Assignment 3.
2: Detailed Solution
Question 1 - Learning can be defined as
A. a change in behavior
B. an observable change in behavior resulting from experiences in the environment
C. a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience
D. the relatively permanent acquisition of information through study
Answer: C
Detailed Explanation: Learning involves a lasting change in behavior that occurs as a result of experiences and
interactions with the environment.
Question 2 - Classical conditioning represents a form of _____ learning.
A. skill
B. motor
C. operant
D. associative
Answer: D
Detailed Explanation: Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning in which an organism learns to
associate two stimuli together.
Question 3 - Generalization is a reaction to _____ while discrimination is a reaction to
A. similarities; differences
B. differences; similarities
C. general laws of learning; perceptual qualities of stimuli
D. perceptual qualities of stimuli; general laws of learning
Answer: A
Detailed Explanation: Generalization refers to the tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that are similar to
the conditioned stimulus (CS) or situation, while discrimination involves learning to respond differently to
similar stimuli.
Question 4 - Which statement exemplifies effective use of punishment?
A. "If you do that, you will become an undesirable person."
B. "Wait until your father comes home; you're really going to get it this time."
C. "Don't pull Rover's tail; pat him like this."
D. "I never want to hear that word again."
Answer: C
Detailed Explanation: This statement is most effective because it provides an alternate to the
undesired actions.
Question 5 - When your behavior changes due to your experiences, you are showing what important
psychological principle?
A. conditioning
B. environmental associations
C. learning
D. behavioral cueing
Answer: C
Detailed Explanation: Learning encompasses the process by which behavior is modified through experiences,
interactions with the environment, and associations formed between stimuli and responses.
Question 6 - When you discontinue the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning, what are you
most likely to observe?
A. extinction
B. reinforcement
C. a gradient of generalization
D. trace conditioning
Answer: A
Detailed Explanation: Extinction occurs when the conditioned response (CR) gradually diminishes or
disappears when the unconditioned stimulus (US) is no longer presented following the
conditioned stimulus (CS).
Question 7 - The cognitive perspective on classical conditioning suggests that when the CS is repeatedly
paired with the UCS, the learner
A. realizes that his behavior controls the appearance of the CS
B. is learning to expect the UCS when the CS is presented
C. knows that the appearance of the CS causes the UCS to occur
D. is learning to feel obligated to voluntarily display the CR to the CS
Answer: B
Detailed Explanation: The cognitive perspective on classical conditioning suggests that when the conditioned
stimulus (CS) is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), the learner develops an expectation
or anticipation that the UCS will follow the CS.
Question 8 - In escape learning
A. We make a response to stop or turn off an aversive event.
B. We learn to make a response in order to prevent an aversive event
C. We learn to suppress an unwanted response
D. We learn to repeat a rewarded response
Answer: A
Detailed Explanation: Escape learning involves learning to escape from or alleviate an unpleasant situation by
making a specific response.
Question 9 - Punishment
A. is the same thing as a negative reinforcement
B. decreases the probability of a response.
C. invariably leads to unpredictable behavior and should be avoided
D. increases the likelihood of the correct response.
Answer: B
Detailed Explanation: Punishment refers to the presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a
desirable stimulus following a behavior, which decreases the likelihood of that behavior occurring
again in the future.
Question 10 - A one to one fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is another way to refer to _____
reinforcements.
A. a continuous schedule of
B. a one to one fixed-interval schedule of
C. any fixed-ratio schedule of
D. positive
Answer: A
Detailed Explanation: A one-to-one fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is another way to refer to a
continuous schedule of reinforcement. In this schedule, reinforcement is provided every time the desired
behavior is performed.
