G V ACHARYA POLYTECHNIC,

SHELU

REPORT ON
TYPES OF OPERATIONG SYSTEMS
FOR THE SUBJECT
OPERATING SYSTEMS
ACADEMIC YEAR
2023-24
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION

Group Members

[Link] NAME OF STUDENT ENROLLMENT

1. Kunal B. Mhatre 2111440069
2. Sahil J. Raut 2111440082
4. Vedanti J. Pashte 2211440160

GUIDED BY

MRS. ANITA YADAV

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mrs. Kunal Balkrishna Mhatre

Of semester – V of diploma in COMPUTER ENGINEERING of institute,
G V ACHARAYA POLYTECHNIC, SHELU has completed the Micro
project satisfactorily in subject – OPERATING SYSTEM for the academic
year 2022-23 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Shelu
Date:
ENROLLMENT NO.: 2111440069

SUBJECT TEACHER HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL

(Mrs. Anita Yadav) (Mrs. Madhura Mahindrakar) (Mr. Pawar)

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mrs. Sahil Jayram Raut

Of semester – V of diploma in COMPUTER ENGINEERING of institute,
G V ACHARAYA POLYTECHNIC, SHELU has completed the Micro
project satisfactorily in subject – OPERATING SYSTEM for the academic
year 2022-23 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Shelu
Date:
ENROLLMENT NO.: 2111440082

SUBJECT TEACHER HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL

(Mrs. Anita Yadav) (Mrs. Madhura Mahindrakar) (Mr. Pawar)

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mrs. Vedanti Janardan Pashte

Of semester – V of diploma in COMPUTER ENGINEERING of institute,
G V ACHARAYA POLYTECHNIC, SHELU has completed the Micro
project satisfactorily in subject – OPERATING SYSTEM for the academic
year 2022-23 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Shelu
Date:
ENROLLMENT NO.: 2211440160

SUBJECT TEACHER HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL

(Mrs. Anita Yadav) (Mrs. Madhura Mahindrakar) (Mr. Pawar)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We extend our sincere and heartfelt thanks to our esteemed guide, Mrs. Anita Yadav
for providing us with the right guidance and advice at the crucial junctures and for
showing us the right way. We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of
gratitude to our class coordinators, for their cordial support valuable suggestions and
guidance.

We extend our sincere thanks to our respected Head of the Information Technology
department Mrs. Madhura Mahindrakar, for allowing us to use the facilities available.
We would like to thank the other faculty members also, at this occasion. Last but not
the least, we would like to thank us friend and family for the support and
encouragement they have given us during the course of our work.

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 INDEX

[Link]. Content Page No.

1. Abstract 710
2. Introduction 8
3. Types of Operating Systems 9
4. Batch Operating System 10
5. Time-Shared Operating System 14
6. Multiprocessing Operating System 17
7. Real-Time Operating System 22
8. Distributed Operating System 26
9. Network Operating System 30
10. Mobile Operating System 35
11. Conclusion 36
12. Reference 37

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 ABSTRACT

An operating system (OS) is System software that manages Computer Hardware,

Software resources, and provides common services for computer program.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and
may also include accounting software for cost allocation of Processor time, mass
shortage, printing, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the
operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer
hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware
and frequently makes system calls to an OS function oris interrupted
by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from
cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.

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 INTRODUCTION

Operating System

An Operating System (OS) is a software that acts as an interface between computer

hardware components and the user. Every computer system must have at least one
operating system to run other programs. Applications like Browsers, MS Office,
Notepad Games, etc., need some environment to run and perform its tasks.
The OS helps you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak
the computer’s language. It is not possible for the user to use any computer or mobile
device without having an operating system.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and
may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass
storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the
operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer
hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware
and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating
systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones
and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.

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 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
• Batch Operating System
• Time-Shared Operating System
• Multiprocessing Operating System
• Real Time Operating System
• Distributed Operating System
• Network Operating System
• Mobile Operating System

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 BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM
Batch Operating system is one of the important type of operating system. The users
who using a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each
user prepares its job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the
computer operator. To speed up the processing, jobs with similar needs are batched
together and run as a group. The programmers exit their programs with the operator
and the operator then sorts the programs with similar requirements into batches.
Batch processing was very popular in the 1970s. The jobs were executed in batches.
People used to have a single computer known as a mainframe. Users using batch
operating systems do not interact directly with the computer. Each user prepares
their job using an offline device like a punch card and submitting it to the computer
operator. Jobs with similar requirements are grouped and executed as a group to
speed up processing. Once the programmers have left their programs with the
operator, they sort the programs with similar needs into batches.

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The batch operating system grouped jobs that perform similar functions. These job
groups are treated as a batch and executed simultaneously. A computer system with
this operating system performs the following batch processing activities:

1. A job is a single unit that consists of a preset sequence of commands, data,

and programs.
2. Processing takes place in the order in which they are received, i.e., first come,
first serve.
3. These jobs are stored in memory and executed without the need for manual
information.
4. When a job is successfully run, the operating system releases its memory.

Types of Batch Operating System

There are two types of the batch operating system.

1. Simple Batch System
2. Multi-Programmed Batch System

Simple Batched System

The user did not directly interact with the computer system for job execution in a
simple batch operating system. However, the user was required to prepare a job that
included the program, control information, and data on the nature of the job on
control cards. The job was then submitted to the computer operator, who was usually
in the form of a punch card. The program's output included results and registers and
memory dumps in the event of a program error. The output appeared after some time
that could take days, hours, and minutes.

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Multi-Programmed Batch System

Spooling deals with many jobs that have already been read and are waiting to run
on disk. A disk containing a pool of jobs allows the operating system to choose
which job to run next to maximize CPU utilization. Jobs that come on magnetic tape
or cards directly cannot be run in a different order. Jobs run sequentially because
they are executed in a first-come, first-served manner. When various jobs are stored
on a direct access device, job scheduling becomes possible like a disk. Multi-
programming is an important feature of job scheduling. For overlapped I/O,
spooling and offline operations have their limitations. Generally, a single user could
not maintain all of the input/output devices, and CPU buys at all times.

In the multi-programmed batched system, jobs are grouped so that the CPU only
executes one job at a time to improve CPU utilization. The operating system
maintains various jobs in memory at a time. The operating system selects one job
and begins executing it in memory. Finally, the job must wait for a task to complete,
such as mounting a tape on an I/O operation. In a multiprogramming system, do not
sit idle because the operating system switches to another task. When a job is in the
wait state, and the current job is completed, the CPU is returned.

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Advantages :
1. It isn't easy to forecast how long it will take to complete a job; only batch
system processors know how long it will take to finish the job in line.
2. This system can easily manage large jobs again and again.
3. The batch process can be divided into several stages to increase processing
speed.
4. When a process is finished, the next job from the job spool is run without any
user interaction.
5. CPU utilization gets improved.

Disadvantages :
1. When a job fails once, it must be scheduled to be completed, and it
may take a long time to complete the task.
2. Computer operators must have full knowledge of batch systems.
3. The batch system is quite difficult to debug.
4. The computer system and the user have no direct interaction.
5. If a job enters an infinite loop, other jobs must wait for an unknown period of
time.

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 TIME-SHARED OPERATING SYSTEM
Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various
terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or
multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Processor's time which is
shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.
The main difference between Multi programmed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing
Systems is that in case of Multi programmed batch systems, the objective is to
maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems, the objective is to
minimize response time.
Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the switches
occur so frequently. Thus, the user can receive an immediate response. For
example, in a transaction processing, the processor executes each user program in
a short burst or quantum of computation. That is, if n users are present, then each
user can get a time quantum. When the user submits the command, the response
time is in few seconds at most.

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The user 5 is active state but user 1, user 2, user 3, and user 4 are in waiting state
whereas user 6 is in ready state.

Active State – The user’s program is under the control of CPU. Only one program is
available in this state.

Ready State – The user program is ready to execute but it is waiting for it’s turn to
get the CPU. More than one user can be in ready state at a time.

Waiting State – The user’s program is waiting for some input/output operation.
More than one user can be in a waiting state at a time.

Advantages :
1. There are many advantages of time-sharing operating systems. Some of
the most common advantages are mentioned below;
2. The time-sharing system helps to reduce the CPU idle time.
3. Time-sharing systems improve response time.
4. Time-sharing system avoids duplication of software.

Disadvantages :

1. Some common disadvantages of time-sharing operating systems are

mentioned below;
2. When we share the time among different process, the problem of reliability
can occur
3. When we share the time among different process then the problem of
data communication can occur.
4. Some questions of security and integrity of data in time-sharing systems are
still under question.

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For example, there are three users working on the same operating system, and
suppose there are three processes. The process one is for user one and process 3 is
for user 3. Keep in mind that the time-sharing operating system will manage all
this process in such a way that every user feels that all the operating system is
dedicated to him but actually it is not dedicated. We can load multiple processes
together on the main memory.
When there are many processes to be load on the memory and the memory is not
free, then the Operating System needs to move that process to the hard disk.
Operating System maintains a job pool.
There are many examples of time-sharing operating systems. Some common
examples are mentioned below; Windows 2000 server
• Windows NT server
• Unix
• Linux

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 MULTIPROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEM

Multiprocessing operating systems (OSs) perform the same functions as single-

processor OSs. They schedule and monitor operations and calculations in order to
complete user-initiated tasks. The difference is that multiprocessing OSs divide the
work up into various subtasks and then assign these subtasks to different central
processing units (CPUs). Multiprocessing uses a distinct communication
architecture to accomplish this.

A multiprocessing OS needs a mechanism for the processors to interact with one

another as they schedule tasks and coordinate their completion. Because
multiprocessing OSs rely on parallel processing, each processor involved in a task
must be able to inform the others about how its task is progressing. This allows the
work of the processors to be integrated when the calculations are done such that
delays and other inefficiencies are minimized.

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Multiprocessing operating systems can handle tasks more quickly, as each CPU that
becomes available can access the shared memory to complete the task at hand so all
tasks can be completed the most efficiently.
For example, if a single-processor OS were running an application requiring three
tasks to be performed, one taking five milliseconds, another taking eight
milliseconds, and the last taking seven milliseconds, the processor would perform
each task in order. The entire application would thus require twenty milliseconds. If
a multiprocessing OS were running the same application, the three tasks would be
assigned to separate processors. The first would complete the first task in five
milliseconds, the second would do the second task in eight milliseconds, and the
third would finish its task in seven milliseconds. Thus, the multiprocessing OS
would complete the entire task in eight milliseconds. From this example, it is clear
that multiprocessing OSs offer distinct advantages.

Requirements of Multiprocessing System

• A motherboard is capable of handling multiple processors in a multiprocessing

operating system.
• Processors are also capable of being used in a multiprocessing system.

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 Types of Multiprocessing Operating Systems

1. Symmetrical multiprocessing operating system

2. Asymmetric multiprocessing operating system

Symmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System

In a Symmetrical multiprocessing system, each processor executes the same copy

of the operating system, takes its own decisions, and cooperates with other processes
to smooth the entire functioning of the system. The CPU scheduling policies are
very simple. Any new job submitted by a user can be assigned to any processor that
is least burdened. It also results in a system in which all processors are equally
burdened at any time.

The symmetric multiprocessing operating system is also known as a "shared every-

thing" system, because the processors share memory and the Input output bus or
data path. In this system processors do not usually exceed more than 16.

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Asymmetrical Multiprocessing Operating System

The asymmetric processing system shows that CPU n1 acts as a supervisor whose
function controls other following processors.

In this type of system, each processor is assigned a specific task, and there is a
designated master processor that controls the activities of other processors.

For example, we have a math co-processor that can handle mathematical jobs better
than the main CPU. Similarly, we have an MMX processor that is built to handle
multimedia-related jobs. Similarly, we have a graphics processor to handle the
graphics-related job better than the main processor. When a user submits a new job,
the OS has to decide which processor can perform it better, and then that processor
is assigned that newly arrived job. This processor acts as the master and controls the
system. All other processors look for masters for instructions or have predefined
tasks. It is the responsibility of the master to allocate work to other processors.

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Advantages :
1. Increased reliability: Due to the multiprocessing system, processing tasks
can be distributed among several processors. This increases reliability as if one
processor fails; the task can be given to another processor for completion.
2. Increased throughout: As several processors increase, more work can be done
in less
3. The economy of Scale: As multiprocessors systems share peripherals,
secondary storage devices, and power supplies, they are relatively cheaper
than single-processor systems.

Disadvantages:

1. Operating system of multiprocessing is more complex and sophisticated as it

takes care of multiple CPUs at the same time.

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 REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) for real-time

applications that processes data and events that have critically defined time
constraints. An RTOS is distinct from a time sharing operating system, such as
Unix, which manages the sharing of system resources with a scheduler, data
buffers, or fixed task prioritization in a multitasking or multiprogramming
environment. Processing time requirements need to be fully understood and bound
rather than just kept as a minimum. All processing must occur within the defined
constraints.
Real-time operating systems are event-driven and preemptive, meaning the OS is
capable of monitoring the relevant priority of competing tasks, and make changes
to the task priority. Event-driven systems switch between tasks based on their
priorities, while time-sharing systems switch the task based on clock interrupts.

This process is completely uninterrupted unless a higher priority interrupt occurs

during its execution. Therefore, there must be a strict hierarchy of priority among
the interrupts. The interrupt with the highest priority must be allowed to initiate the
process, while lower priority interrupts should be kept in a buffer that will be
handled later. Interrupt management is important in such an operating system.

Real-time operating systems employ special-purpose operating systems because

conventional operating systems do not provide such performance.

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The difference between an OS (Operating System) such as Windows or Unix and
an RTOS (Real Time Operating System) found in embedded systems, is the
response time to external events. OS’s typically provide a non-deterministic, soft
real time response, where there are no guarantees as to when each task will
complete, but they will try to stay responsive to the user. An RTOS differs in that it
typically provides a hard real time response, providing a fast, highly deterministic
reaction to external events. The difference between the two can be highlighted
through examples – compare, for example, the editing of a document on a PC to the
operation of a precision motor control.

The various examples of Real-time operating systems are:

• MTS
• Lynx
• QNX
• VxWorks etc.

Applications of Real-time operating system (RTOS):

• Real-time running structures are used inside the Radar gadget.

• Real-time running structures are utilized in Missile guidance.
• Real-time running structures are utilized in on line inventory trading.
• Real-time running structures are used inside the cell phone switching gadget.
• Real-time running structures are utilized by Air site visitors to manipulate structures.
• Real-time running structures are used in Medical Imaging Systems.
• Real-time running structures are used inside the Fuel injection gadget.
• Real-time running structures are used inside the Traffic manipulate gadget.
• Real-time running structures are utilized in Autopilot travel simulators.

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Types of Real-Time Operating Systems

Hard Real-Time operating system:

In Hard RTOS, all critical tasks must be completed within the specified time
duration, i.e., within the given deadline. Not meeting the deadline would result in
critical failures such as damage to equipment or even loss of human life.

For example,
Let's take an example of airbags provided by carmakers along with a handle in the
driver's seat. When the driver applies brakes at a particular instance, the airbags
grow and prevent the driver's head from hitting the handle. Had there been some
delay even of milliseconds, then it would have resulted in an accident.

Similarly, consider an on-stock trading software. If someone wants to sell a

particular share, the system must ensure that command is performed within a given
critical time. Otherwise, if the market falls abruptly, it may cause a huge loss to the
trader.

Soft Real-Time operating system:

Soft RTOS accepts a few delays via the means of the Operating system. In this kind
of RTOS, there may be a closing date assigned for a particular job, but a delay for a
small amount of time is acceptable. So, cut off dates are treated softly via means of
this kind of RTOS.

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For Example,
This type of system is used in Online Transaction systems and Livestock price
quotation Systems.

Firm Real-Time operating system:

In Firm RTOS additionally want to observe the deadlines. However, lacking a

closing date might not have a massive effect, however may want to purposely
undesired effects, like a massive discount within the fine of a product.

For Example, this system is used in various forms of Multimedia applications.

Advantages :
1. Easy to layout, develop and execute real-time applications under the real-time
operating system.
2. In a Real-time operating system, the maximum utilization of devices and
systems.
3. Focus on running applications and less importance to applications that are in
the queue.
4. These types of systems are error-free.
5. Memory allocation is best managed in these types of systems.

Disadvantages :

1. Real-time operating systems have complicated layout principles and are very
costly to develop.
2. Real-time operating systems are very complex and can consume critical CPU
cycles.

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 DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM
A distributed operating system (DOS) is an essential type of operating system.
Distributed systems use many central processors to serve multiple real-time
applications and users. As a result, data processing jobs are distributed between
the processors.

It connects multiple computers via a single communication channel. Furthermore,

each of these systems has its own processor and memory. Additionally, these CPUs
communicate via high-speed buses or telephone lines. Individual systems that
communicate via a single channel are regarded as a single entity. They're also known
as loosely coupled systems.

This operating system consists of numerous computers, nodes, and

sites joined together via LAN/WAN lines. It enables the distribution of full
systems on a couple of center processors, and it supports many real-time products
and different users. Distributed operating systems can share their computing
resources and I/O files while providing users with virtual machine abstraction.

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Distributed Operating System is one of the important type of operating system.
Multiple central processors are used by Distributed systems to serve multiple real-
time applications and multiple users. Accordingly, Data processing jobs are
distributed among the processors.
Processors communicate with each other through various communication lines (like
high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are known as loosely coupled systems
or distributed systems. Processors in this system may vary in size and function. They
are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on.

Types of Distributed Operating System

1. Client-Server Systems
2. Peer-to-Peer Systems
3. Middleware
4. Three-tier
5. N-tier

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Client-Server System

This type of system requires the client to request a resource, after which the server
gives the requested resource. When a client connects to a server, the server may
serve multiple clients at the same time.

Client-Server Systems are also referred to as "Tightly Coupled Operating Systems".

This system is primarily intended for multiprocessors and homogenous
multicomputer. Client-Server Systems function as a centralized server since they
approve all requests issued by client systems.

Peer-to-Peer System

The nodes play an important role in this system. The task is evenly distributed
among the nodes. Additionally, these nodes can share data and resources as needed.
Once again, they require a network to connect.

The Peer-to-Peer System is known as a "Loosely Couple System". This concept is

used in computer network applications since they contain a large number of
processors that do not share memory or clocks. Each processor has its own local
memory, and they interact with one another via a variety of communication methods
like telephone lines or high-speed buses.

Middleware

Middleware enables the interoperability of all applications running on different

operating systems. Those programs are capable of transferring all data to one other
by using these services.

Three-tier

The information about the client is saved in the intermediate tier rather than in the
client, which simplifies development. This type of architecture is most commonly
used in online applications.

N-tier

When a server or application has to transmit requests to other enterprise services

on the network, n-tier systems are used.

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Advantages :
1. It may share all resources (CPU, disk, network interface, nodes, computers,
and so on) from one site to another, increasing data availability across the
entire system.
2. It reduces the probability of data corruption because all data is replicated
across all sites; if one site fails, the user can access data from another
operational site.
3. The entire system operates independently of one another, and as a result, if
one site crashes, the entire system does not halt.
4. It increases the speed of data exchange from one site to another site.
5. It is an open system since it may be accessed from both local and remote
locations.
6. It helps in the reduction of data processing time.
7. Most distributed systems are made up of several nodes that interact to
make them fault- tolerant. If a single machine fails, the system remains
operational.

Disadvantages :
1. The system must decide which jobs must be executed when they must be
executed, and where they must be executed. A scheduler has limitations, which
can lead to underutilized hardware and unpredictable runtimes.
2. The database connected to a DOS is relatively complicated and hard to
manage in contrast to a single- user system.
3. The underlying software is extremely complex and is not understood very
well compared to other systems.
4. The more widely distributed a system is, the more communication latency
can be expected. As a result, teams and developers must choose between
availability, consistency, and latency.
5. These systems aren't widely available because they're thought to be too
expensive.

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 NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
An Operating system, which includes software and associated protocols to
communicate with other autonomous computers via a network conveniently and
cost-effectively, is called Network Operating System. It allows devices like a disk,
printers, etc., shared between computers. The individual machines that are part of
the Network have their operating system, and the Network Operating System resides
on the top of the individual machines. This feature also results in no process
migration, and processes running at different machines cannot communicate. The
transmission control protocol is the common network protocol.

Historically operating systems with networking capabilities were described as

network operating system, because they allowed personal computers (PCs) to
participate in computer networks and shared file and printer access within a local
area network (LAN).
Network Operating System runs on a server and gives the server the capability to
manage data, users, groups, security, applications. The basic purpose of the network
operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers
in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other
networks.
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The various Features of the Network Operating System are given below.

• Network Operating System presents a few protection functions inclusive

of login regulations via way of means of
• This kind of Operating System presents numerous net offerings and
backup offerings.
• It presents numerous functions inclusive of guide for processors,
computerized hardware detection, and guide multiprocessing of
numerous
• It helps diverse auditing equipment with graphical interfaces.

Types of Network Operating System

Network operating systems can be specialized serve as:

• Peer To Peer System

• Client-Server System

Peer To Peer Network Operating System

Peer To Peer networks are the network resources in which each system has the
same capabilities and responsibilities, i.e., none of the systems in this architecture
is superior to the others in terms of functionality.

There is no master-slave relationship among the systems, i.e., every node is equal
in a Peer Peer Network Operating System. All the nodes at the Network have an
equal relationship with others and have a similar type of software that helps the

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sharing of resources.

A Peer to Peer Network Operating System allows two or more computers to share
their resources, along with printers, scanners, CD-ROM, etc., to be accessible from
each computer. These networks are best suitable for smaller environments with 25
or fewer workstations.

To establish a Peer Peer Network, you need network adapter cards, properly
installed network cabling to connect them, and a network hub or switch to
interconnect the computers.

Peer to Peer Networks is organized, simply a group of computers that can share
resources. Each computer in a workstation keeps track of its user accounts and
security settings, so no single computer is in charge of the workgroup. Workgroups
have little security, and there is no central login process. Any user can use any
shared resources once he logs into a peer on the Network. As there is no central
security, sharing resources can be controlled by a password, or the user may stop
the accessibility of certain files or folders by making them not shared.

Client-Server Network Operating System

In Client-Server systems, there are two broad categories of systems:

• The server is called the backend.

• A client called as frontend.

Client-Server Network Operating System is a server-based Network in which

storage and processing workload is shared among clients and servers.

The client requests offerings which include printing and document storage, and
servers satisfy their requests. Normally all community offerings like digital mail,
printing are routed through the server.

Server computers systems are commonly greater effective than client computer
systems. This association calls for software programs for the customers and servers.
The software program walking at the server is known as the Network Operating
System, which offers a community of surroundings for server and client.

Client-Server Network was developed to deal with the environment when many PC
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printers and servers are connected via a network. The fundamental concept changed
to outline a specialized server with unique functionality.

For Example: Number of customers are related or connected to a file server that
stores the files of client machines. Another system might be special as a Print Server
to satisfy the printing request with the aid of using the diverse customers. Web
servers or email servers are different specialized servers that may be utilized in a
Client-Server system.

A common application of Client-Server application involves a database that many

computers on a network can access. The database is stored on the server, and the
database queries are sent from clients and processed by the server. The result of
queries is then sent across the Network back to the clients. One server may provide
too many clients at a time.

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Advantages :
1. This Network is more secure than the Peer Peer Network system due to
centralized data security.
2. Network traffic reduces due to the division of work among clients and the
server.
3. The area covered is quite large, so it is valuable to large and modern
organizations because it distributes storage and processing.
4. The server can be accessed remotely and across multiple platforms in the
Client-Server Network system.

Disadvantages :
1. In Client-Server Networks, security and performance are important issues.
So trainednetwork administrators are required for network administration.
2. Implementing the Client-Server Network can be a costly issue
depending upon thesecurity, resources, and connectivity.

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 MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEM
A mobile operating system is an operating system for mobile phones, tablets,
smartwatches, 2-in-1 PCs, smart speakers, or other mobile devices. While
computers such as typical laptops are 'mobile'. This distinction is becoming blurred
in some newer operating systems that are hybrids made for both uses.
A mobile operating system is an operating system that helps to run other application
software on mobile devices. It is the same kind of software as the famous computer
operating systems like Linux and Windows, but now they are light and simple to
some extent.

The operating systems found on smartphones include Symbian OS, iPhone

OS, RIM's BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, Palm WebOS, Android, and Maemo.
Android, WebOS, and Maemo are all derived from Linux. The iPhone OS originated
from BSD and NEXTSTEP, which are related to Unix.

It combines the beauty of computer and hand use devices. It typically contains a
cellular built-in modem and SIM tray for telephony and internet connections. If you
buy a mobile, the manufacturer company chooses the OS for that specific device.

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 CONCLUSION

The exploration of different types of operating systems in this project has provided
valuable insights into the diverse functionalities and purposes they serve. From the
foundational role of single-tasking operating systems that manage basic computing
tasks, to the more advanced multi-tasking and multi-user systems that facilitate
efficient resource allocation, the spectrum of operating systems is vast and continually
evolving.

Real-time operating systems have shown their significance in time-sensitive

applications, ensuring precise execution within strict deadlines. Network operating
systems enable seamless communication and resource sharing in distributed
environments, playing a crucial role in today's interconnected world. Embedded
operating systems drive the functionality of numerous devices, from smartphones to
IoT devices, enhancing their usability and capabilities.

Furthermore, the project has highlighted the importance of security-focused operating

systems in safeguarding sensitive information and critical infrastructure from cyber
threats. The research also delved into virtualization and containerization, showcasing
how they enable efficient resource utilization and isolated environments, essential for
modern cloud computing and development practices.

As technology advances, the landscape of operating systems will undoubtedly continue

to evolve, adapting to new hardware architectures, security challenges, and user
requirements. This project serves as a stepping stone to understanding the intricate web
of operating systems, sparking curiosity for further exploration into this dynamic and
ever-evolving field.

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 REFERENCE

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]

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