Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

ARCADE BRITISH INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY

LESSON NOTES FOR BASIC SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY (BST)
COMPONENT: Basic Technology
J.S.S 1 First Term
Theme: Understanding Basic Technology
Sub-Theme: Safety, Materials and Processing
WEEK 1&2
Understanding Technology
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:

1. Define Technology
2. Identify Technology related Occupations

Content
Definition of Technology
Technology is the knowledge and skills of making or using
things that make work or life easier for us.
Technology is necessarily not a new concept, it has been in
existence for a very long time, but recently, there has been
several advancement and modernization that is rapidly
occurring, however, technology may be a term that is new to us
but generally it is describing something which is not new at all.
Technology affects our daily life. We see its effect around us
every day, even though we may not know what it is .

Products of Technology
Products of technology include: car, Phone, Torchlight, Camera,
House, Internet, Electricity, Television and Radio

Non-Technology Products
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

These are products that are not technology. They include non-
manmade things like stone, river, tree, sunlight and wind

Technology Related Occupations

The professions related to technology include; Computer
Network Operator, Civil engineer, Graphics designer using a
recent camera, etc.

Computer System Analyst

This job is all about understanding how a computer system can
best serve a specific company. A computer system analyst may
need to choose hardware and software for a company then
manage the installation and monitor the outcome.

Database Administrator
A database administrator will need to organize, store, mine and
manage information. They will create specific databases for
companies to use but will also be responsible for securing
sensitive information.

Software Developer
The software is what makes the hardware work. Consumers
and businesses use software every day in computers,
smartphones and mobile technology. The growth of mobile
technology will continue to drive the grown of software
developers.

Web Developer
A web developer needs to be able to create a website that
looks good and works well. There is a lot more to it than making
sure the text is spelt correctly and the checkout cart works. A
web developer needs to understand page layout, graphics,
design, organization and many other aspects of a website. The
internet continues to grow and so this career is expected to
continue to grow as well.

Computer Programmer
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

A computer programmer will write, test, debug and maintain

software programs. These programs are designed to help the
computer perform efficiently.

Mechanical Engineer
Mechanical engineering isn’t just about being good at math.
Designing a device and then turning it into a reality requires
creativity and organizational skills. A mechanical engineer will
need to do research, design, build and test each device.

IT Manager
The IT manager is the person to go to with any technical
question. This is the person who is responsible for ensuring the
front line technicians to quickly solve problems with software
and hardware. After all, if the email doesn’t work or the
computer has an error that the employee doesn’t get any work
done until the problem is fixed.

Computer Systems Administrator

The computer systems administrator is responsible for making
sure the intranet system works. They ensure that systems that
share data are all working and that all computer stations are
connected appropriately.

Civil Engineer
A civil engineer is in charge of designing and building large
structures such as bridges, roads, and buildings. Again math is
an important component of this career, but so is creativity.

Lab Technician
A lab technician may work in a clinic, hospital or research
laboratory. These dedicated individuals are responsible for
running crucial tests, analyzing data and making
recommendations. This career is often in the medical field but
is still very technical.

Importance of Technological Literacy

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

Technology has been a mainstream today, such that we may

not be able to do any meaningful thing successfully without
using it. The introduction of technology has brought a lot of
improvement to our lives and society. The society where
products of technology are used daily is always modern in
outlook. The standard of living of such a society is very high.
Here are 5 reasons why technology is such an important part of
your training and your future career:

1. Students have different learning styles. If you’re the

type of person who learns best by doing, then you
probably already know that sitting in a lecture hall is an
old-fashioned way of learning. You want your classroom
instruction to be supplemented by hands-on activities and
work outside the classroom. Technology allows instructors
to think—and teach—outside the box.

2. Technology is convenient and portable. Backpacks

full of books being lugged through crowded hallways is so
old-school. You already know that there’s a better way of
getting content. Tablets can turn volumes of books into
pages on a screen and laptops can bring a world of
learning to your fingertips.

3. Real-world training begins with examples. Whether

it’s automotive, electronics systems or computer and
network technologies, you want the opportunity to work
with industry-specific tools and equipment. If you’re
training in Computer-Aided Drafting and Design (CADD),
you want your workstation to be equipped with the same
kinds of software used in the industry today. If you’re
training to be a medical assistant, you want the
opportunity to work with simulators that will give you an
idea of how you might perform compressions or blood
draws on an actual patient.

4. The whole world is your resource when you use

technology. A good career training program will reach
out to employers to find out what they are looking for in
their new hires. It will also continually use technological
advances to respond to the needs of the industries and
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

communities it serves. Technology is ever-evolving and

the best career training programs use it to adapt to the
needs of its students and the workforce.

5. Technology in the classroom gets you ready for

technology in the world. The more opportunities you
have to use technology, the more comfortable you’ll be
with it. Once you embrace its limitless potential, you just
might start to understand your own potential!

Technology has brought the improved living standard to our

society by providing the following amenities:

1. Highways with traffic lights

2. Wide asphalt roads with relevant road signs, marks, and
instructions
3. Recreational parks and garden
4. Modern building in an urban landscape
5. Treated and drinkable water in public places as well as in
homes and offices
6. Use of modern transport facilities like cars, buses,
aeroplane, trains, ships, etc.
7. Modern facilities in the home as found in our kitchen,
bathroom, toilet, dining room, living room, surroundings
etc.

Basic Technology J.S.S 1 First Term

WEEK 3
Safety Guidelines 1
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

1. List safety guidelines for Pedestrians

2. Demonstrate how Pedestrians are to crossroad

Content
Safety guidelines are a set of rules and regulations put in place
to ensure that a person or product is safe and free from danger.
Safety is the condition of a “steady state” of an organization or
place doing what it is supposed to do. “What it is supposed to
do” is defined in terms of public codes and standards,
associated architectural and engineering designs, corporate
vision and mission statements, and operational plans and
personnel policies. For any organization, place, or function,
large or small, safety is a normative concept. It complies with
situation-specific definitions of what is expected and
acceptable.

Safety Guidelines for Pedestrians

The most important safety tip to reduce pedestrian injuries and
fatalities is to pay attention. You can significantly reduce your
chances of being in a collision with a motor vehicle by obeying
traffic rules and being aware of dangers posed by cars in your
vicinity. Make eye contact with drivers if possible and make
sure that they can see you.

1. Be Safe and Be Seen: Make yourself visible to drivers:

1. Wear bright/light coloured clothing and reflective

materials.
2. Carry a flashlight when walking at night.
3. Cross the street in a well-lit area at night.
4. Stand clear of buses, hedges, parked cars, or other
obstacles before crossing so drivers can see you.

2. Be Smart and Alert: Avoid dangerous behaviours

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

1. Always walk on the sidewalk. If there is no sidewalk, walk

facing traffic.
2. Stay sober; walking while impaired increases your chance
of being struck.
3. Don’t assume vehicles will stop. Make eye contact with
drivers; don’t just look at the vehicle. If a driver is on a cell
phone, he or she may not be paying enough attention to
drive safely.
4. Don’t rely solely on pedestrian signals. Look before you
cross the road.
5. Be alert to engine noise or backup lights on cars when in
parking lots and near on-street parking spaces.

How pedestrians are to cross the road:

1. Be Careful at Crossings; Look before you step

2. Cross streets at marked crosswalks or intersections, if
possible.
3. Obey traffic signals such as WALK/DON’T WALK signs.
4. Look left, right, and left again before crossing a street.
5. Watch for turning vehicles. Make sure the driver sees you
and will stop for you.
6. Look across ALL lanes you must cross and visually clear
each lane before proceeding. Even if one motorist stops,
do not presume drivers in other lanes can see you and will
stop for you.
7. Don’t wear. headphones or talk on a cell phone while
crossing

Basic Technology J.S.S 1 First Term

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

WEEK 4
Safety Guidelines II
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:

1. Identify safety guidelines for Cyclist

2. Explain safety guidelines for Motorist

Content
Safety Guidelines for cyclist/motorcyclist:
There is great concern for the safety of motorcyclists in our
roads. Among all users, motorcycle comprises the largest group
that is involved in fatal road accidents. Road safety for
motorcyclists is a paramount concern, as motorcycle riding
requires balancing skills and greater control as compared to car
driving. A motorcycle is also less visible and can be easily
missed on the road. Furthermore, the body of the motorcycle
offers very little protection to the motorcyclist.

Many adults drive every day. It may even be part of your job.
It’s easy to forget that driving means that you use a lot of skills,
often at the same time. Common reasons for motor vehicle
injuries include being distracted, having drugs or alcohol in
your system, being aggressive when driving, being tired, not
wearing a seatbelt and, sometimes, not enough training or the
right training. Take smart risks to reduce injuries that have to
do with any type of motor vehicle (e.g., car, truck, motorcycle).
Here are important reminders to reduce the risks in
motorcycling:

Defensive Riding –

What is defensive driving? It is a set of driving skills that allows

you to defend yourself against possible collisions caused by bad
drivers, drunk drivers, and poor weather. If you look ahead and
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

keep your eyes moving, you will spot potential hazards more
easily. Once you have identified a potential hazard and decided
what to do, act immediately.

Safety Guidelines for Motorist

Year after year, statistics show that motorcycles remain the
most vulnerable group among all road users. To enhance
safety, motorcycles and all motorists should follow these basic
traffic rules and regulations:

1. Keep to your left, unless you are overtaking

2. Never ride when you’ve been drinking
3. Keep a safe distance from other vehicles
4. Do not swerve in and out of traffic
5. Don’t overtake a convoy of vehicles
6. Don’t speed
7. Slow down when approaching a bend
8. Anticipate pedestrians who may dash across the road
9. Stay on the lookout for children and animal that may dart
out unexpectedly
10. Practice the 2-Second Rule: allow for two seconds between
braking and making a full stop behind a vehicle
11. Get out of a car’s blind spot

Basic Technology J.S.S 1 First Term

WEEK 5
Worksop Safety I
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:

1. Identify Workshop safety and Accident

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

2. State the causes of workshop accidents

3. List the types of accidents that occur in workshop places

Content
Meaning of workshop accidents/hazards
Accident is defined as an unfortunate incident that happens
unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically resulting in damage
or injury. This then means that any harm or injury that is done
to a student while he/she is in the workshop on a machine is
called an accident. Accident or hazard could be man-made or
natural while it could also be accidental or deliberate. An
accident is a negative experience that happens to somebody
when he does not expect it.
The workplace can be dangerous, even more so in an industrial
environment. Numerous factors can cause accidents, ranging
from overexertion to mishandling of hazardous materials. There
are also a multitude of variables that can contribute to or
influence a workplace incident. Think about this; 80 of every
100 accidents that happen in the workplace are ultimately the
fault of the person involved in the incident. What does this tell
us? Students are not taking the proper precautionary measures
before working, or they are simply too lazy to be bothered with
it

Causes of Workshop Accident

Accidents in the workshop can occur or are caused when:

1. Students do not follow the manufacturer’s or teacher’s

instruction on how to use the machine in the workshop
2. Student are not careful enough in the workshop while
handling the machines
3. Students play rough in the workshop
4. The machines being used are not in good form because
they are not serviced regularly
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

5. The worn-out parts of machines are not replaced on time.

Types of Workshop Accidents

1. Overexertion: We do it all the time: pull a bookcase,

carry heavy equipment or lift awkward boxes. Injuries
from overexertion, such as sprains and strains, are the
leading workplace accident out there.

2. Falling: Just like in our opening example, falling presents

a significant risk in many work environments. It could be
as simple as falling down stairs or tumbling off a roof.

3. Slips and trips: Have you ever seen the image of

someone slipping on a banana peel? It's the same idea
(probably minus the banana). Slips and trips can be the
culprit behind things like muscle strains and other injuries.

4. Falling objects: Whether it's a heavy box of files or a

piece of machinery at a construction site, falling objects
present a particular risk of head injuries to workers.

5. Repetitive motion: It's a little less obvious, but repetitive

motion injuries have an impact on many types of workers,
from frequent computer users who struggle with carpal
tunnel syndrome to auto mechanics who develop chronic
back pain.

Test: Basic Technology JSS1 First Term mid-Term Assessment

1. _____ is the knowledge and skills of making or using things that make work or life easier for us.

a. Education

b. Technology

c. Literacy

d. Civilization

2. One of the following is not a product of Technology

a. Television

b. Radio
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

c. Water

d. Smartphone

3. _____ is in charge of designing and building large structures such as bridges, roads, and buildings.

a. Lawyer

b. Civil Engineer

c. Data analyst

d. Web developer

4. ____ may work in a clinic, hospital or research laboratory.

a. Lawyer

b. Lab technician

c. Banker

d. Pastor

5. Technology has brought the improved living standard to our society by providing the following
amenities except

a. Traffic lights

b. Modern Transport facilities

c. Building mud houses

d. Treated and drinkable water

6. The condition of a “steady state” of an organization or place doing what it is supposed to do is

termed ______

a. Precaution

b. Safety

c. Guidelines

d. Measures

7. ______ are a set of rules and regulations put in place to ensure that a person or product is safe and
free from danger.

a. Safety guidelines

b. Non-safety guidelines

c. Measures

d. Measures guidelines

8. The most important safety tip to reduce pedestrian injuries and fatalities is to ____
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

a. Be careless

b. To pay attention

c. Be bold

d. To be dull

9. Safety guild lines for pedestrian are ______ except

a. Be smart and alert

b. Wear bright or reflective clothing’s

c. When moving in the night move with light

d. None of the above

10. Make eye contact with drivers if possible and make sure that they can see you. This is

a. Safety Guideline

b. Warning sign

c. Zebra crossing

d. Dull attitude

11. A set of driving skills that allows you to defend yourself against possible collisions caused by bad
drivers, drunk drivers, and poor weather is called _____

a. Offensive driving

b. Defensive driving

c. Cautious driving

d. Over speeding

12. Which of the following is not a safety guideline for Motorists?

a. Always remind in a car’s blind spot

b. Don’t overtake a convoy of vehicles

c. Don’t speed

d. Slow down when approaching a bend

13. Common reasons for motor vehicle injuries include the following EXCEPT

a. Having drugs or alcohol in your system

b. Being aggressive when driving

c. Being tired

d. Wearing a Helmet

14. Once you have identified a potential hazard and decided what to do, _____immediately.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

a. Dance

b. Delay

c. Act

d. Confuse

15. Always keep to your left, unless you are _____

a. Flexing

b. Overtaking

c. Joking

d. Playing

16. The following are types of workshop accidents except

a. Overexertion

b. Falling

c. Slips

d. Dancing

17. An unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally is usually termed as:

a. Accident

b. Injury

c. Bruise

d. Lesion

18. When students do not follow the manufacturer’s or teacher’s instruction on how to use the
machine in the workshop, it usually leads to

a. Injury

b. Accident

c. Fall

d. Mistake

19. ___and ____ from overexertion, are the leading workplace accident.

a. Sprains and strains

b. Fall and die

c. Sink and drown

d. Fracture and dislocation

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

20. Sometimes, students are simply too lazy to be bothered with precautionary measures before
working with machines. This could cause ____

a. Accident

b. Merry

c. Faulty

d. Sickness

Basic Technology J.S.S 1 First Term

WEEK 6
Workshop Safety II
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:

1. State Workshop Devices

2. State workshop safety Rules and Regulations
3. Identify some workshop Accidents and preventive
measures

Content
Safety devices
A workshop is a building or area where engineering work is
carried out. A workshop must meet certain safety standard for
approval before they can function as an engineering workshop.
In order to maintain safety in the workshop during workshop
practical sessions, certain devices must be provided to students
to use these are called safety devices which help in different
ways. Some of the devices are used to protect the delicate
parts of the student’s body such as the eye, the nose, the
chest, the head, the legs and the hands. The protective safety
devices include the glove to protect the palms and the fingers,
the shield to protect the eyes, boots to protect the legs, the
feet and toes, the helmet and the overall to protect the chest.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

Examples of safety devices.

All safety devices are generally referred to as ‘Personal
Protective Equipment’ (PPE). These PPEs include the following:

1. Goggle and Eyelids: This equipment protects the eyes

during welding and grinding operations.

2. Lab coats and Boots: Students and teacher are expected

to change into these attires before starting work at the
workshop. The boot protects against any sharp object on the
floor.

3. Helmet: This device is needed where heavy machines are

suspended. This is a must in all construction companies.

4. Sand bucket: This is used to handle the fire outbreak in the

absence of fire extinguisher.

5. Nose cap: This is the device that protects against dust and
fumes in the workshop.

6. First Aid Box: In the workshop, a first aid box must be

present in an event that an accident does occur, for minor
injuries.

Safety rules and regulations in the workshop

Before you can use equipment and machines or attempt
practical work in a workshop you must understand basic safety
rules. Workshop safety is everyone’s responsibility; the
following rules have been put in place to ensure the safety of
all students and staff. These rules will help keep you and others
safe in the workshop, please read the safety rules carefully
before entering the workshop.

Workshop rules

1. Student affected by drugs or alcohol are not permitted in

the workshop
2. Students with any health problems that may affect
workplace safety (e.g. medication, epileptic fits) must
report these conditions to the workshop staff
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

3. Notify the workshop staff of your arrival

4. No food or drink in the workshop
5. Wear the correct protective equipment for the tools you
are using – ask if in doubt
6. All chemicals (e.g. glues and paints) must be checked
through Chemwatch and with workshop staff before use
7. Immediately notify the workshop supervisor of any faulty
or broken equipment
8. Ask how to use the tools safely
9. Make sure your workpiece is fixed securely before work
commences
10. Keep leads up off the floor
11. Keep clear of any person operating tools and machinery
(bumping an operator or get tangled in the lead could
cause serious injury to you or the operator)
12. Do not talk to anyone operating electrical equipment and
machinery
13. Keep your work area tidy
14. Clean up any spills immediately
15. Wash hands after using equipment and materials

When entering workshop

Pick up your hearing and eye protectors and immediately
report to the workshop supervisor.

When exiting the workshop

Check that any tools you have been using have been put away
in the appropriate spots, cleaned up your work area and notify
the workshop staff.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

Clothing & footwear

1. Safety glasses and hearing protection – every person

entering the workshop must collect these items from just
inside the door. They must be worn at all times.
2. Students that wear glasses should be aware these are not
safety glasses, they are only impact-resistant and may
shatter, and safety glasses must be worn.
3. All loose clothing (eg shirts hanging out) must be tucked
in.
4. Safety boots or enclosed shoes must be worn in the
workshop. Do not enter under any circumstances without
this footwear; there are no exceptions to this rule.
5. Long hair has to be tied up including fringes.
6. Remove rings and loose jewellery before operating
machinery they can be a hazard.

Behaviour
Fooling around and practical jokes in the workshop will not be
tolerated. These students will be told to leave.

First Aid
All accidents, cuts and abrasions must be reported before
leaving the workshop. If an accident does happen, no matter
how small, it must be reported to the workshop staff and an
Accident Report Form filled out. Filling out this form is
imperative for any future complications resulting from an
accident.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

Fires or other emergencies

Think before reacting to any emergency in the workshop;
ensure you are reacting safely before you assist in an
emergency. Do not attempt to fight any fire unless you have
been trained to do so.

Machinery usage
When students are operating machinery all other students are
to stay clear and not to talk to the operator. If you feel uneasy
or unsafe operating any tools or machinery in the workshop,
inform the workshop supervisor and help will be provided.

Machinery that students are not allowed to operate

includes:

1. Drop Saws
2. Sac Panel Bench Saw
3. Thicknesser
4. Bench Rip Saw
5. Lathes
6. Pressure Testing Machine
7. Milling Machine
8. Plastic Moulder
9. C.N. Router
10. Circular Saws
11. Laser

Tools to be used only under strict supervision include:

Router and Trimmer.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

All other tools may be used by students as long as they have

been inducted into the workshop, and been tested in their
capability to use them.
Records are kept as to which tools each student can operate.
Students are not permitted in the office of the workshop.
If tools are required, ask the work supervisor.

Accident prevention technique:

These are proactive steps to be taken in order to prevent
workshop accidents from happening. Some of the steps are
discussed below:

1. Routine checking – this involves checking all machines

to ensure that they are good condition before setting them
up for use.

2. Routine servicing – it involves servicing all machines

and changing the worn-out parts regularly so that they
can work effectively.

3. Students’ comportment – students should avoid noise-

making and talkativeness in the workshop because this
can make them lose concentration on the work they are
doing.

4. Preventive measures – electric equipment should be

used with voltage stabilizers in order to prevent electrical
fire as a result of a power surge

5. Teacher’s supervision – to prevent workshop accidents,

every workshop lesson or session should be supervised by
the teacher. Students should not be left to themselves in
the workshop.

The technique of preventing workshop accidents involve both

the teachers and the students. With the suggested steps to be
taken by both of them, safety can be achieved in the workshop.
Experience and research have proved that it is wiser and
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

cheaper to prevent an accident than trying to solve the

problem caused after an accident has happened.
Basic Technology J.S.S 1 First Term
WEEK 7&8
Properties of Materials I
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:

1. Identify, classify and describe the properties of wood

2. List wood and its uses
3. Explain Natural and Artificial seasoning of defects

Content
Technological advancement over the years has taken several
shapes, sizes, and form. The materials used in creating a
technological piece include wood, metals, ceramics, rubber,
and plastics; these materials come in different forms and each
form performs unique functions.

Wood
Woods are identified by:

1.

a. Their colour
b. Their classification into soft and hardwoods; their
property e.g. hardwood has broad leaves while
softwood has needle-like leaves.

There are trees all around us. Some are big while some are
small. The major parts of the trees are leaves, branches, trunk
(stem) and roots. When the tree is allowed to remain for a long
time, its trunk (stem) becomes bigger and the tree grows taller.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

Image of the trunk of a tree

The tree trunks are cut into wood or timber. The wood is used
to make furniture cabinets, house roofs, etc.
The different types of wood differ in terms of colour density
hardness and other properties.

Hard and Softwoods

Hardwood does not necessarily mean something unbreakable
and unbendable, it simply means that they are brought out of
deciduous trees. These are trees that shed their leaves in the
dry season to prevent water loss. Examples of such trees are
Iroko, Afara, Mahogany, Opepe, Omo, etc. These trees have
broad leaves. Hardwood is used for furniture making and
building construction.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

Image of deciduous tree that produces a hardwood

Image of evergreen (coniferous) trees that produce softwood

Softwood is obtained from coniferous trees. These are trees
that bear naked seeds called cones. They are also called
evergreen trees because they do not shed their leaves in the
dry season. These trees grow better in temperature regions
(i.e. cool regions of the world) of the world. Examples are
spruce, pines, cedar, cypress, etc.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

Uses of Wood
Wood is a plant part having multipurpose uses those are
impossible to deny and difficult to note all in our daily life. From
the ancient time wood is used by human and this continuation
remains in the modern civilization. A few of many uses of wood
are mentioned below:

1. Construction and Fencing

1. Home Construction:

During the early periods, the use of wood in domestic

construction was a common scene and this is still followed in
this twenty-first century. In different parts of the world in the
making of houses, wood is used commonly like the flooring,
frames of doors and windows for its strength and internment
quality e.g. Deodar (Cedrus deodara), walnut wood (Juglans sp)
is used in Pakistan widely, teak (Tectona grandis) in South Asia
and all over the world, Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) etc. In
Bangladesh during construction of buildings woods from mango
(Mangifera indica), our flower tree (Neolamarckia cadamba) are
used for casting and piling.

2. Fencing and Decorating Gardens:

In modern decoration system woods are also used for building

the fencing and simple decoration for artificial gardening inside
a home or on roofs e.g. Cedar (Cedrus libani), redwood
(Sequoia semipervirens), Shorea sp, Acacia sp.

2. Household Uses

1. Utensils:

Utensils made up of wood instead of plastic and steel are a

symbol of elegance which increases the charm and loveliness
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

of the home corners e.g. Black walnut (Juglans nigra) wood is

used in the west for home utensils.

2. Hand Tools:

The handles of most common hand tools made of wood help as

heat resistant when they are kitchenware used in an oven and
closes the chance to shock while used on electricity.

3. Art Industry

1. Artworks:

For artworks such as statues, sculptures, carvings and making

decorative objects woods are widely used. The frames of the
artboard, colour plate are also made from wood in many cases
e.g. Pine (Pinus sp), maple (Acer sp), cherry (Prunus sp) wood
for framing work.

2. Musical instrument:

The musical instruments such as Piano, violin, cello, drums,

flute, guitar, double bass and several other music instruments
material requires wood for making a perfect tune e.g.
Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), maple, ash wood (Fraxinus
sp) for guitars.

4. Sports Equipment

1. Wooden Toys:

These are preferred to plastic towards the health-conscious

people who were supposed as a fashion before. Plastic is
nothing but the combination of chemicals which is hazardous to
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

children's health. Toys and sports equipment have long made

use of wood for handles and main parts e.g. Willow (Salix sp)
wood for cricket, tennis bat; Mulberry (Morus sp) wood for
hockey sticks.

5. Commercial Uses

1. Furniture:

At present, the market for wooden furniture is very profitable.

No one can deny the demand for wooden furniture as it is a
sign of aristocracy since ancient time e.g. Teak (Tectona
grandis) wood is the best for making furniture. Some other
woods from Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), Shimul
(Bombax ceiba), Sundari, Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus),
Mango trees are used in south Asia for making different types
of furniture.

2. Shipbuilding:

Ships and rural fishing boats were made from wood. For
constructing boats and ships wood is one of the most important
construction material. Hardwood and softwood were used in the
past for ship industry e.g. Teak, shal (Shorea robusta), mango,
Arjun (Terminalia arjuna) were frequently used in the past. Now
Cypress (Cupressaceae sp), redwood (Sequoioideae sp), white
oak (Quercus alba) are water-resistant and used for
shipbuilding and boat building. Woods like kauri (Agathis
australis) is used for making the frames of ships.

3. Fuel:

Wood is an age-old source of energy all over the world. Before

the exploration of gas, fuel was the main source we can also
define as only one source of energy that people used by
burning as woods were available in the forest easily. Generally,
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

sticks, pellets, sawdust, and charcoal are used as an energy

source from wood. Usually, woods from cheap plants are used
in this sector.

4. Stationary:

Some stationaries like paper-pencil are made of wood. Wood

pulp is used for making paper. Wood is used for making pencils
too e.g. in the past Cypher papyrus trees were used to make
paper. In Bangladesh woods from Keora (Sonneratia apetala),
Bine (Avicennia alba), Sundari (Heritiera fomes), Kakra
(Bruguiera gymnorhyza), Genoa (Excoecaria agallocha) are
used for making pulp of paper. Dhundal wood (Xylocarpus
granatum) is used for pencil production.

Defects due to Seasoning

Following defects occur in the seasoning process of wood:

1.

a. Bow
b. Case-hardening
c. Check
d. Collapse
e. Cup
f. Honey-combing
g. Radial shakes
h. Split
i. Twist
j. Warp.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

1.

a.

i. Bow

This defect is indicated by the curvature formed in the direction

of length of timber.

1.

a.

i. Case-Hardening

The exposed surface of timber dries very rapidly. It therefore

shrinks and is under compression. The interior surface which
has not completely dried is under tension. This defect is known
as the case-hardening and it usually occurs in timbers which
are placed at the bottom during seasoning.

1.

a.

i. Check

A check is a crack which separates fibres of wood. It does not

extend from one end to the other.

1.

a.

i. Collapse
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

Due to uneven shrinkage, the wood sometimes flattens during

drying. This is known as the collapse.

1.

a.

i. Cup

This defect is indicated by the curvature formed in the

transverse direction of timber.

1.

a.

i. Honey-Combing

Due to stresses developed during drying, the various radial and

circular cracks develop in the interior portion of timber. The
timber thus assumes the honey-comb texture and the defect so
developed is known as the honey-combing.

1.

a.

i. Radial Shakes

These are radial cracks. They are explained earlier.

1.

a.

i. Split
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

When a check extends from one end to the other, it is known as

a split.

1.

a.

i. Twist

When a piece of timber has spirally distorted along its length, it

is known as a twist.

1.

a.

i. Warp

When a piece of timber has twisted out of shape, it is said to

have warped.
Basic Technology J.S.S 1 First Term
WEEK 9
Properties of Materials II
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:

1. Identify, classify and describe the properties of metals

Content
Metals are another material used in the construction of things
and they can be identified using their identity, colour/lustre,
fusibility, magnetic effect, conduction of heat and sound.
There are about 103 elements, 92 of which are naturally
occurring. Metals and non-metals are characterized by
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

distinctly different physical and chemical properties. At present

about 80 metals are known to us. Metals can be shaped like
clay, are heat-resistant, and are not fragile.
A metal is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is
typically hard when in a solid-state, opaque, shiny, and has
good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally
malleable—that is, they can be hammered or pressed
permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking—as well
as fusible (able to be fused or melted) and ductile (able to be
drawn out into a thin wire). About 91 of the 118 elements in the
periodic table are metals; the others are non-metals or
metalloids. Some elements appear in both metallic and non-
metallic forms.

Scientist uses the term “metal” to collectively describe all

elements other than hydrogen and helium, the simplest two, in
a star. The star fuses smaller atoms, mostly hydrogen and
helium, to make larger ones over its lifetime. In that sense, the
metallicity of an object is the proportion of its matter made up
of all heavier chemical elements, not just traditional metals.
Many elements and compounds that are not normally classified
as metals become metallic under high pressures; these are
formed as metallic allotropes of non-metals.

Properties of identification of metals

Density
This property describes how heavy or light is a given
substance. Density is measured by dividing the mass of the
metal by one cubic metre of that metal. For instance, 1 cubic
metre of steel weighs 8000 kilograms. That means, the density
of steel is 8000kg/m3. The density of water is 1000kg/m while
aluminium has a density of 2800kg/m 3. That means aluminium
is lighter than steel but heavier than water. Plastics are much
lighter with a density of 900kg/m3.

Colour/Lustre
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

When a material is polished, it shines. Different metals show

different colours when they are polished.

Fusibility
Metals can be melted until they become liquid. The
temperature is at which solid metal melts is called the melting
point. This temperature is different for different metals e.g. for
cast iron, the melting point is 1241 oC, while it is 2005oC for
wrought iron.

Magnetic Effect of Metal

When a magnet picks or sticks to a material, the material is
said to be magnetic. Non-metals are generally non-magnetic.
For example, wood, ceramics, plastic, etc. are not magnetic.
Also, not all metals are magnetic. Only metals that have iron in
them are magnetic. These metals are called ferrous metals.
Other metals are called non-ferrous metals.

Conductivity of Heat
A heat exchanger is a common application where good thermal
conductivity is important. Copper is a popular choice for heat
exchangers in industrial facilities, air conditioning, refrigeration,
hot water tanks and under-floor heating systems, its high
thermal conductivity allows heat to pass through it quickly.

Sound Test
Metals produce different sounds when they are hit with a
hammer. A bell made of brass will produce sound that is
different from a bell made of iron. If you want to find out the
rate of conductivity of different metals, the following
experiment should be conducted.

Classes of Metals
Metals can be divided into two main groups: ferrous metals are
those which contain iron and non-ferrous metals that are those
which contain no iron.

Ferrous Metals
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

Pure Iron is of little use as an engineering material because it is

too soft and ductile. When iron cools and changes from a liquid
to a solid, most of the atoms in the metal pack, tightly together
in orderly layers. Some, however, become misaligned, creating
areas of weaknesses called dislocations. When a piece of iron is
put under stress, layers of atoms in these areas slip over one
another and the metal deforms. This begins to explain the
ductility of soft iron. By adding carbon to the iron however, we
can produce a range of alloys with quite different properties.
We call these the carbon steels. An alloy is a mixture of two or
more chemical elements and the primary element is a metal.

1. Carbon Steels: their properties and uses

Mild Steel: Carbon content between 0.1% and 0.3%.

Properties: less ductile but harder and tougher than iron, grey
colour, corrodes easily.

Uses: Girders or beams, screws, nut and bolts, nails,

scaffolding, car bodies, storage units, oil drums.

Medium carbon steel contains between 0.3% and 0.7%

carbon. Properties: harder and less ductile than mild steel,
tough and have a high tensile strength.

Uses: it’s used for the manufacture of products which have to

be tough and hard-wearing like gears, tools, keys, etc

High carbon steel contains between 0.7% and 1.3% carbon.

Properties: Very hard and brittle material.
Uses: It’s used for cutting tools and products which have to
withstand wear such as guillotine, springs, etc.

Stainless steel are iron and chromium alloys. A wide range of

steels are available with chromium content between 13% and
27%. Properties: Chromium prevents rusting with an oxide
film. Ductility, hardness and tensile strength. It’s also a shiny
attractive metal.

Uses: Cutlery, sinks, pipes, car pieces, etc.

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

Grey Cast Iron is an alloy of iron (94%), carbon (3%) silicon

(2%) and some traces of magnesium, sulphur and phosphorous.

Properties: brittle but extremely hard and resistant, it

corrodes by rusting,

Uses: pistons, machinery parts, streets lamps, drain covers,

tools.

Other chemical elements can be added to steel, to improve or

achieve certain properties. Here you have some examples:

1. Silicon makes the alloy magnetic and improves elasticity.

2. Manganese makes the alloy harder and heat-resistant. It’s
used to make stainless steel.
3. Nickel improves strength and prevents corrosion.
4. Tungsten makes the steel harder, more heat-resistant and
prevents corrosion.
5. Chromium makes the alloy harder and tougher and more
rustproof.

Non-ferrous metals
They are metals that don’t contain iron. They have a lot of uses
but they are often expensive because they are more difficult to
extract. Non-ferrous metal include Brass, Aluminium, Copper
etc.
Based on properties, metals can be differentiated as:

Ferrous metal: Eg: iron, steel.

Non-ferrous metal: Eg; Aluminum, lead, copper.
Noble metals: Eg; Gold, platinum, silver.
Heavy metals: Eg: Arsenic, cadmium, lead.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

Most metals are solid at room temperature, but this does not
have to be the case. Metals come in different forms, they could
be round, rectangular, tubular, flat, plates, strip, wires etc.

Metal Types
In physical form, metals can be defined as substances, which
have a bright lustre and are good conductors of heat and
electricity. They have varying degrees of density, hardness,
malleability and ductility. (Malleability concerns being able to
be hammered and rolled out, while ductility has to do with
being drawn out, as into wire).
Metals have a certain melting point and will fuse with other
metals to form alloys. At normal room temperature, all the
metals exist in solid form, with the only exception of mercury.

Forms of Metals
Metals come in a variety of forms and shapes that differ in their
appearance and properties. The different forms and shapes of
metals have found to be suitable for different industrial uses
and requirements. Some of the most common forms of metals
are –

1. Metal Sheet
2. Metal Plate
3. Metal Rod
4. Metal Bar
5. Metal Shot
6. Metal Grain
7. Metal Powder
8. Clad Metal
9. Bonded Metal

Some metals are found in the pure state, however, the majority
of them are found in combination with other elements. These
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

metals are in the form of carbonates, sulphides, oxides, and

silicates, generally mixed with rock and earthy materials. Some
of the common metals that are found in combination in ores are
zinc, iron, lead, copper, chromium, mercury and nickel.
Some metals are so rare that tons of ore must be treated to
generate even a small amount of pure metal. Radium is one of
these. The branch of science that deals with the recovery of
metals from their ores is known as metallurgy.
Many metals, when in a pure state, have properties, which are
undesirable. Due to this, most of the metals commonly used
today are either compounds or alloys. Some examples of alloys
are gold coins, table silver, and aluminium pans. Pure iron is
too soft to be of much value, so it is used most often as steel,
which is a compound. There are a few metals that in tiny
amounts are essential to animal life. Among these are
potassium, iron, magnesium, calcium, and sodium.
Basic Technology J.S.S 1 First Term
WEEK 10
Properties of Materials III
Performance Objectives
Students should be able to:

1. Identify the properties of ceramics and glass

2. Classify Plastics
3. Use of Plastics
4. Define Rubber
5. Classify Rubber
6. State the uses of Rubber

Content
Ceramics and Glass
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

A ceramic is an inorganic compound, non-metallic, solid

material comprising metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms
primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. A lot of us today live
in modern houses with modern facilities. Most of our grand-
parents and great-grand-parents did not enjoy some of the
recent tools and equipment we have access to and enjoy.
Today, many kitchens and household containers are made from
clay and cement. These include cooking pots, water pots, etc.
Clay and mud are also used in some places to make houses.
The items made clay and mud are called ceramics.
The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery objects
(i.e. pots or vessels) or figurines made from clay, either by itself
or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in
fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to create smooth,
coloured surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of
glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline
ceramic substrates. Ceramics now include domestic, industrial
and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art
However, ceramics can break easily when they are dropped
forcefully. This means they are brittle, and for this fact, they
have to be handled with extreme care and caution. This makes
ceramics different from plastic, wood, metal and rubber.
Traditional ceramic raw materials include clay minerals such as
kaolinite, whereas more recent materials include aluminium
oxide, more commonly known as alumina. The modern ceramic
materials, which are classified as advanced ceramics, include
silicon carbide and tungsten carbide. Both are valued for their
abrasion resistance, and hence find use in applications such as
the wear plates of crushing equipment in mining operations.
Advanced ceramics are also used in the medicine, electrical,
electronics industries and body armour.

Types of ceramics
People first started making ceramics thousands of years ago
(pottery, glass, and brick are among the oldest human-invented
materials), and we're still designing brand new ceramic
materials today—things like catalytic converters for today's
cars and high-temperature superconductors for tomorrow's
computers. There's quite a big difference between age-old,
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

general-purpose ceramics like brick and glass and modern,

engineered ceramics that are sometimes designed for a single,
specific purpose, such as filtering soot from a truck's dirty
diesel engine or making a drill bit that lasts five times longer.
That's partly why materials scientists like to divide ceramics
into two kinds: traditional, and advanced (or engineering)
ceramics.

Traditional ceramics
Modern low-flush toilet

Photo: Traditional ceramics:

Toilets are a good example, though the lid and seat are
typically made of plastic or wood.
Bricks, pottery, glass, porcelain, tiles, cement, and concrete are
our classic, time-tested ceramics. Although they all have
different uses, we can still think of them as general-purpose
materials. Take tiles, for example. We can put them inside our
homes or outside; on the walls, the floors, or the roof; and we
can stick glass in our windows or poke away at it on our
smartphone screens—we can even drink champagne out of it.
Ceramics like this are ancient materials—ones our ancestors
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

would recognize—that have gradually found more and more

uses as the centuries have worn on.

Properties of Ceramics
As we've already seen, the most important general property of
ceramics is that they're refractory: they're rough-and-tumble
materials that will put up with fair amounts of abuse in the
most ordinary and extraordinary situations. Just consider, most
of us tile our kitchens and bathrooms because ceramic tiles are
hard, waterproof, largely resistant to scratches, and keep on
looking good for year upon year; but engineers also put (very
different!) ceramic tiles on space rockets to protect them
against heat when they whiz back to Earth.

1. High melting points (so they're heat resistant).

2. Great hardness and strength.
3. Considerable durability (they're long-lasting and hard-
wearing).
4. Low electrical and thermal conductivity (they're good
insulators).
5. Chemical inertness (they're unreactive with other
chemicals).
6. Most ceramics are also nonmagnetic materials, although
ferrites (iron-based ceramics) happen to make great
magnets (because of their iron content).

Uses of Ceramics
Ceramics offer many advantages compared to other materials.
They are harder and stiffer than steel; more heat and corrosion
resistant than metals or polymers; less dense than most metals
and their alloys; and their raw materials are both plentiful and
inexpensive. Ceramic materials display a wide range of
properties which facilitate their use in many different product
areas.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

1. Aerospace: Space shuttle tiles, thermal barriers, high-

temperature glass windows, fuel cells.

2. Consumer Uses: Glassware, windows, pottery, Corning¨

ware, magnets, dinnerware, ceramic tiles, lenses, home
electronics, microwave transducers

3. Automotive: Catalytic converters, ceramic filters, airbag

sensors, ceramic rotors, valves, spark plugs, pressure
sensors, thermistors, vibration sensors, oxygen sensors,
safety glass windshields, piston rings

4. Medical (Bioceramics): Orthopedic joint replacement,

prosthesis, dental restoration, bone implants.

5. Military: Structural components for ground, air and naval

vehicles, missiles, sensors

6. Computers: Insulators, resistors, superconductors,

capacitors, ferroelectric components, microelectronic
packaging

7. Other Industries: Bricks, cement, membranes and filters,

lab equipment

8. Communications: Fibre optic/laser communications, TV

and radio components, microphones

Properties of Glass
The properties of glass are mainly governed by factors such as
the composition of the constituents, state of surface, thermal
treatment conditions, dimensions of specimen, etc.
Following are the properties of glass which have made the
glass popular and useful.

1.

a.

i. It absorbs, refracts or transmits light.

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

ii. It can take up a high polish and may be used as

a substitute for every costly gems.
iii. It has no definite crystalline structure.
iv. It has no sharp melting point.
v. It is affected by alkalies.
vi. It is an excellent electrical insulator at elevated
temperatures because glass can be considered
as an ionic liquid. The ions are not easily moved
at room temperature because of the high
viscosity. But when the temperature rises the
ions are permitted to flow and thus they will
sustain an electric current.
vii. It is available in beautiful colours.
viii. It behaves more like a solid than most solids in
the sense that it is elastic. But when the elastic
limit is exceeded, it fractures instead of
deforming.
ix. It is capable of being worked n many ways. It
can be blown, drawn or pressed. But it is
strange to note that it is difficult to cast in large
pieces.
x. It is extremely brittle.
xi. It is not usually affected by air or water.
xii. It is not easily attacked by ordinary chemical
reagents.
xiii. It is possible to intentionally alter some of its
properties such as fusibility, hardness, refractive
power, etc. to suit different purposes.
xiv. It is possible to obtain glass with diversified
properties. The glasses may be clear, colourless,
diffused and stained.
xv. It is possible to weld pieces of glass by fusion.
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

Plastics
Plastics are the by-product gotten from the fractional distillation
of crude oil, which are also materials used to mould household
containers. Plastics can be made in different ways. It can be
made as hard as stone, as strong as steel, as transparent as
glass, as light as wood, and as elastic as rubber. Plastics are
usually lightweight and come in different colours. Plastic is
material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-
synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and so can be
moulded into solid objects.
Plasticity is the general property of all materials which can
deform irreversibly without breaking but, in the class of
moldable polymers, this occurs to such a degree that their
actual name derives from this ability.
Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass,
but they often contain other substances. They are usually
synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but
many are made from renewable materials such as polylactic
acid from corn or cellulosics from cotton linters.
Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture,
versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an
enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to
spaceships. They have already displaced many traditional
materials, such as wood, stone, horn and bone, leather, paper,
metal, glass, and ceramic, in most of their former uses.

Types of plastics
There are two types of plastics – thermoplastics and
thermosets.

1. Thermoplastics: These are the plastics that become soft

and flow like a thick liquid when they are heated, they
can, therefore, be remoulded. Most of the plastic
containers that we use at home are in this group.
Thermoplastics are the plastics that, when heated, do not
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

undergo chemical change in their composition and so can

be moulded again and again. Examples include
polyethene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and
polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Common thermoplastics range
from 20,000 to 500,000 amu, while thermosets are
assumed to have infinite molecular weight.

2. Thermosets: They are the plastics that we cannot soften

to liquid by heating. Examples are the buttons on our
shirts and plastic handles of cooking pots and knives.
Thermosets, or thermosetting polymers, can melt and
take shape only once: after they have solidified, they stay
solid. In the thermosetting process, a chemical reaction
occurs that is irreversible. The vulcanization of rubber is
an example of a thermosetting process: before heating
with sulfur, the polyisoprene is a tacky, slightly runny
material; after vulcanization, the product is rigid and non-
tacky. Plastics have advantages and disadvantages.

Uses of Plastics
The relatively low density of most plastic materials means the
end products are lightweight. They also have excellent thermal
and electrical insulation properties. However, some can even
be made as conductors of electricity when required. They are
corrosion resistant to many substances which attack other
materials, and some are transparent, making optical devices
possible. They are also easy to mould into complex shapes and
forms, allowing the integration of different materials and
functions. And if the physical properties of a given plastic do
not quite meet the specified requirements, the property
balance can be modified with the addition of reinforcing fillers,
colours, foaming agents, flame retardants, plasticisers etc., to
meet the demands of the specific application.

Rubber
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

Natural rubber also called India rubber consist of some

chemicals called polymers of the organic compound isoprene,
with minor impurities of another organic compound. This means
that rubber is a non-metal product which looks like plastic
though, but it is more elastic than plastic. It can be stretched
easily and it returns to its original length when it is released
after being stretched and does not allow water to pass through
it.

Types of Rubber
There are two types of rubber. Rubber can be natural or
synthetic.

1. Natural rubber comes from a milky liquid called latex

which is extracted from the rubber tree. Natural rubber,
also called India rubber or caoutchouc, as initially
produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound
isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic
compounds, plus water. Malaysia and Indonesia are two of
the leading rubber producers.

2. Synthetic rubber is produced from organic materials

derived from petroleum. A synthetic rubber is any artificial
elastomer. These are mainly polymers synthesized from
petroleum byproducts. About 15 billion kilograms
(5.3×1011 oz) of rubbers are produced annually, and of
that amount two-thirds are synthetic. Global revenues
generated with synthetic rubbers are likely to rise to
approximately US$56 billion in 2020. Synthetic rubber, like
natural rubber, has uses in the automotive industry for
tires, door and window profiles, hoses, belts, matting, and
flooring.

Uses of Rubber
Most rubber is used for tyres for cars, large vehicles and
planes. Rubber is also used to make many mechanical parts
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

such as gaskets, belts and seals. Rubber products include

waterproof clothing, gloves, hats, shoes and household
products. Medical equipment made of rubber includes hot
water bottles, gloves, syringes, tapes, oxygen tents, hearing
aids and many more. Swimmers wear goggles, caps and
flippers made of rubber. Many sports have rubber equipment,
such as golf balls and other rubber balls. Rubber products seal
jars, are used in toys and paints and for recreation. Sponge and
foam rubbers are used to make bedding and other furniture,
cushions and pillows, and as insulation.
Test: Basic Technology JSS1 First Term Final Assessment

1. The technique of preventing workshop accidents involve both the ___ and ___

a. Father and Mother

b. Teachers and Student

c. Government and citizens

d. None of them

2. Proactive steps to be taken in order to prevent workshop accidents from happening are called ____

a. Accident prevention techniques

b. Accident occurring techniques

c. Accident developing techniques

d. Accident and non-safety

3. ___ is the device that protects against dust and fumes in the workshop.

a. Helmet

b. Sand bucket

c. Nose cap

d. First Aid box

4. A building or area where engineering work is carried out is called ___

a. Workshop

b. Chemist

c. Lab

d. Power house

5. P.P.E means

a. Place of Primary Education

Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

b. Personal Protective Equipment

c. Pipeline Petroleum Engineering

d. None of the above

6. When a piece of timber has twisted out of shape, it is said to have _____

a. Twist

b. Warp

c. Split

d. Rot

7. When a check extends from one end to the other, it is known as a _____

a. Split

b. Twist

c. Warp

d. Rot

8. Wood pulp is used for making ____

a. Pen

b. Paper

c. Ink

d. Bag

9. Softwood is obtained from____ trees

a. Deciduous

b. Coniferous

c. Plywood

d. Stone

10. Iroko, Afara, Mahogany, Opepe, Omo, etc are examples of ____ wood

a. Hard

b. Soft

c. Ply

d. None of the above

11. The branch of science that deals with the recovery of metals from their ores is known as ____

a. Metallary
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

b. Metallurgy

c. Engineering

d. Physics

12. At normal room temperature, all the metals exist in solid form except ____

a. Zinc

b. Iron

c. Mercury

d. Natrium

13. ____ Metals that don’t contain iron.

a. Ferrous

b. Non-ferrous

c. Galvanized

d. Zinc

14. Only metals that have ___ in them are magnetic

a. Zinc

b. Iron

c. Sodium

d. Aluminium

15. The temperature is at which solid metal melts is called the ____

a. Boiling point

b. Melting point

c. Freezing point

d. Cooling point

16. ___ and___ are two of the leading rubber producing countries

a. Malaysia and Indonesia

b. Nigeria and Ghana

c. New Delhi and Dubai

d. California and New Jersey

17. Plastics that we cannot soften to liquid by heating are called ____

a. Thermoplastics
Arcade British International Academy Lesson Plans and Teaching Resources

b. Thermosets

c. Polyisoprene

d. Vulcanization

18. Which of the following is not a property of glass

a. It absorbs light

b. Has no definite crystalline structure

c. Available in beautiful colours

d. Extremely malleable

19. Ceramics can break easily when they are dropped forcefully. This means they are ____

a. Brittle

b. Elastic

c. Malleable

d. Durable

20. The modern ceramic materials, which are classified as advanced ceramics, include _____ and
_____

a. Kaolinite and Alumunium

b. Silicon carbide and Tungsten carbide

c. Magnesium and Manganese

d. Iron and sodium