light mode can propagate. See also MMF.

SNI

Service Node Interface

SPAN

The transmission fiber, patch panels, and other components

forming the connection between two neighboring NEs in a
network.

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Glossary

ST

SWT, SWT&T

Straight tip. Type of optical connector. Mechanical locking is

achieved by rotating the male connectors side dimples into the
female connectors grooves with a quarter-turn motion.
LINE CARD

Switch and Timing card.

TCA

Threshold crossing alert. If the current value of a performance

monitoring parameter matches or exceeds its associated
threshold value, the OADM generates a TCA, to signal possible
performance degradation.

TDM

Time division multiplexing. The transmission of multiple signals

each characterized by a distinct time-slot.

THRESHOLD TYPES

Refers to types of threshold settings during performance

monitoring. Refer to the exact type of threshold setting for more
details (i.e., CV, ES, SES, etc.).

TIME

In terms of performance monitoring, this is the beginning of the

monitored period.

TIMESLOT

A portion of the bandwidth determined by Time Division

Multiplexing.

UAS

Unavailable seconds. A count of the seconds during which the

line was considered unavailable. A line becomes unavailable at
the onset of 10 consecutive seconds that qualify as SES, and
continues to be unavailable until the onset of 10 consecutive
seconds that do not qualify as SES.

UNAVAILABLE SECONDS

See UAS.

UNCORRECTABLE BLOCKS

Total number of blocks that could not be corrected by the digital

wrapper forward error correction because the number of errors
exceeded the permitted maximum.

WAVELENGTH

The distance between two corresponding points, such as the

peak, in a periodic wave.

WDM

Wavelength division multiplexing. The transmission of multiple

signals each characterized by a distinct wavelength on a single
fiber or fiber pair. See also DWDM.

WORKING PATH

The path initially allocated to carry a protected service.

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Glossary

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Index

Index

Numerics

75-ohm analog timing source . . . 118

local management interface . . . 118

balanced timing source . . . 117

management port . . . 118

BITS connectors . . . 117

mounting hardware . . . 116

BNC connectors . . . 117

Ordering Alphion Products . . . 142, 146

cable management tray . . . 119

other cabling information sheet . . . 151

cables, planning . . . 117

chassis ground . . . 117

checklist, site survey . . . 146
coaxial cable . . . 117
connectors
BITS . . . 117
BNC . . . 117
DB-15 . . . 118
DB-9 . . . 117
external alarms . . . 118
USB . . . 118

D
DB-15 connector
connecting . . . 118
DB-9 connector . . . 117
DC power cables . . . 116

E
electrical requirements . . . 116
environmental requirements . . . 116
external alarms interface . . . 118

ports
Ethernet management . . . 118
local management . . . 118
SFP . . . 118
power and grounding information sheet . . . 149
power connections . . . 116

R
rack requirements . . . 116
requirements
electrical . . . 116
environmental . . . 116
ground wire . . . 117
unpacking space . . . 119

S
service access . . . 116
SFP ports . . . 118
site access information sheet . . . 147
site information sheets . . . 147
site survey, performing . . . 146

space requirements . . . 119

fiber cables and fiber management information

sheet . . . 150

forms, site survey . . . 146

USB connector . . . 118

general site information sheet . . . 148

ventilation requirements . . . 116

ground lug . . . 117

vertical space required . . . 117

W
wire-wrap adapter . . . 117

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Catalog Number: AOLT-GNEG-DOC-01

Part Number: 191-0000002 Rev 03
April 2008