SHRI RAMSWAROOP
MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(UCS 3201)
LAB FILE
SESSION: 2024-2025
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
MRS. SWETA SINGH NAME: Dipanshu Jha
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ROLL NO.: 202310101310036
GROUP: BCA-3A
INDEX
FACULTY
S.NO NAME OF ACTIVITY DATE REMARKS
SIGNATURE
Queries for DDL and
1
DML commands
SQL Queries Using
2
Logical Operators
SQL Queries Using SQL
3
Operators
SQL Queries Using
4 Character, Number, Date,
and Group Functions
SQL Queries For
5
Relational Algebra
SQL Queries For
6 Extracting Data From
More Than One Table
SQL Queries For Sub
7
Queries, Nested Queries
Write Program Of
8
PL/SQL
Concepts for Rollback,
9 Commit, Savepoints &
Checkpoints
Create VIEWS,
10 CURSORS And
TRIGGERS
Lab Activity 1
Write the queries for Data Definition and Data
Manipulation Language
1. Data Definition Language (DDL) Queries
CREATE TABLE
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype constraint,
column2 datatype constraint,
...
);
Example Query:
CREATE TABLE Employees (
EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50),
Department VARCHAR(50),
Salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
CREATE TABLE Departments (
DepartmentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
DepartmentName VARCHAR(50)
);
EMPLOYEE TABLE:-
DEPARTMENT TABLE:-
ALTER TABLE
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD (column_name datatype constraint);
Example Query:
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD Email VARCHAR(100);
OUTPUT:-
TRUNCATE TABLE
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
Example Query:
TRUNCATE TABLE Employees;
OUTPUT:-
DROP TABLE
Syntax:
DROP TABLE table_name;
Example Query:
DROP TABLE Employees;
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML) Queries
INSERT INTO
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, ...);
Example Query:
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Department, Salary,
Email)
VALUES
(1, 'Nikhil', 'Kapoor', 'HR', 51500.00, '
[email protected]'),
(2, 'Sneha', 'Joshi', 'IT', 64500.00, '
[email protected]'),
(3, 'Aryan', 'Mehta', 'Finance', 70500.00, '
[email protected]'),
(4, 'Zoya', 'Ali', 'Marketing', 53500.00, '
[email protected]'),
(5, 'Raj', 'Malhotra', 'Sales', 61500.00, '
[email protected]'),
(6, 'Tara', 'Chopra', 'HR', 52500.00, '
[email protected]'),
(7, 'Karan', 'Bhatia', 'IT', 67500.00, '
[email protected]'),
(8, 'Ishita', 'Reddy', 'Finance', 73500.00, '
[email protected]'),
(9, 'Ravi', 'Shah', 'Marketing', 55500.00, '
[email protected]'),
(10, 'Neha', 'Bhatt', 'Sales', 60500.00, '
[email protected]');
INSERT INTO Departments (DepartmentID, DepartmentName)
VALUES
(10, 'HR'),
(20, 'Finance'),
(30, 'Engineering');
OUTPUT:-
EMPLOYEES TABLE
DEPARTMENT TABLE
UPDATE
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = 55000
WHERE EmployeeID = 1;
OUTPUT:-
DELETE
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = 10;
OUTPUT:-
Lab Activity 2
Write SQL Queries Using Logical Operators
AND Operator
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2;
Example Query:
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Employees
WHERE Salary > 50000 AND Department = "IT";
OUTPUT:-
OR Operator
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2;
Example Query:
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Employees
WHERE Department = "IT" OR Department = "Marketing";
OUTPUT:-
NOT Operator
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
Example Query:
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Employees
WHERE NOT Department = "IT";
OUTPUT:-
Lab Activity 3
Write SQL Queries Using SQL Operators
Comparison Operators
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 operator value;
Example Query:
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Employees
WHERE Salary > 50000;
OUTPUT:-
Arithmetic Operators
Syntax:
SELECT column1 + column2 AS result
FROM table_name;
Example Query:
SELECT FirstName, Salary, Salary * 0.1 AS Bonus
FROM Employees;
OUTPUT:-
String Operators
Syntax:
SELECT CONCAT(coulmn1, ' ', column2) AS concatenated_column
FROM table_name;
Example Query:
SELECT CONCAT(FirstName, ' ', LastName) AS FullName
FROM Employees;
OUTPUT:-
Lab Activity 4
Write SQL Queries Using Character, Number, Date, and
Group Functions
1. Character Functions
UPPER and LOWER
Syntax:
UPPER(string)
LOWER(string)
Example Query:
SELECT UPPER(FirstName) AS UpperFirstName, LOWER(LastName) AS LowerLastName
FROM Employees;
OUTPUT:-
2. Number Functions
ROUND
Syntax:
ROUND(number, decimal_places)
Example Query:
SELECT Salary, ROUND(Salary, -3) AS RoundedSalary
FROM Employees;
OUTPUT:-
3. Group Functions
AVERAGE
Syntax:
SELECT AVG(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
SELECT Department, AVG(Salary) AS AvgSalary
FROM Employees
GROUP BY Department;
OUTPUT:-
SUM
Syntax:
SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
-- Sum of all employee salaries
SELECT Department, SUM(Salary) AS TotalSalaries
FROM Employees
GROUP BY Department;
OUTPUT:-
COUNT
Syntax:
SELECT COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
-- Count the total number of employees
SELECT Department, COUNT(EmployeeID) AS TotalEmployees
FROM Employees
GROUP BY Department;
OUTPUT:-
MIN
Syntax:
SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
-- Minimum salary among employees
SELECT Department, MIN(Salary) AS MinimumSalary
FROM Employees
GROUP BY Department;
OUTPUT:-
MAX
Syntax:
SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
-- Maximum salary among employees
SELECT Department, MAX(Salary) AS MaximumSalary
FROM Employees
GROUP BY Department;
OUTPUT:-
FIRST Element By Using LIMIT
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name ASC
LIMIT 1;
Example Query:
-- First employee by EmployeeID
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Employees
ORDER BY EmployeeID ASC
LIMIT 1;
OUTPUT:-
LAST Element By Using LIMIT
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name DESC
LIMIT 1;
Example Query:
-- First employee by EmployeeID
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Employees
ORDER BY EmployeeID DESC
LIMIT 1;
OUTPUT:-
GROUP_CONCAT
Syntax:
SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(column_name SEPARATOR 'separator')
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name;
Example Query:
-- List all employees in each department
SELECT Department, GROUP_CONCAT(FirstName SEPARATOR ', ') AS Employees
FROM Employees
GROUP BY Department;
OUTPUT:-
