Illustrating Axiomatic

Structures of Mathematical
System
Math 8
Recap
 AXIOMATIC SYSTEM

An Axiom is a statement or principle that is accepted to be true. An axiom is also called a postulate.

An axiomatic system is a logical system which possesses an explicitly stated set of axioms from
which theorems can be derived.

From the definition, you could say that axiomatic system consists of some undefined terms (also
called the primitive terms), defined terms, list of axioms or postulates concerning the undefined
terms, a system of logic (or proofs) to be used in deducing new statements called theorems.
 THREE PROPERTIES OF AXIOMATIC SYSTEM

1. Consistency.
An axiomatic system is said to be consistent if there are no axiom or theorem that contradict each other. This
means that it is impossible to derive both a statement and its negation from the axiom set of system.
Example:
Axiom statement: There exist two lines that are parallel.
Negation: No two lines are parallel.
Notice that the negation is not an axiom nor a theorem.
The system where a statement and its negation are both true is said to be inconsistent.

An axiomatic system should be consistent for it to be logically valid. This means that there are no
axiom or theorems that contradict each other. Otherwise, the axiomatic system is faulty or
inaccurate.
 THREE PROPERTIES OF AXIOMATIC SYSTEM

2. Independence.
In an axiomatic system, an axiom or postulate is said to be independent if it is not a theorem that
follows the other axioms. It is not a theorem that can be derived or cannot be proven true using
other axioms in the system.

Independence is not a necessary requirement for an axiomatic system.

 THREE PROPERTIES OF AXIOMATIC SYSTEM

3. Completeness.
An axiomatic system is complete if for every statement, either itself or its negation, is derivable in
that system. In other words, every statement is capable of being proven true or false.

Independence is not a necessary requirement for an axiomatic system.

axiomatic system is a collection of axioms, or statement about undefined terms, from which
proofs and theorems or logical arguments are built.
 AXIOMATIC STRUCTURE : UNDEFINED TERMS

The following undefined terms are very important in Geometry: point, line, and plane, and they are
called the “building blocks of Geometry”.

POINT LINE PLANE

Marks an exact location. It Consists of infinitely forming A flat surface that contains
does not have any many points forming a straight infinite numbers of points and
measurement or dimension or path. Extends in two opposite lines. It has no specific length
direction. Usually represented direction without end, and has and width and without
by a dot (.) no thickness. thickness. It extends
indefinitely in all directions.
 AXIOMATIC STRUCTURE : DEFINED TERMS

From these three undefined terms, important concepts in geometry will be defined. Remember that we
need defined terms because we want to be precise and concise on the meaning of a term.

In the next slide are some definitions derived from the undefined terms, point, line, and plane.
AXIOMATIC STRUCTURE : DEFINED TERMS
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Euclid presented 10 assumptions, five
of which are not specific to geometry,
and he called them common notions
(axioms), while the other five are
specifically geometric in which he
called them postulates.

COMMON NOTIONS
AXIOMS & POSTULATES
AXIOM 1: TRANSITIVE PROPERTY OF EQUALITY

Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one
another.
AXIOM 2: ADDITION PROPERTY OF EQUALITY

If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.

AXIOM 3: SUBTRACTION PROPERTY OF EQUALITY

If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.

AXIOM 4: REFLEXIVE PROPERTY

Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
 AXIOM 5: THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN THE PART

The following axioms below are both used in geometry and other
field of mathematics.
Symmetric Property of Equality
➢ For all real numbers 𝑝 and 𝑞, if 𝑝 = 𝑞. then 𝑞 = 𝑝.

Substitution Property of Equality

➢ For all real numbers 𝑝 and 𝑞, if 𝑝 = 𝑞, then 𝑞 can be substituted for 𝑝 in any expression.
 POSTULATE 1

A straight line segment can be drawn joining any two distinct points.
 POSTULATE 2

Any straight line segment can be extended indefinitely in a straight line.

 POSTULATE 3

Given any straight line segment, a circle can be drawn having the segment as
radius and one endpoint as center.
 POSTULATE 4

All right angles are congruent.

 POSTULATE 5

If a straight line meets two

other lines, so as to make
the two interior angles on
one side of it together less
than two right angles, the
other straight lines will
meet if produced on that
side which the angles are
less than two right angles.
 POSTULATE 5

Postulate 5 asserts that two distinct

straight lines in a plane are either
parallel or meet exactly in one point.

Postulate 5 is referred to as the parallel

line postulate. This postulate was
questions by many mathematicians. To
them, the postulate seemed less obvious
that the others and claimed that it
should be proven rather than simply
accepting it as a fact.
POSTULATE 5

Postulate 5 asserts that two distinct straight lines in a plane are

either parallel or meet exactly in one point.
The following are other postulates about point, line, plane, and
figures formed by these and the basic postulates.

• If two distinct planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

• If two points of a line are in a plane, then the line containing these points is in the
plane.
 The following are other postulates about point, line, plane, and
figures formed by these and the basic postulates.

• Segment Addition Postulate

➢ If points 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 are collinear and point 𝑄 is between points 𝑃 and 𝑅, then 𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑅

• Angle Measurement Postulate

➢ To every angle there corresponds a unique real number 𝑟 where 0<𝑟<180°.

In geometry, angles are measures in units called

degrees. In symbol °. Angle FUN is 45 degrees. In
notation, 𝑚∠𝐹𝑈𝑁=45°
 The following are other postulates about point, line, plane, and
figures formed by these and the basic postulates.

• Angle Addition Postulate