Integration

INTEGRATION
∫ ∫ (uv) = u dv dx + v du dx
dx dx q
y=f(x)

Integration is the inverse or reverse or antiderivative of p

differentiation. For example:- Rearranging, we have

If dy = 3x then y = x 2 3
∫udv = uv - ∫vdu 0 x-a sdx R x=y
x

dx
This is called integration by parts formula A = lim ∑y sx= ∫ᵇₐy dx
Indefinite Integral Example: Find the integral of ∫xcosx dx :- A = ∫ᵇₐf(x)dx (where y = fx)
The notation used to denote indefinite integral is , which looks like an Solution where a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit
elongate “s” standing for sum. sometimes, capital letter such as F(x) to mean ∫xcosx dx
A = ∫ᵇₐ f(x)dx - ∫ᵇₐ g(x)dx
the integral of F(x) is used. For example let u = x, then du = 1, so du = dx
∫3x dx = x + c
dx The area between two curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) bounded by the lines x=a
2 3
dv = cosx dx :- ∫dv = ∫cosx dx
then, and x=b as shown in the diagram.
cosx = sin x y=f(x)

integral of a power of x (i.e x ) n

:- v = sin x
If y = x then dy = nx n n-1
substituting into ∫udv = uv - ∫vdu A y=g(x)
dx
∫xcosx dx = xsinx - ∫sinx (1)dx = xsinx - sinx dx = xsinx + cosx + c 0

(a) ∫ x d = x + c
n+1 a b
n
{n ≠ -1}
n+1 Integration by Partial Fraction A = ∫ᵇₐ (f(x) - g(x))dx
(b) ∫ ax dx = ax + c provided f(x) > g(x) in the interval a < x < b
n+1
n
{n ≠ -1} Form of partial fraction
n+1 a) 1 + 2x = A + B Example:- Evaluate the area under the curve y = (6x² - 2x) between x = -4
where a and n are constants, remember to always add constant C. x+x-6 x-2 x+3
2
and x = 1
Example:- Integrate the following Denominator containing non repeated linear fractions. Solution. 1
[ ] [
1

]
2+1 1+1 3
6x 2x 6x 2x
2 1

a) 5x (b) 8x 3
b) Denominator containing repeated linear fractions Area = ∫1-4 (6x² - 2x)dx = 2+1 - 1+1 4 = 3 - 2 4
= [2x - x ] 3 2
4

Solution x+2 = A + B = (2(1)2 - (1)3) - (2(4)3 - (4)2) = (2-1) - (128-16) = 1 - 112

2
a) ∫5xdx = 5x + c = 5x + c1+1 2
(x - 3) x - 3 (x - 3) 2
= -111 square units.
1+1 2 c) Denominator containing quadratic factors Simpson’s Rule
b) ∫8x dx = 8x + c = 8x + c = 2x + c
3+1 4
3 4
2x - 3x +11 = A + B 2 Simpson’s rule is the numerical approximation of definite integrals.
3+1 4 1-x 4+x 2
Simpson’s rule state:
(1-x)(4+x ) 2

Integration of Polynomials The two simple fractions on the RHS are called PARTIAL FRACTION of A ≈ w [(F + L) + 4E + 2R]
The integral of a polynomial is the sum of the integrals of the separate the fraction on the LHS 3
terms. Example:- Resolve into partial fraction and hence find the integral of where w = b - a the width of the sub intervals
Example: Find the integral of 7x + 10 dx n
a) ∫(x - 5x + 1)dx
3
(x +3x+2) ∫ 2
n = number of intervals or strips
Solution Solution F + L= First ordinate + Last ordinate
7x + 10
∫(x - 5x + 1) = ∫x dx - ∫5xdx +1∫dx = ∫x dx - 5∫xdx +1∫x dx
3 3
∫
3 0
(x +3x+2)
dx 2 4E = 4 x the sum of even ordinate
= x -5 x x + 1 x x + c = x - 5x + x + c
3+1 1+1 0+1 4 2
Denominator x + 3x + 2 is factorize into (x+1)(x+2) 2
2R = 2 x sum of the remaining odd ordinate
3+1 1+1 0+1 4 2 + 10 = A +
let (x7x+3x+2) B Example: Use Simpson’s rule with the intervals indicated to find correct to
x+1 x+2 2

Integration by substitution 3d.p the approximate values of the below question.

7x + 10 A(x+2)+B(x+1) 5

Some integrals can easily be solved by using the method of integration by (x +3x+2) = (x+1)(x+2)
2
∫ 1
(2x + 8x )dx
2
(8 Intervals)
substitution or sometime called change of variable. The denominator on RHS = LHS Solution
Example: Find the following integral :- numerators on each side are equal The width of each strip is
a) ∫ 2 5x
- 3x 2 (b) ∫sin (4x + 3) dx i.e 7x + 10 = A(x+2) + B(x+1) w = b n- a = 5 8- 1 = 48 = 0.5
Solution putting x = -1 :- The interval increases by 0.5 each time. This means the x-values are:
∫ 2 5x
- 3x dx 2 7x + 10 = A(x+2) + B(x+1) 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0
let u = 2 - 3x , then du 2du
dx = -6x, so dx = -6x 7(-1) + 10 = A(-1+2) + B(-1+1) x 2x x 2 8
x 2 (2x + 8x ) 2
(2x + 8x ) 2 F+L E R
5x 5x du -5 1 -5 1.0 2.0 1.0 8.0 10.0 3.1623=> 3.1623
:- ∫ 2 - 3x dx =∫ u x -6x = 6 ∫ u du = 6 In u + c
2
-7 + 10 = A(1) + 0
1.5 3.0 2.25 3.556 6.5556 2.5604 2.5604
Recall, u = 2 - 3x 2
3=A :- A = 3 2.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 6.0 2.4495 2.4495
= -56 In(2 - 3x ) + c 2
putting x = -2 2.5 5.0 6.25 1.28 6.28 2.5051 2.5051
b) ∫sin(4x + 3) dx 7(-2) + 10 = A(-2+2) + B(-2+1) 3.0 6.0 9.0 0.8889 6.8889 2.6247 2.6247
let u = 4x + 3, then du du 3.5 7.0 12.25 0.6531 7.6531 2.7664 2.7664
dx = 4, so dx = 4 -14 + 10 = 0 + B(-1) 4.0 8.0 16.0 0.5 8.5 2.9155 2.9155
:- ∫sin u x du4 = 14 ∫sin u du -4 = -B :- B = 4 4.5 9.0 20.25 0.3951 9.3952 3.0651 3.0651
Recall sin u = -cos u Hence:- 7x + 10 = 3 + 4 5.0 10.0 25.0 0.32 10.32 3.2125=> 3.2125
(x +3x+2) x+1 x+2 2

= 14 (-cos u) + c = -cos4 u + c = -cos(4x4 + 3) + c 6.3748 10.897 7.9897

Integration by parts Now integrate the partial fraction A ≈ w [(F + L) + 4E + 2R] ≈ 0.5 [(6.3748) + 4(10.897) + 2(7.9897)]
d (uv) = u dv + v du 7x + 10 dx = 3 dx + 4 dx = 3 1 dx + 4 1 dx
3 3
dx dx dx ∫ (x +3x+2)
2
∫x + 1 ∫x + 2 ∫x + 1 ∫x + 2 ≈ 0.5 (6.3748 + 43.588 + 15.974)
= 3In(x+1) + 4In(x+2) + C 3
Integrate each side with respect to x Area Under a Curve ≈ 0.5 (65.9422) ≈ 32.9711 ≈ 10.99 units.
d
∫ (uv) = ∫u dv dx + ∫ v du dx
dx dx dx Integration is very useful to evaluate the area under the graphs. 3 3