Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics

0. Math Review

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Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics
0. Math Review

PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

ALGEBRA 4𝑥 + 6 − 3(𝑥 + 2)
Simplifying Expressions
Simpli>es to
● Write long algebraic expressions in a simpler way by reducing the # of terms.

EXAMPLE: Simplify the algebraic expression.

2𝑥 + 3 + 4(𝑥 + 2) SIMPLIFYING ALG. EXPRESSIONS

1) Distribute constants/variables into parentheses (if any)

2) Group like terms by writing them next to each other
3) Combine like terms by adding/subtracting

Exponents in Expressions
● Exponents represent repeated multiplication. General Form of Exponents

4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 = 4" 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑎 ⋅ … ⋅ 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑎 = 𝑎!
“4 to the 5th power”
5 times ___ 𝑛 times

▪ Base: Number and/or variable being multiplied

▪ Exponent or Power: How many times the base is multiplied

EXPONENT RULES
Name Example Rule Description
Product
4! × 4" = 4 =4 𝑎# × 𝑎$ = 𝑎#%$ Multiply same bases ⇒ ADD exponents
Rule
Quotient %! &#
=4 =4 = 𝑎#&$ Divide same bases ⇒ SUBTRACT exponents
Rule %" &$
Zero Exp. 4!
= 4" = 1 𝑎" = 1 ANYTHING to zero exp. = 1
Rule 4!
Neg. Exp. 4# %!
1 ' ' Neg exp in top → flip to BOTTOM with pos exp
= 4 = 𝑎%& = OR '$ = 𝑎&
Rule 4$ 4! & $ & Neg exp in bottom → flip to TOP with pos exp
Power Power to another power → MULTIPLY exponents
Rule
(4( )) = 4 =4 (𝑎# )$ = 𝑎#⋅$

Power
of a (3 ⋅ 4)( (𝒂 ⋅ 𝒃)# = 𝒂# ⋅ 𝒃# Distribute exponent to each term in parentheses
Product
Power
12 ( 𝒂 - 𝒂#
of a ( + " # = 𝒃# Distribute exponent to numerator & denominator
Quotient 4 𝒃

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Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics
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PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

ALGEBRA
Solving Equations
● Use different operations (+, −, ×, ÷) to __________ 𝒙.
▪ ALWAYS do operations to _______ sides of the equation.

EXAMPLE: Solve the equation. SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS

Simplifying 1) Distribute constants
*
2(𝑥 − 3) = 0 +
𝑥 + 5 = −3 Algebraic 2) Combine like terms
Expressions 3) Group terms w/ 𝒙 & constants on opposite sides
4) Isolate / solve for 𝒙
5) Check solution by replacing 𝒙 in original equation

Graphing

● Graphing in this course will usually involve plotting points/equations on the 2D/rectangular coordinate system.

GRAPHING EQ’NS BY PLOTTING POINTS

1) Isolate 𝒚 to left side: 𝒚 = …
2) Calculate 𝑦-values from 3-5 chosen 𝒙-values
3) Plot (𝑥, 𝑦) points from Step 2
4) Connect points with line/curve
𝒚
EXAMPLE: Graph 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 by plotting points. 5
4
𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒚 Ordered Pair
3
0 (0)( − 3(0) + 2 2 ( , )
2
1 (1)( − 3(1) + 2 0 ( , )
1
2 (2)( − 3(2) + 2 0 ( , ) 𝒙
(3)(
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
3 − 3(3) + 2 2 ( , ) -1
4 (4)( − 3(4) + 2 6 ( , ) -2
-3
-4
-5

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Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics
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PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

ALGEBRA
Systems of Equations – Solving

● When you have multiple equations, Tnd solution(s) that work for both by substituting one into the other.

EXAMPLE: Find (𝑥, 𝑦) solutions that satisfy both equations. SOLVING SYSTEMS OF EQ’NS BY SUBSTITUTING
1) Solve one EQ’n (A) for 𝒚 (or var easiest to solve for).
(A) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 6 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 (B)
2) Plug the right side of EQ’n (A) in for 𝒚 in EQ’n (B).
3) Solve the resulting EQ’n from 2) for 𝒙 (or other var.)
This is the ____ – value
4) Plug in 𝒙 – value from 3) into EQ’n (A) & solve for 𝒚.
This is the ____ – value

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Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics
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PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

ALGEBRA
Slopes of Lines
● Slope: A number representing how _________ a line is; how much 𝒚 changes divided by how much 𝒙 changes.
𝒚
𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒚𝟐 7𝒚𝟏 𝚫𝒚
𝒎= = = Δ = “change in” 5
𝒓𝒖𝒏 𝒙𝟐 7𝒙𝟏 𝚫𝒙 Δ𝒙 = ___

(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) & (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) are 2 points 4

Δ𝒚 = ___ (𝑥( , 𝑦( )
3 (2,4)
EXAMPLE: Find the slopes of Line A and Line B in the graph.
2
Line A Line B (𝑥* , 𝑦* )
(1,2)
𝚫𝒚 = _______ 𝚫𝒚 = _______ 1
𝚫𝒙 = _______ 𝚫𝒙 = _______ 𝒙
-1 1 2 3 4 5
𝒎= = 𝒎= = Line A
-1
Line B

Graphing Linear Equations

● A line equation in Slope-Intercept form tells you everything you need to graph it! 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
(Slope – Intercept Form)

EXAMPLE: For the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 𝒚

(𝑩) Identify the 𝒚 – intercept & slope 5

4
𝑏 = _____
3
𝑚 = _____ 2
(𝑪) Graph the equation. 1
𝒙
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
Graphing Lines From Equations
-2
1) Plot 𝒚 – intercept (0, 𝑏)
-3
2) Plot next point using slope
3) Connect points with a line
-4
-5

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Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics
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PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

ALGEBRA
Quadratic Equations – Solving
● Here are the two most common methods to solve quadratic equations in Physics:

SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

𝑎𝑥 9 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
(Standard Form)
SQ. ROOT PROPERTY QUADRATIC FORMULA
● (𝑥 + #)! = [𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭] OR ● Can’t easily factor
USE IF

● No middle term (𝑏 = 0) ● Unsure what method to use

1) Isolate squared expression 1) Write eq’n in standard form

2) Take + & – square root 2) Plug 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 in quad. form
STEPS

3) Solve for 𝒙 −𝑏 ± √𝑏( − 4𝑎𝑐

𝑥=
4) (Optional) Check solutions 2𝑎
3) Compute & simplify solutions
(𝑥 + 1)( = 4 𝑥 ( + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
EXAMPLE

Quadratic Equations – Graphing

● In physics, you’ll identify key info from the graphs of quadratic equations.

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)9 + 𝑘
(Vertex Form) 𝒚
𝒚 = −(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟒 5
1) Vertex (ℎ, 𝑘): _______ [ MIN | MAX ] 4
TO GRAPH

2) x-int(s)→ Solve 𝑦 = 0: __________

3
3) y-int → Set 𝑥 = 0: _________
4) Connect with smooth curve 2

Increasing when 𝑥 ______ 1

FROM GRAPH

Decreasing when 𝑥 _______ 𝒙

-1 1 2 3 4 5
-1

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Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics
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PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

ALGEBRA
Proportional Reasoning

● Many questions in physics will ask how a variable changes when another variable in the equation changes.
▪ Proportional Reasoning: Analyzing how one quantity increases or decreases with another

DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL JOINTLY PROPORTIONAL

!
𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑦= 𝐹 =𝑚⋅𝑎
"

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑚 𝑎 𝐹
2 5 5 2
1 4 4 1
0 3 3 0
−1 2 2 −1
−2 1 1 −2
As 𝑥 ↑, 𝑦 ___ As 𝑥 ↑, 𝑦___ As 𝑚 ↑ & 𝑎 ↑, 𝐹 ___
As 𝑥 ↓, 𝑦 ___ As 𝑥 ↓, 𝑦 ___ As 𝑚 ↓ & 𝑎 ↓, 𝐹 ___

For constant 𝐹, 𝑚 ↑ & 𝑎 ↓

For constant 𝐹, 𝑚 ↓ & 𝑎 ↑
𝑚 𝑎 𝐹
1 20 20
2 10 20
4 5 20

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Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics
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PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

TRIGONOMETRY

● The functions Sine, Cosine, and Tangent relate angles & sides of a right triangle.

SINE (S.O.H.) COSINE (C.A.H.) TANGENT (T.O.A.)

5 5 5
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒

o𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
o𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒

o𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑛 3 𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑛 3 𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑛 3
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
h𝑦 h𝑦 h𝑦
𝜃 a𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 a𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 a𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
4 4 4

sin (𝜃) = cos (𝜃) = tan (𝜃) =

EFF NOP
sin (𝜃) = cos (𝜃) = EFF
GHF GHF tan (𝜃) =
NOP
𝑜𝑝𝑝 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 ⋅ sin (𝜃) 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 ⋅ cos (𝜃)

● Other helpful formulas:

VWX (Y)
𝑎( + 𝑏( = 𝑐 ( sin( (𝜃) + cos ( (𝜃) = 1 tan (𝜃) =
Z[V(Y)
(Pythagorean Theorem)

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Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics
0. Math Review

PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

CALCULUS
𝒚𝟐 %𝒚𝟏
Derivatives 𝑚=
𝒙𝟐 %𝒙𝟏

● Derivative of a function = Instantaneous rate of change (Slope)

▪ Graphically represents the slope of a tangent line at a certain point (tangent lines touch the graph only once).
𝒚
5
4
3
2
1
𝒙
-1 1 2 3 4 5
-1

Common Derivatives

● To determine the exact derivative from a given equation or function, use the following rules:
FUNCTION 𝒇(𝒙) DERIVATIVE 𝒇′(𝒙) EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 (constant) 𝑓’(𝑥) = 0
𝑓’(𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑓’(𝑥) = 𝑐
𝑓’(𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (
& &%*
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥
𝑓’(𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ( + 3𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑔/ (𝑥) + ℎ′(𝑥)
𝑓’(𝑥) =

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Clutch Non-calc - Clutch Physics
0. Math Review

PHYSICS I: PRE – COURSE REVIEW

CALCULUS
Integrals

● Graphically, the integral of a function is the area under the curve.

▪ You can approximate integrals by adding the areas of many rectangles under the curve.
𝒚
5
4
3
2
1
𝒙
-1 1 2 3 4 5
-1

Rules for Integrals 2

∫3 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
● Mathematically, integrals are the reverse of derivatives.
(De2nite Integral)
▪ To determine exact integrals equations/functions, use the following rules:
FUNCTION 𝒇(𝒙) INTEGRAL 𝑭(𝒙) = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) EXAMPLE
)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 (constant) 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫* 3 =
)
∫* 𝑥 ( =
_ !"#
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 & 𝐹(𝑥) = +𝐶
`ab
)
∫* −2𝑥 =
_ !"#
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑥 & 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑐 ⋅ +𝐶
`ab
)
∫* 𝑥 ( + 2𝑥 =
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥) 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝐺(𝑥) + 𝐻(𝑥) + 𝐶

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