Trigonometric identities
Victor Liu
October 3, 2008
Contents
1 Algebra
1.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Quotient identities . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Hyperbolic relations . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Pythagorean identities . . . . . . . .
1.5 Co-function identities . . . . . . . .
1.6 Parity relations . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7 Sum-difference formulas . . . . . . .
1.8 Double angle formulas . . . . . . . .
1.9 Power-reducing, half angle formulas .
1.10 Sum to product formulas . . . . . .
1.11 Product to sum formulas . . . . . . .
1.12 Euler equations . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.13 Inverse relations . . . . . . . . . . .
1.14 Inverse functions as logarithms . . .
1.15 Inverse sum formulas . . . . . . . . .
1.16 Triangle laws . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.17 Tangent formulas . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
6
2 Calculus
2.1 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Inverse series . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Hyperbolic series . . . . . . .
2.4 Inverse hyperbolic series . . .
2.5 Derivatives . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 Inverse derivatives . . . . . .
2.7 Hyperbolic derivatives . . . .
2.8 Inverse hyperbolic derivatives
2.9 Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10 Inverse integrals . . . . . . .
2.11 Hyperbolic integrals . . . . .
2.12 Inverse hyperbolic integrals .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
1.1
Algebra
Definitions
1
eix eix
=
csc x
2i
1
eix + eix
cos x =
=
sec x
2
1
eix eix
tan x =
= i ix
cot x
e + eix
sin x =
1.2
Quotient identities
tan x =
1.3
1.4
1.5
tanh x =
sinh x
cosh x
sinh x = i sin(ix)
cosh x = cos(ix)
tanh x = i tan(ix)
csch x = i csc(ix)
sech x = sec(ix)
coth x = i cot(ix)
Pythagorean identities
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
sec2 x tan2 x = 1
csc2 x cot2 x = 1
cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1
sech2 x + tanh2 x = 1
coth2 x csch2 x = 1
Co-function identities
x = cos x
2
csc
x = sec x
2
1.7
sin x
cos x
Hyperbolic relations
sin
1.6
1
ex ex
=
csch x
2
1
ex + ex
cosh x =
=
sech x
2
1
ex ex
tanh x =
= x
coth x
e + ex
sinh x =
x = sin x
2
sec
x = csc x
2
cos
x = cot x
2
cot
x = tan x
2
tan
Parity relations
sin(x) = sin x
cos(x) = cos x
tan(x) = tan x
csc(x) = csc x
sec(x) = sec x
cot(x) = cot x
sinh(x) = sinh x
cosh(x) = cosh x
tanh(x) = tanh x
csch(x) = csch x
sech(x) = sech x
coth(x) = coth x
Sum-difference formulas
sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y
sinh(x y) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y
cos(x y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y
tan x tan y
tan(x y) =
1 tan x tan y
cosh(x y) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
tanh x tanh y
tanh(x y) =
1 tanh x tanh y
1.8
Double angle formulas
sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x
2
sinh(2x) = 2 sinh x cosh x
2
cos(2x) = cos x sin x = 2 cos x 1 = 1 2 sin x
cosh(2x) = cosh2 x + sinh2 x = 2 cosh2 x 1 = 1 + 2 sinh2 x
2 tan x
tan(2x) =
1 tan2 x
1.9
tanh(2x) =
2 tanh x
1 + tanh2 x
Power-reducing, half angle formulas
1 cos(2x)
2
cosh(2x) 1
sinh2 x =
2
sin2 x =
1.10
1 + cos(2x)
2
cosh(2x) + 1
cosh2 x =
2
cos2 x =
Sum to product formulas
x+y
xy
cos
2
2
x+y
xy
cos x + cos y = 2 cos
cos
2
2
sin x + sin y = 2 sin
1.11
1
[cos(x y) cos(x + y)]
2
1
sin x cos y = [sin(x + y) sin(x y)]
2
1.13
x+y
xy
sin
2
2
x+y
xy
cos x cos y = 2 sin
sin
2
2
sin x sin y = 2 cos
Product to sum formulas
sin x sin y =
1.12
1 cos(2x)
1 + cos(2x)
cosh(2x) 1
tanh2 x =
cosh(2x) 1
tan2 x =
cos x cos y =
1
[cos(x y) + cos(x + y)]
2
Euler equations
ex = cosh x + sinh x
ex = cosh x sinh x
eix = cos x + i sin x
eix = cos x i sin x
Inverse relations
These are derivable from the co-function identities.
sin1 x
2
sin1 (x) = sin1 x
sec1 x
2
cos1 (x) = cos1 x
tan1 x
2
tan1 (x) = tan1 x
csc1 (x) = csc1 x
sec1 (x) = sec1 x
cot1 (x) = cot1 x
cos1 =
csc1 =
cot1 =
cos1
1
= sec1 x
x
tan1
tan1
cot1
cot1
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
sin1
1
= csc1 x
x
sec1
1
= cos1 x
x
tan1 x = cot1 x
2
= tan1 x = + cot1 x
2
= cot1 x = tan1 x
2
3
=
cot1 x = + tan1 x
2
=
csc1
1
= sin1 x
x
x>0
x<0
x>0
x<0
These are derivable from the half-angle formulas:
sin1 x = 2 tan1
cos1 x = 2 tan1
tan1 x = 2 tan1
1 + 1 x2
1 x2
1+x
x
1 + 1 + x2
1 < x 1
Similarly, a few for hyperbolic functions are
sech1 x = cosh1
1
x
csch1 x = sinh1
1
x
coth1 x = tanh1
1
x
1.14
Inverse functions as logarithms
Note: give branch cut locations.
p
sin1 x = i ln ix + 1 x2
p
cos1 x = i ln x + x2 1
tan1 x =
|x| < 1
|x| < 1
i 1 ix
ln
2 1 + ix
r
csc1 x = i ln
i
+
x
sec1 x = i ln
1
+
x
x2 1
x2
1 x2
x2
|x| 1
|x| 1
i xi
ln
2 x+i
p
sinh1 x = ln x + x2 + 1
cosh1 x = ln x + x 1 x + 1
1 1+x
tanh1 x = ln
2 1x
p
p
1
sech x = ln x1 + x1 1 x1 + 1
p
csch1 x = ln x1 + 1 + x2
cot1 x =
coth1 x =
x1
|x| < 1
0<x1
1 x+1
ln
2 x1
|x| < 1
Simplifications of root products are notmade since we assume principal roots (this is irrelevant
for real x). Note that csch1 2 = ln 1+2 5 .
1.15
Inverse sum formulas
This is derivable from the tangent sum formula.
tan1 x + tan1 y = tan1
1.16
x+y
1 xy
Triangle laws
These are for any triangle with sides of length a, b, and c with angles opposite those sides A,
B, C.
Law of sines
sin A
sin B
sin C
1
=
=
=
a
b
c
2R
where R is the circumradius.
Law of cosines
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C
Law of tangents
tan A+B
a+b
2
=
ab
tan AB
2
1.17
Tangent formulas
tan(nx) =
tan
x
=
2
cos x =
sin x =
tan x +
=
4
tan[(n 1)x] + tan x
1 tan[(n 1)x] tan x
sin x
1 cos x
tan x sin x
=
=
1 + cos x
sin x
tan x + sin x
1 tan2 x2
1 + tan2 x2
2 tan x2
1 + tan2 x2
1 + tan x
1 tan x
Calculus
2.1
Series
sin x = x
cos x = 1
tan x = x +
x3 x5 x7
+
+ ...
3!
5!
7!
x2 x4 x6
+
+ ...
2!
4!
6!
x3
3
2x5
15
17x7
315
+ ...
X
(1)n x2n+1
n=0
X
n=0
X
n=0
(2n + 1)!
(1)n x2n
(2n)!
U2n+1 x2n+1
(2n + 1)!
(1)n1 22n 22n 1 B2n x2n1
=
(2n)!
n=1
X
(1)n+1 2 22n1 1 B2n x2n1
1 x 7x3
31x5
csc x = + +
+
+ ... =
x 6 360 15120
(2n)!
sec x = 1 +
x2 5x4 61x6
+
+
+ ...
2
24
720
1 x x3 2x5
cot x =
...
x 3 45 945
=
=
n=0
X
n=0
X
n=0
|x| <
0 < |x| <
U2n x2n X (1)n E2n x2n
=
(2n)!
(2n)!
n=0
(1)n 22n B2n x2n1
(2n)!
|x| <
0 < |x| <
where Un is the nth up/down number, Bn is the nth Bernoulli number, and En is the nth
Euler number.
2.2
Inverse series
1 x3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x7
+
+
+ ...
2 3
24 5
246 7
1 x3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x7
1
cos x = x +
+
+
+ ...
2
2 3
24 5
246 7
sin1 x = x +
tan
x3 x5 x7
x=x
+
+ ...
3
5
7
csc1 x = x1 +
|x| 1
n=0
X (2n)! x2n+1
2
22n (n!)2 2n + 1
X
(1)n x2n+1
n=0
X
n=0
|x| 1
2n + 1
x 6= i, i
(2n)! x(2n+1)
22n (n!)2 2n + 1
|x| 1
1 x3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x7
X (2n)! x(2n+1)
1
sec x = x +
+
+
+ ... =
2
2 3
24 5
246 7
2
22n (n!)2 2n + 1
n=0
x3 x5 x7
X (1)n z 2n+1
1
+
+ ...
cot z = x
=
2
3
5
7
2
2n + 1
1
n=0
A more efficient series for inverse tangent:
1
tan
X
x2n+1
22n (n!)2
x=
(2n + 1)! (1 + x2 )n+1
n=0
2.3
Hyperbolic series
sinh x = x +
cosh x = 1 +
tanh x = x
csch x =
x2
2!
x3
3
+
+
x4
4!
2x5
15
x6
6!
+ ...
17x7
315
+ ...
1 x 7x3
31x5
+
+ ...
x 6 360 15120
sech x = 1
coth x =
x3 x5 x7
+
+
+ ...
3!
5!
7!
x2 5x4 61x6
+
+ ...
2
24
720
1 x x3 2x5
+ +
+
+ ...
x 3 45 945
=
=
X
x2n+1
(2n + 1)!
n=0
X
n=0
x2n
(2n)!
22n 22n 1 B2n x2n1
=
(2n)!
n=1
1 X 2 1 22n1 B2n x2n1
= +
x
(2n)!
|x| <
0 < |x| <
n=1
X
E2n x2n
n=0
(2n)!
|x| <
|x| 1
n=0
1 x3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x7
+
+
+ ...
2 3
24 5
246 7
X
(2n)! x2n+1
22n (n!)2 2n + 1
1 X 22n B2n x2n1
+
x
(2n)!
n=1
where Bn is the nth Bernoulli number, and En is the nth Euler number.
0 < |x| <
|x| 1
|x| 1
x 6= i, i
2.4
Inverse hyperbolic series
X
1 x3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x7
(1)n (2n)! x2n+1
+
+ ...
=
2 3
24 5
246 7
22n (n!)2 2n + 1
n=0
2
X
1x
1 3 x4 1 3 5 x6
(1)n (2n)! x2n
cosh1 x = ln(2x)
+
+
+ . . . = ln 2x
2 2
24 4
246 6
22n (n!)2 2n
sinh1 x = x
|x| < 1
x>1
n=1
tanh1 x = x +
x3
3
x5
1 x3
x7
X
x2n+1
=
2n + 1
+ ...
3 x5
5 x7
1
13
+ ...
2 3
24 5
246 7
2
2
1x
1 3 x4 1 3 5 x6
1
sech x = ln
+
+
+ ...
x
2 2
24 4
246 6
csch1 x = x1
coth1 x = x1 +
n=0
X
n=0
(1)n (2n)! x(2n+1)
22n (n!)2 2n + 1
n=1
(2n+1)
X
x
n=0
2n + 1
Expanding about ,
sinh
x = ln 2 ln x
cosh1 x = ln 2 ln x1
X
n=1
X
n=1
csch1 x =
X
Pn1 (0)
n=1
sech
coth
(2n 1)!! 2n
x
2n (2n)!!
(2n 1)!! 2n
x
2n(2n)!!
xn
x = ln 2 ln x +
X
(1)n+1 (2n 1)!!
n=1
(1)n1
2n(2n)!!
x2n
x=
where n!! = n (n 2) (n 4) . . . down to 1 or 2 if n is odd or even. Pn (x) is a Legendre
polynomial.
2.5
Derivatives
d
sin x = cos x
dx
d
csc x = csc x cot x
dx
2.6
d
cos x = sin x
dx
d
sec x = sec x tan x
dx
d
tan x = sec2 x
dx
d
cot x = csc2 x
dx
Inverse derivatives
d
1
sin1 x =
dx
1 x2
d
1
csc1 x =
2
dx
x 1 x2
|x| < 1
2 X (1)n (2n)! x2n
= ln
x
22n (n!)2 2n
x3 x5 x7
+
+
+ ...
3
5
7
|x| < 1
d
1
cos1 x =
dx
1 x2
d
1
sec1 x =
2
dx
x 1 x2
d
1
tan1 x =
dx
1 + x2
d
1
cot1 x =
dx
1 + x2
0<x1
|x| > 1
2.7
Hyperbolic derivatives
d
sinh x = cosh x
dx
d
csch x = csch x coth x
dx
2.8
d
cosh x = sinh x
dx
d
sech x = sech x tanh x
dx
d
tanh x = sech2 x
dx
d
coth x = csch2 x
dx
Inverse hyperbolic derivatives
d
1
sinh1 x =
dx
1 + x2
d
1
csch1 x =
2
dx
x 1 + x2
2.9
d
1
cosh1 x =
dx
x1 x+1
d
1
q
sech1 x =
dx
x(x + 1) 1x
d
1
tanh1 x =
dx
1 x2
d
1
coth1 x =
dx
1 x2
1+x
Integrals
Z
Z
sin x = cos x
Z
tan x = ln |cos x|
cos x = sin x
Z
csc x = ln |csc x + cot x|
2.10
Z
sec x = ln |sec x + tan x|
cot x = ln |sin x|
Inverse integrals
Compute by integration by parts using the derivative of the function.
2.11
Hyperbolic integrals
Z
sinh x = cosh x
Z
x
csch x = ln tanh
2
2.12
Z
tanh x = ln | cosh x|
cosh x = sinh x
Z
sech x = 2 tan1 tanh
x
2
Z
coth x = ln | sinh x|
Inverse hyperbolic integrals
Compute by integration by parts using the derivative of the function.
