CIVINCO: SURVEYING

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SURVEYING

• Surveying has to do with the 1. Geodetic Surveying - the type of

determination of the relative spatial surveying which takes into account the
true shape of the earth. Surveys
location of the points on or near the
employing the principles of geodesy
surface of the earth. It is the art of
are of high precision and generally
measuring horizontal and vertical
extended over large areas.
distances between objects, of measuring
2. Plane Surveying - the type of
angles between lines, of determining the
surveying in which the mean surface of
direction of lines, and of establishing
the earth is considered as a plane, or
points by predetermined angular and
in which its spheroidal shape is
linear measurement. neglected.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

• Sexagecimal units of angular • Centesimal units, the grad, or grade, is

measurement are the degree, minute, the angular unit. 400 grads = 360
and second. A plane angle extending degrees. 1 grad = 100 centesimal
completely around a point equals 360 minutes; 1 centesimal minute = 100
degrees; 1 degree = 60 minutes, 1 minute centesimal seconds.
= 60 seconds.
METHODS OF SURVEYING

1. Control Survey - Made to establish 4. Topographic Survey - Made to

the horizontal and vertical positions of gather data to produce a topographic
arbitrary points. map showing the configuration of the
2. Boundary Survey - Made to terrain and the location of natural and
determine the length and direction of man-made objects.
land lines and to establish the position 5. Mining Survey - Made to control,
of these lines on the ground. locate and map underground and
3. Hydrographic Survey - The survey of surface works related to mining
bodies of water made for the purpose operations.
of navigation, water supply, or
subaqueous construction.
METHODS OF SURVEYING

6. Construction Survey - Made to lay 9. Photogrammetric Survey - Made

out, locate and monitor public and to utilize the principles of aerial
private engineering works. photogrammetry, in which
7. Route Survey - Refers to those measurements made on photographs
control, topographic, and construction are used to determine the positions of
surveys necessary for the location and photographed objects.
construction of highways, railroads,
canals, transmission lines, and pipelines.
8. Astronomical survey - generally
involve imaging or "mapping" of regions
of the sky using telescopes.
TAPE CORRECTION

1. Correction due to Temperature 2. Correction due to Pull

𝐶𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑜 𝐿
𝐶𝑃 =
where: 𝑎𝐸
where:
𝛼 = coefficient of linear (or thermal)
expansion P = applied pull/tension
11.6 × 10−6 Po = standard pull/tension
= use if not given
°𝐶
L – measured length/length of tape
L = measured length/length of tape
a – cross-sectional area of tape
T = temperature during measurement
E – elastic modulus of steel
To = standard temperature
TAPE CORRECTION

3. Correction due to Sag 4. Error in Tape

𝑤 2 𝐿3 Too Long Too Short
𝐶𝑆 =
24𝑃2 Measure Add Subtract
where: Layout Subtract Add
w – linear weight of tape
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
L – distance between supports 𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 ±𝑒
𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒
P – applied pull/tension
 1. A 100 m steel tape is used to measure the distance of the line and found to be 1539.28 m long.
Surveying During measurement, the tape is supported at the ends under a pull of 10 kg and the observed
mean temperature is 31ᵒC. The tape is of standard length at 20ᵒC and has a tension of 12 kg. The
cross-sectional area of the tape is 0.035 cm2. The coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116/ᵒC.
and the modulus of elasticity of steel is 2.0 x 106 kg/cm2.The tape weighs 1.5 kg.

a. Determine the total correction for b. Find the total correction due to pull/tension.
temperature. 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑜 𝐿
𝐶𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 𝐶𝑃 =
𝑎𝐸
11.6 × 10−6 10 kg − 12 kg (100 m)
𝐶𝑇 = 100 m 31 − 20 °C 𝐶𝑃 =
°C kg
𝐶𝑇 = 0.01276 m 0.035 cm2 2.0 × 106 ൗ 2
cm
𝐶𝑃 = −0.00286 m
1539.28 m
1539.28 m 𝐶𝑃(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = −0.00286 m ×
𝐶𝑇(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = 0.01276 m × 100 m
100 m
𝑪𝑷(𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍) = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟐 𝐦
𝑪𝑻(𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟒 𝐦
 1. A 100 m steel tape is used to measure the distance of the line and found to be 1539.28 m long.
Surveying During measurement, the tape is supported at the ends under a pull of 10 kg and the observed
mean temperature is 31ᵒC. The tape is of standard length at 20ᵒC and has a tension of 12 kg. The
cross-sectional area of the tape is 0.035 cm2. The coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116/ᵒC.
and the modulus of elasticity of steel is 2.0 x 106 kg/cm2.The tape weighs 1.5 kg.

c. Determine the total correction due to sag.

𝑤 2 𝐿3
𝐶𝑆 =
24𝑃2
1539.28 m
𝑛= = 15.3928
100 m

1.5 kg 2 3 1.5 kg 2
100 m (39.28 m)3
100 m 100 m
𝐶𝑆 = (15) +
24 10 kg 2 24(10 kg)2
𝑪𝑺(𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍) = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝐦 (Always subtract)
 1. A 100 m steel tape is used to measure the distance of the line and found to be 1539.28 m long.
Surveying During measurement, the tape is supported at the ends under a pull of 10 kg and the observed
mean temperature is 31ᵒC. The tape is of standard length at 20ᵒC and has a tension of 12 kg. The
cross-sectional area of the tape is 0.035 cm2. The coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116/ᵒC.
and the modulus of elasticity of steel is 2.0 x 106 kg/cm2.The tape weighs 1.5 kg.

d. What is the correct length of the line?

𝐶𝑇(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = 0.1964 m (add algebraically)
𝐶𝑃(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = −0.04402 m (add algebraically)
𝐶𝑆(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = 1.41193 m (always subtract)

𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 1539.28 m + 0.1964 m − 0.04402 m − 1.41193 m

𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 1538.02 m
ELEMENTS OF SIMPLE CURVE

• Simple Curve – a circular arc, extending from one

tangent to the next.
• Point of Curvature (PC) – point where the curve
leaves the back tangent (first tangent).
• Point of Tangency (PT) – point where the curve joins
the forward tangent (second tangent).
• Intersection Angle (I) – angle of intersection of
tangents.
• Vertex or Point of Intersection (V or PI) – intersection
of back tangent and forward tangent.
ELEMENTS OF SIMPLE CURVE

• External Distance (E) – distance from the vertex to the

curve.
• Middle Ordinate (M) – line joining the middle of the
curve and the middle of the chord.
• Tangent Distance (T) – distance from vertex to the PC
or PT.
• Chord Distance (C) – line connecting PC and PT.
 2. Two tangents adjacent to each other having bearings N 65°30’ E and S 85°10’ E
Surveying
meet at station 11+157.98. If the radius of the simple curve connecting these two
tangents is 249.17 m, determine the following:

V 𝑰
a. Tangent Distance
T T
𝐼 𝑇
tan = PT
2 𝑅
𝐼 PC
𝑇 = 𝑅 tan
2

𝐼 = 180° − 65°30′ − 85°30′

R 𝑰 R
𝐼 = 29°20′
𝟐
29° 20′
𝑇 = 249.17 𝑚 tan
2
𝑻 = 𝟔𝟓. 𝟐𝟏 𝐦 A
 2. Two tangents adjacent to each other having bearings N 65°30’ E and S 85°10’ E
Surveying
meet at station 11+157.98. If the radius of the simple curve connecting these two
tangents is 249.17 m, determine the following:

V 𝑰
b. Long Chord
T T
𝐼 𝐶ൗ
sin = 2 PT
2 𝑅 𝐂
PC
𝐼 𝐂/𝟐 𝐂/𝟐
𝐶 = 2𝑅 sin
2

29° 20′ R 𝑰 R
𝐶 = 2 249.17 𝑚 sin
2 𝟐
𝑪 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟖 𝐦

A
 2. Two tangents adjacent to each other having bearings N 65°30’ E and S 85°10’ E
Surveying
meet at station 11+157.98. If the radius of the simple curve connecting these two
tangents is 249.17 m, determine the following:

V 𝑰
c. Middle Ordinate
T T
𝑀 = 𝑅 − 𝐴𝐵
𝐼 𝐴𝐵 𝐌 PT
𝐼
cos = → 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑅 cos PC
2 𝑅 2 𝐂/𝟐 B 𝐂/𝟐
𝐼 𝐼
𝑀 = 𝑅 − 𝑅 cos = 𝑅 1 − cos
2 2

R 𝑰 R
29° 20′ 𝟐
𝑀 = 249.17 m 1 − cos
2
𝑴 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟐 𝐦
A
 2. Two tangents adjacent to each other having bearings N 65°30’ E and S 85°10’ E
Surveying
meet at station 11+157.98. If the radius of the simple curve connecting these two
tangents is 249.17 m, determine the following:

V 𝑰
d. External Distance
𝐸 = 𝐴𝑉 − 𝑅 T 𝐄 T

𝐼 𝑅 𝐌 PT
cos =
2 𝐴𝑉 PC
𝐂/𝟐 𝐂/𝟐
𝑅 𝐼
𝐴𝑉 = = 𝑅 sec
𝐼 2
cos 2
𝐼 𝐼 R
𝐸 = 𝑅 sec − 𝑅 = 𝑅 sec − 1 𝑰 R
2 2
𝟐
29° 20′
𝐸 = 249.17 m sec −1
2
𝑬 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟗 𝐦 A
 2. Two tangents adjacent to each other having bearings N 65°30’ E and S 85°10’ E
Surveying
meet at station 11+157.98. If the radius of the simple curve connecting these two
tangents is 249.17 m, determine the following:

V 𝑰
e. Degree of Curve
T 𝐄 T
Arc Basis – angle subtended by an arc of 20
𝐌 PT
m or 100 ft PC
𝟐𝟎 20 2𝜋𝑅 𝐂/𝟐 𝐂/𝟐
=
𝐷 360°
20 360°
𝐃 𝐷=
𝐑 𝐑 2𝜋𝑅 R R
𝑰
1145.916 1145.916
𝐷= = 𝟐
𝑅 249.17 m
𝑫 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟎°
A
 2. Two tangents adjacent to each other having bearings N 65°30’ E and S 85°10’ E
Surveying
meet at station 11+157.98. If the radius of the simple curve connecting these two
tangents is 249.17 m, determine the following:

V 𝑰
f. Length of Curve
T 𝐄 T
Length of subtended arc,
𝐼 𝐌 PT
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 = 2𝜋𝑅
360𝑜
PC
𝐂/𝟐 𝐂/𝟐
𝐼
𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑅
360𝑜
𝜋𝑅𝐼
𝐿=
180° R 𝑰 R
𝟐
𝜋 249.17 m 29° 20′
𝐿=
180°
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟕 𝐦 A
 2. Two tangents adjacent to each other having bearings N 65°30’ E and S 85°10’ E
Surveying
meet at station 11+157.98. If the radius of the simple curve connecting these two
tangents is 249.17 m, determine the following:

V 𝑰
g. Stationing of PT
T 𝐄 T
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑉 = 11 + 157.98
𝐌 PT
PC
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑉 − 𝑇 + 𝐿 𝐂/𝟐 𝐂/𝟐
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 11 + 157.98 − 65.21 + 127.57
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟏𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟒
R 𝑰 R
𝟐

A
 3. A compound curve has the following elements:𝐼1 = 30°, 𝐷1 = 4°, 𝐼2 = 24°, and
Surveying
𝐷2 = 5°. If the stationing of the vertex is 4 + 620,

126° 54°
a. Determine the stationing of PC.
𝑆𝑡𝑎 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑉 − 𝐵𝑉 − 𝑇1 T1 B 30° PCC
PC 24°
1145.916
𝑅1 = = 286.479 m D
4°
1145.916 T2
𝑅2 = = 229.1832 m
5°
R1 24° PT
30°
𝑇1 = 286.479 m tan = 76.7618 m
2 R2
24° 30°
𝑇2 = 229.1832 m tan = 48.7144 m
2
 3. A compound curve has the following elements:𝐼1 = 30°, 𝐷1 = 4°, 𝐼2 = 24°, and
Surveying
𝐷2 = 5°. If the stationing of the vertex is 4 + 620,

126° 54°
a. Determine the stationing of PC.
𝐵𝐷 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 76.7618 m + 48.7144 m T1 B 30° PCC
PC 24°
𝐵𝐷 = 125.4762 m
D

T2
𝐵𝑉 125.4762 m
=
sin 24° sin 126° R1 24° PT
𝐵𝑉 = 63.0837 m
R2
30°
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 = 4 + 620 − 63.0837 m − 76.7618 m
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑪 = 𝟒 + 𝟒𝟖𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
 3. A compound curve has the following elements:𝐼1 = 30°, 𝐷1 = 4°, 𝐼2 = 24°, and
Surveying
𝐷2 = 5°. If the stationing of the vertex is 4 + 620,

126° 54°
b. Find the stationing of PCC.
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶𝐶 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 + 𝐿1 T1 B 30° PCC
PC 24°
D
𝐼1 30°
𝐿1 = 2𝜋𝑅1 × 𝑜
= 2𝜋 286.479 m T2
360 360°
𝐿1 = 150 m R1 PT
24°

R2
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶𝐶 = 4 + 480.15 + 150 m
30°
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑪𝑪 = 𝟒 + 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
 3. A compound curve has the following elements:𝐼1 = 30°, 𝐷1 = 4°, 𝐼2 = 24°, and
Surveying
𝐷2 = 5°. If the stationing of the vertex is 4 + 620,

126° 54°
c. Determine the stationing of PT.
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 + 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 T1 B 30° PCC
PC 24°
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶𝐶 + 𝐿2
D

T2
𝐼2 24°
𝐿2 = 2𝜋𝑅2 × = 2𝜋 229.1832 m
360𝑜 360° R1 24° PT
𝐿2 = 96 m
R2
30°
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 4 + 630.15 + 96 m
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟒 + 𝟕𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟓
 4. The perpendicular distance between two parallel tangents of the reverse curve is 35
Surveying
m. The azimuth of the back tangent is 270° while the common tangent is 300°. The
first radius of the curve is 160 m and the stationing of PRC is 2+578. Determine the
following:

a. Radius of the second curve.

𝑃 R2 30°
sin 𝐼 =
T1+ T2
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 PC
35 𝑃
sin 𝐼 = T1
𝐼 𝐼
I 𝑅1 tan + 𝑅2 tan
2 2 P = 35 m
35
sin 30 =
30 30 T2
160 tan + 𝑅2 tan
2 2
30° R1 = 160m PT
𝑹𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 𝐦

Sta. PRC = 2 + 578

 4. The perpendicular distance between two parallel tangents of the reverse curve is 35
Surveying
m. The azimuth of the back tangent is 270° while the common tangent is 300°. The
first radius of the curve is 160 m and the stationing of PRC is 2+578. Determine the
following:

b. Stationing of PC.
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑅𝐶 − 𝐿1
R2 30°
𝐼 PC
𝐿1 = 2𝜋𝑅
360
30𝑜
𝐿1 = 2𝜋 160 m
360° P = 35 m
𝐿1 = 83.7758 m

𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝐶 = 2 + 578 − 83.7758 m 30° R1 = 160m PT

𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑪 = 𝟐 + 𝟒𝟗𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟐
Sta. PRC = 2 + 578
 4. The perpendicular distance between two parallel tangents of the reverse curve is 35
Surveying
m. The azimuth of the back tangent is 270° while the common tangent is 300°. The
first radius of the curve is 160 m and the stationing of PRC is 2+578. Determine the
following:

c. Stationing of PT.
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑅𝐶 + 𝐿2
R2 30°
𝐼 PC
𝐿2 = 2𝜋𝑅
360
30𝑜
𝐿2 = 2𝜋 101.24 m
360° P = 35 m
𝐿2 = 53.011 m

𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃𝑇 = 2 + 578 + 53.011 m 30° R1 = 160m PT

𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟐 + 𝟔𝟑𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟏
Sta. PRC = 2 + 578
VERTICAL CURVES

• A gradient is a dimensionless number. It is usually Notes on Vertical Curves:

expressed in percentages; (e.g., a road of +4%
• The length of the parabolic curve L is the
gradient rises 4 units vertically in 100 units
horizontal distance between PC and PT.
horizontally).
• Gradients rising from left to right are positive and • PI is midway between PC and PT.
gradients falling left to right are negative. • The curve lies midway between PI and the
Types of Vertical Curves midpoint of the chord from PC to PT.
• Summit Curves: Vertical Curves where the total • The stationing of vertical curves is measured
change in gradient is negative. not along the curve but along a horizontal line.
• Sag Curves: Vertical Curves where the total
change in gradient is positive.
VERTICAL CURVES

Symmetrical Curves: L/2 L/2

𝐿 Back tangent PI
𝐻 = (𝑔1 − 𝑔2 )
8 V
𝑔1 𝐿 Forward tangent
x H
𝑆1 = y
𝑔1 − 𝑔2
HP
𝑔2 𝐿
𝑆2 = PC
H
𝑔2 − 𝑔1
𝐿 2
𝑥2 2
= PT
𝑦 𝐻

S1 S2
VERTICAL CURVES

Unsymmetrical Curves: L1 L2

𝐿1 𝐿2 Back tangent PI
𝐻= (𝑔1 − 𝑔2 )
2 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 V
Forward tangent
2
x H
𝑔1 𝐿1 y
𝑆1 =
2𝐻 HP
𝑔2 𝐿2 2
PC
H
𝑆2 =
2𝐻

PT

S1 S2
 5. The back tangent with grade of +3.4% and forward tangent with grade of -4.8%
Surveying
intersects at station 14+750 and elevation 76.3m. The two tangents are connected
by a 320 m parabolic curve.

V Sta. 14 + 750
a. Find the location of the highest point from PC.
Elev. 76.3 m
𝑔1 𝐿 +0.034 320
𝑆1 = = HP
𝑔1 − 𝑔2 +0.034 − −0.048 PC
𝑺𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟗 𝐦
b. Compute the stationing of the highest point of PT
the curve.
𝐿 L = 320 m
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐻𝑃 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑉 − + 𝑆1
2
320 S1
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐻𝑃 = 14 + 750 − + 132.6829
2
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟏𝟒 + 𝟕𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟗
 5. The back tangent with grade of +3.4% and forward tangent with grade of -4.8%
Surveying
intersects at station 14+750 and elevation 76.3m. The two tangents are connected
by a 320 m parabolic curve.
S1

c. Determine the elevation of the highest point. L/2 V Sta. 14 + 750

Elev. 76.3 m
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑉 − 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑦 a S1
b y H
320 PC
𝑎 = 0.034 = 5.44 m
2 HP
𝑏 = 0.034 132.6829 = 4.5112 m PT
𝐿 320
𝐻 = 𝑔1 − 𝑔2 = 0.034 − −0.048 = 3.28
8 8
2 2
L = 320 m
𝐿 320
2 2
𝑆1 2 132.6829 2
= → = → 𝑦 = 2.2556
𝑦 𝐻 𝑦 3.28
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑃 = 76.3 m − 5.44 m + 4.5112 − 2.2556 m
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝐦
 5. The back tangent with grade of +3.4% and forward tangent with grade of -4.8%
Surveying
intersects at station 14+750 and elevation 76.3m. The two tangents are connected
by a 320 m parabolic curve.
S2

a. Find the location of the highest point from PC. V Sta. 14 + 750
Elev. 76.3 m
By ratio and proportion
𝑆1 320 − 𝑆1 HP
= PC
3.4% 4.8%
𝑺𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟗 𝐦
PT
b. Compute the stationing of the highest point of
the curve.
𝐿 L = 320 m
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐻𝑃 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑉 − + 𝑆1
2
320 3.4% 320 - S1
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐻𝑃 = 14 + 750 − + 132.6829
2 S1
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟏𝟒 + 𝟕𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟐𝟗 -4.8%
 5. The back tangent with grade of +3.4% and forward tangent with grade of -4.8%
Surveying
intersects at station 14+750 and elevation 76.3m. The two tangents are connected
by a 320 m parabolic curve.

L/2 V Sta. 14 + 750

c. Determine the elevation of the highest
Elev. 76.3 m
point. a
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑉 − 𝑎 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 HP
PC
320
𝑎 = 0.034 = 5.44 m PT
2
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 = 132.6829 m 0.034
2 L = 320 m
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 = 2.2556 m
3.4% 320 - S1
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑃 = 76.3 m − 5.44 m + 2.2556 m
S1 -4.8%
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝐦
 6. A descending grade of 6% and an ascending grade of 2% intersect at Sta 12+200
Surveying
whose elevation is at 14.375 m. The two grades are to be connected by a parabolic
curve, 160 m long. Find the elevation of the first quarter point on the curve.

L = 160 m
S 2%
160 - S 40 m
-6% 𝑆1 160 − 𝑆1
=
6% 2%
PT
𝑆 = 120 m
V
Sta. 12 + 200
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑉 + 𝑎 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 Elev. 14.375 m

40 80 2%
−6% 𝑔 160 - S
= g
120 80 -6%
𝑔 = −4%
 6. A descending grade of 6% and an ascending grade of 2% intersect at Sta 12+200
Surveying
whose elevation is at 14.375 m. The two grades are to be connected by a parabolic
curve, 160 m long. Find the elevation of the first quarter point on the curve.

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑉 + 𝑎 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 L = 160 m

40 m

160
𝑎 = 0.06 = 4.8 m PT
2
1 V
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 = 0.06 + 0.04 40 m Sta. 12 + 200
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 = 2.0 m Elev. 14.375 m

40 80 2%
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑃 = 14.375 m + 4.8 m − 2 m g 160 - S
-6%
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝐦
 7. An unsymmetrical parabolic curve connects a +4.2% grade and a -3.4% grade. The
Surveying
length of the curve on the left side of the vertex is 80 m and 110 m on the other
side. If the stationing of the point of intersection is 4+460 and its elevation is 145.2
m. Determine the following:
Sta. 4 + 460
a. Location of the summit from PT. V
Elev. 145.2 m
𝑔1 𝐿1 + 𝑔2 𝐿2
𝑔3 =
𝐿1 + 𝐿2
0.042 80 m + −0.034 110 m PC PT
𝑔3 =
80 m + 110 m
𝑔3 = −0.2%
L1 = 80 m L2 = 110 m

𝑆 80 − 𝑆
= 4.2%
4.2% 0.2% 80 - S 110
𝑆 = 76.36 m; if from PT = 190 m − 76.36 m
S -3.4%
𝑺𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟔 𝐦 -0.2%
 7. An unsymmetrical parabolic curve connects a +4.2% grade and a -3.4% grade. The
Surveying
length of curve on the left side of the vertex is 80 m and 110 m on the other side. If
the stationing of the point of intersection is 4+460 and its elevation is 145.2 m.
Determine the following:
Sta. 4 + 460
b. Stationing of the summit. V
Elev. 145.2 m
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐻𝑃 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑉 + 𝐿2 − 𝑆2
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝐻𝑃 = 4 + 460 + 110 − 113.636
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟒 + 𝟒𝟓𝟔. 𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔 PC PT

L1 = 80 m L2 = 110 m

4.2%
80 - S 110
S -3.4%
-0.2%
 7. An unsymmetrical parabolic curve connects a +4.2% grade and a -3.4% grade. The
Surveying
length of curve on the left side of the vertex is 80 m and 110 m on the other side. If
the stationing of the point of intersection is 4+460 and its elevation is 145.2 m.
Determine the following:
Sta. 4 + 460
c. Elevation of the summit. 80 m V
Elev. 145.2 m
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑃 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑉 − 𝑎 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔
a
𝑎 = 0.042 80
𝑎 = 3.36 m PC PT
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 = 76.3636 m 0.042
2
L1 = 80 m L2 = 110 m
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 = 1.6036 m

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑃 = 145.2 m − 3.36 m + 1.6036 m 4.2%

80 - S 110
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝑯𝑷 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟔 𝐦
S -3.4%
-0.2%
 EARTHWORKS

Level Cross Section

CL
End Area Method:
hL
C 1 hR 𝐿
s
𝑉𝑒 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2
B/2 B/2 Five Level Cross Section 2
CL
B

dL dR Prismoidal Method:
C
hL fR
hR
𝐿
fL 𝑉𝑝 = 𝐴1 + 4𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴2
Three Level Cross Section 6
CL B/2 B/2

B 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑒 − 𝐶𝑝
hR
C
dL dR
𝐿
hL
𝐶𝑝 = 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 )(𝑑1 − 𝑑2
B/2 B/2 12
B
dL dR
 8. Given the following cross-section notes for a road in cut below:
Surveying
10.00 0 7.80
+2.50 +4.23 +1.40

CL
a. Determine the width of the roadway.
𝐵 𝐵
𝑠 10.00 − 7.80 −
= 2= 2 +4.23
1 +2.50 +1.40 1
+2.50
s
𝐵 = 10 𝑚 s
1
+1.40

B/2 B/2
b. Calculate the side slope. 10.00 − 𝐵/2 7.80 − 𝐵/2
B
𝐵 𝐵
𝑠 10.00 − 7.80 −
= 2= 2 10.00 7.80
1 +2.50 +1.40
10 10
10.00 − 2 7.80 − 2
𝑠= =
+2.50 +1.40
𝑠 = 2 →∴ 2: 1
 8. Given the following cross-section notes for a road in cut below:
Surveying
10.00 0 7.80
+2.50 +4.23 +1.40

CL
c. Solve for the area of the cross-section.
1 1 1 1
𝐴 = 5 2.5 + 4.23 10 + 4.23 7.8 + 5 1.4
2 2 2 2 +4.23

𝐴 = 47.40 𝑚2 +2.50 1
s +1.40
1
s

B/2 B/2
10.00 − 𝐵/2 7.80 − 𝐵/2
B

10.00 7.80