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Matrices Study Guide

Matrix Order
If matrix A is a 3 × 4 matrix, and matrices A × B and B × A are defined, we need to determine the order of
matrix B.

The transpose of matrix A, denoted as A , will have its order reversed. So, if A is 3 × 4, then A is 4 × 3.
′ ′

A = 3 × 4

′
A = 4 × 3

For A × B to be defined, the number of columns in A must equal the number of rows in B. Therefore, B must
′ ′

have 3 rows.

For B × A to be defined, if A is 4 × 3, then B must have 4 columns.

′ ′

Thus, the order of matrix B is 3 × 4.

Symmetric Matrices
The symmetric part of a matrix A is given by:
′
A+A

For a matrix to be symmetric, elements a must be equal to a . ij ji

For quick solving, note that the diagonal elements will remain the same when finding the symmetric part.

Given a matrix A, when calculating the symmetric part, the diagonal elements 1, 8, 7 will remain the same
because you're adding the element to itself when you find A . ′

Matrix Multiplication
If A = [0 1 1 0], then to find A , you multiply A by itself:
2

2
A = A × A = [0 1 1 0] × [0 1 1 0]

To perform the multiplication:

(0 × 0) + (1 × 1) = 1

(0 × 1) + (1 × 0) = 0

(1 × 0) + (0 × 1) = 0

(1 × 1) + (0 × 0) = 1

Therefore, A 2
= [1 0 0 1]

Matrix Order and Transpose Operations

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If A is a matrix of order m × n, and B is a matrix such that AB and B A are both defined, we want to find the ′ ′

order of B.
Let the order of B be x × y. Then the order of B is y × x. ′

For AB to be defined, the number of columns in A must equal the number of rows in B . Thus, n = y.
′ ′

For B A to be defined, the number of columns in B must equal the number of rows in A. Thus, x = m.
′ ′

Therefore, the order of B is m × n.

Transpose and Identity Matrix

Given a matrix A = [cos(2θ) − sin(2θ) sin(2θ) cos(2θ)] , and A + A is the identity matrix I, we need to find the
′

value of θ.

First, find the transpose of A:

′
A = [cos(2θ) sin(2θ) − sin(2θ) cos(2θ)]

Now, add A and A : ′

′
A + A = [2 cos(2θ) 0 0 2 cos(2θ)]

Since A + A ′
= I = [1 0 0 1] , we have:

1
2 cos(2θ) = 1 cos(2θ) =
2

Solving for θ:
π π
2θ = θ =
3 6

Matrix Problems and Solutions

Identity Matrix Problem

Given: 2 [cos θ 0 0 cos θ] = [1 0 0 1]

Solve for θ: 2 cos(2θ) = 1 cos(2θ) = 1

2
2θ =
π

3
θ =
π

Option A is correct.

Matrix Algebra Problem

Given: A = [3 1 − 1 2]

Find: A 2
− 5A

1. Calculate A : A 2 2
= [3 1 − 1 2] [3 1 − 1 2] = [8 5 − 5 3]

2. Calculate 5A: 5A = 5 [3 1 − 1 2] = [15 5 − 5 10]

3. Calculate A 2
− 5A A : 2
− 5A = [8 5 − 5 3] − [15 5 − 5 10] = [−7 0 0 −7]

4. Factor out -7: [−7 0 0 −7] = −7 [1 0 0 1] = −7I

Option D is correct.

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Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrix

If matrix A is both symmetric and skew-symmetric, then A = 0.

Symmetric: A = A T

Skew-symmetric: A T
= −A Therefore, A = −A, which implies 2A = 0, and thus A = 0.

Option B is correct.

Matrix Equation Problem

Given: [2 y x 2 ] + [2 x y 8] = [5 8 8 10]

Solve for x and y:

1. Set up equations based on corresponding elements:

2 + y = 5 ⟹ y = 3

x + 2 = 8 ⟹ 2x + 2 = 8 ⟹ x = 3

Option A is correct.

Matrix Power Problem

Given: A = [2 −2 − 2 2]

Find a formula for A . n

1. Calculate A : A 2 2
= [2 −2 − 2 2] [2 −2 − 2 2] = [8 −8 − 8 8] = 4A

2. Calculate A : A 3 3
= A
2
× A = 4A × A = 4A
2
= 4(4A) = 16A

3. Observe the pattern:

2 2 2(2−1)
A = 4A = 2 A = 2 A
3 4 2(3−1)
A = 16A = 2 A = 2 A

4. Generalize the pattern: A n

= 2
2(n−1)
A

Option D is correct.

Linear Equations with Matrices

Given: [1 1 − 1 1] [x y] = [2 4]

Solve for x and y:

1. Write out the equations:

x + y = 2

−x + y = 4

2. Solve the system of equations: Add the equations to eliminate x: 2y = 6 ⟹ y = 3 Substitute y into the first
equation: x + 3 = 2 ⟹ x = −1

Option D is correct.

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Transpose and Multiplication

Given: A = [cos α sin α − sin α cos α]

Find A A. A' represents the transpose of A.

′

1. Find A : A ′ ′
= [cos α − sin α sin α cos α]

2. Multiply A A: A A = [cos α ′ ′
− sin α sin α cos α] [cos α sin α − sin α cos α]

= [ 2 2 2 2 ] = [1 0 0 1]
cos α + sin α cos α sin α − sin α cos α sin α cos α − cos α sin α sin α + cos α

Symmetric Matrices Properties

If P and Q are symmetric matrices, then P Q − QP is a skew-symmetric matrix.

1. Given that P and Q are symmetric matrices: P T

= P Q
T
= Q

2. Let X = P Q − QP . Find X : T

T T T T T T T T
X = (P Q − QP ) = (P Q) − (QP ) = Q P − P Q = QP − P Q = −(P Q − QP ) = −X

Since X T
= −X P Q − QP , is a skew-symmetric matrix.

Matrix Transpose Properties and Skew-Symmetric Matrices

We are given x = pq − qp and need to find x . T

Using the property of transpose, (A − B) T

= A
T
− B
T
, we have:
T T T
x = (pq) − (qp)

Applying the transpose property for products, (AB) T

= B
T
A
T
:
T T T T T
x = q p − p q

Given that q T
= q and p T
= p , we substitute:
T
x = qp − pq

Taking a minus sign common:

T
x = −(pq − qp) = −x

Since x T
= −x , the matrix is skew-symmetric, which corresponds to option D.

Solving for Matrix B Using Transpose Properties

We are given two equations:

1. 3A + 4B = [7 −10 17 0 6
′
31]

2. We need to find the matrix B.

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Take the transpose of the first equation:

′ T T
(3A + 4B ) = [7 −10 17 0 6 31 ]

Using transpose properties:

T
3A + 4B = [7 0 − 10 6 17 31]

Now we have two equations:

1. 3A + 4B ′
= [7 −10 17 0 6 31]

2. 3A ′
+ 4B = [7 0 − 10 6 17 31]

Adding equations 1 and 2:

′ ′
3A + 4B + 3A + 4B = [7 −10 17 0 6 31] + [7 0 − 10 6 17 31]

Combining like terms assuming$A + A ′

= 0$f orsimplif icationpurposes, thoughnotexplicitlygiven :

6B = [14 −10 24 − 10 12 62]

Dividing by 6:

14 −10 24 −10 12 62 7 −5 −5 31
B = [ ] = [ 4 2 ]
6 6 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3

However, there was an error in adding the equations. The correct step is as follows:

Adding the given equations: 3A + 4B ′

= [7 −10 17 0 6
′
31] 3A + 4B = [7 0 − 10 6 17 31]

Adding these gives: 3A + 3A ′

+ 4B + 4B
′
= [7 −10 17 0 6 31] + [7 0 − 10 6 17 31]

But this doesn't simplify to a form that directly helps us find B. Instead, we must use the transpose property more
effectively. From the equations: 3A + 4B = [7 −10 17 0 6 31] .....1 3A + 4B = [7 0 − 10 6 17 31] .....2
′ ′

Taking transpose of equation 1: 3A ′

+ 4B = [7 0 − 10 6 17 31] .....3

Which is same as equation 2.

Multiply equation 2 by 4 and equation 1 by 3, then subtract:

′
16B − 9B = 4 [7 0 − 10 6 17 31] − 3 [7 −10 17 0 6 31]
′ ′
16B − 9B = [28 0 − 40 24 68 124] − [21 −30 51 0 18 93] 16B − 9B = [7 30 − 40 6 17 31]

Matrix A and A 2

Given matrix A = [0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0]

To find A , we multiply A by itself:

2

2
A = [0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0] × [0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0]

Performing the multiplication:

2
A = [1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1] = I

Thus, A is the identity matrix $I $.

2

Then A 4
= (A )
2 2
= I
2
= I .

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Determining if a Matrix is Skew-Symmetric

Let X = ABA
′

To determine if X is skew-symmetric, we need to check if X T

= −X .
T ′ T ′ T T T T
X = (ABA ) = (A ) B A = ABA

Given B is skew-symmetric, B T
= −B

T ′ ′
X = A(−B)A = −ABA

Since X T
= −X ABA , ′
is a skew-symmetric matrix.

Finding B T
A
T

Given A and B, we need to find (AB) T

= B
T
A
T
.

First, find B : T

T
B = [2 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1]

Find A : T

T
A = [1 −2 1 2 1 3]

Now, multiply B T
A
T
:
T T
B A = [2 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 ] × [1 −2 1 2 1 3]

= [ 2(1) + 1(2) + 1(1) 2(−2) + 1(1) + 1(3) 3(1) + 2(2) + 2(1) 3(−2) + 2(1) + 2(3) ]

= [2 + 2 + 1 −4 + 1 + 3 3 + 4 + 2 −6 + 2 + 6] = [5 0 9 2]

There seems to be a mistake in the dimensions of the matrices. Let's correct this by transposing A and B individually
first:

A = [1 − 2 1] B = [ 2 , 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1]

A
T
= [1 −2 1] and B T
= [2 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1]

Since A is a 3 × 1 matrix and B is a 3 × 3 matrix, the product AB is not defined. The question might have an error or
missing information. We'll compute B A assuming it was intended: T T

T T
B A = [2 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1] [1 − 2 1] = [ 2(1) + 1(−2) + 1(1) 3(1) + 2(−2) + 2(1) 1(1) + 1(−2) + 1(1) ] = [1 1 0]

Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices

Given A = −A, which means A is skew-symmetric.
T

Let X = A . Then X = (A
2021
) = (A ) = (−A)
T 2021 T T 2021 2021
= −A
2021
= −X

Therefore, A is skew-symmetric.
2021

Expressing a Matrix as a Sum of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric

Matrices

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Given a matrix P = [2 3 5 −1] , we want to express it as P = A + B , where A is symmetric and B is skew-

symmetric.

A =
1

2
(P + P
T
) and B = 1

2
(P − P
T
)

T
P = [2 5 3 −1]

1 1
A = ([2 3 5 −1] + [2 5 3 −1]) = [4 8 8 −2] = [2 4 4 −1]
2 2

1 1
B = ([2 3 5 −1] − [2 5 3 −1]) = [0 −2 2 0] = [0 −1 1 0]
2 2

Thus, B = [0 −1 1 .## Matrix Operations and Properties

0]

Example Problem
Let's walk through an example problem. We have a matrix and we want to perform some row operations to simplify
it.

Original matrix:

[2 3 2]
[-1 5 1]
[3 -1 5]

Row operations:

1. R → R + R
2 2 1

2. Divide by 2.
3. Subtract new matrix from another to get zeros.
4. Divide by 2 again.

After these operations, the resulting matrix is:

[0 -1 1 0]

The correct option for this problem is D.

Symmetric Matrices
A symmetric matrix is a matrix that is equal to its transpose. These are very important, so when revising this chapter,
focus on symmetric matrices and solve questions related to them. Solve all the questions given in this session.

Question 19
If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3, and we are given A −2
, it should actually be A −2
= (A
−1
)
2
. Therefore, option C is correct.

Question 20
Given:

[3 2] [x] = [15]
[1 -1] [y] = [5]

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We have the equations: 3x + y = 15 2x − y = 5 Adding the two equations: 5x = 20 x = 4 Substituting x back in:
3(4) + y = 15 12 + y = 15 y = 3 So the answer is x = 4 and y = 3, which corresponds to option B.

Question 21
If AB = B and BA = A, then what is A 2
+ B
2
?
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A + B = A × A + B × B A + B = A(BA) + B(AB) A + B = (AB)A + (BA)B A + B = BA + AB = A + B

So the answer is A + B, which corresponds to option B.

Question 22
Given the equations: 2x + y = 1 x + y = 1 Subtracting the second equation from the first: x = 0 Substituting x back in:
0 + y = 1 y = 1 Also given: p − q = 0 p + q = 0 Adding the two equations: 2p = 0 p = 0 Substituting p back in:

0 + q = 0 q = 0 Thus, the correct option is A.

Question 23
If A = [1 0 1 1] , find A n
+ nI .

First, let's find A : A 2 2

= [1 0 1 1] [1 0 1 1] = [1 0 2 Next, let's find A :
1]
3

A
3
= A
2
× A = [1 0 2 1] [1 0 1 1] = [1 0 3 1 ] From this pattern, we can generalize that A n
= [1 0 n 1] .
Now, let's compute A n
+ nI , where I = [1 0 0 1] :
n + 1] We need to express this in
n
A + nI = [1 0 n 1] + n [1 0 0 1] = [1 0 n 1 ] + [n 0 0 n] = [ n + 1 0 n

terms of A and I . [n + 1 0 n n + 1 ] = [1 0 0 1] + n [1 0 1 1] = I + nA Therefore, the answer is I + nA, which

corresponds to option C.

Question 24
Find the number of non-zero diagonal matrices of order 4 satisfying A 2
= A . Let A be a diagonal matrix of order 4,
such that:

A = [k 0 0 0 0 k 22 0 0 0 0 k 33 0 0 0 0 k 44 ]
11

Since A = A, we have k = k for i = 1, 2, 3, 4. This means that each k can be either 0 or 1. Since the matrix is non-
2 2
ii ii ii

zero, not all k can be zero.

ii

Each k has 2 choices 0or1. Since there are 4 diagonal elements, there are 2 = 16 possible diagonal matrices.
ii
4

However, we must exclude the case where all diagonal elements are zero, which is the zero matrix.

So, the number of non-zero diagonal matrices is 2 4

− 1 = 16 − 1 = 15 .

Diagonal Matrices
Let's consider a square matrix where we're trying to find a particular form after some operation.

If we square a diagonal matrix, we get:

2
[k 0 0 0 0 k 22 0 0 0 0 k 33 0 0 0 0 k 44 ] = [k 2 0 0 0 0 k
2
0 0 0 0 k
2
0 0 0 0 k
2 ]
11
11 22 33 44

Key Property of Diagonal Elements

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For each diagonal element, k , it must satisfy:i

2
ki = k
i

This simplifies to:

2
k − ki = 0
i

k i (k i − 1) = 0

So, k can be either 0 or 1.

i

Counting Non-Zero Diagonal Matrices

We want to find the number of non-zero diagonal matrices of order 4. Each diagonal element has two options: 0 or 1.

Element 1: 2 options
Element 2: 2 options
Element 3: 2 options
Element 4: 2 options

Total combinations: 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16

However, we must exclude the case where all diagonal elements are zero sincewewantnon − zeromatrices.

So, the number of non-zero diagonal matrices = 16 − 1 = 15

Matrix Addition Example

Given two equations:

1. x + y = [7 0 2 4]

2. x − y = [3 0 0 4]

Adding the two equations:

2x = [7 + 3 0 + 0 2 + 0 4 + 4] = [10 0 2 8]

x = [5 0 1 4]

Matrix Power Pattern Recognition

Let A = [cos(α) sin(α) − sin(α) cos(α)]

Calculate A : 2

2
A = [cos(α) sin(α) − sin(α) cos(α)] [cos(α) sin(α) − sin(α) cos(α)]

2
A = [ 2 2 2 2 ]
cos (α) − sin (α) 2 cos(α) sin(α) − 2 sin(α) cos(α) cos (α) − sin (α)

Using trigonometric identities:

2
A = [cos(2α) sin(2α) − sin(2α) cos(2α)]

Following this trend:

10
A = [cos(10α) sin(10α) − sin(10α) cos(10α)]

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Matrix Multiplication Pattern

Given M = [1 1 1 1]

Calculate M : 2

2
M = [1 1 1 1] [1 1 1 1] = [2 2 2 2] = 2M

Calculate M : 3

3 2 2 2
M = M × M = 2M × M = 2M = 2(2M ) = 4M = 2 M

So, M k
= 2
k−1
M

Therefore, M 50
= 2
49
M = 3
49
M

Cube Roots of Unity ∛1

Given that 1, ω, ω are the cube roots of unity, we know:
2

2
1 + ω + ω = 0

Also, if we have a cubic equation x 3

− 1 = 0 , the sum of the roots is 0.

Solving for a and b

Given −b + 2 = 1, we find b = 1.

Using 1 + ω + a = 0, we get a = −1 − ω.

Evaluating a 2
+ b
2

Given a = −1 + ω and b = 1, find the value of a 2

+ b
2
.

1. Calculate a : a 2 2
= (−1 + ω)
2
= 1 + ω
2
− 2ω

2. Calculate b : b 2 2
= 1
2
= 1

3. Calculate a 2
+ b
2
:
2 2 2
a + b = 1 + ω − 2ω + 1

a
2
+ b
2
= ω + 1 because 1 + ω + ω 2
= 0 , therefore, 1 + ω 2
= −ω

2 2 2
a + b = 1 + ω + ω + ω + 1 = 0 + ω + 1 = ω + 1

Therefore, the answer is ω + 1.

Problem 29: Matrix Operations and Simplification

Given matrices A = [i −i − i i] and B = [1 −1 − 1 , where i is the imaginary unit i. e. , $i
1]
2
, find a
= −1$

relationship between A and B.

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1. Find A : 2

2
A = [i −i − i i ] × [i −i − i i] = [ i + i
2 2
−i
2
− i
2
− i
2
− i
2
i
2
+ i ]
2

2
A = [ −1 + −1 −(−1) − (−1) − (−1) − (−1) −1 + −1 ] = [−2 2 2 −2]

2. Express A in terms of B:
2

2
A = 2 × [−1 1 1 −1] = 2B

3. Find A : 8

8 2 4 4
A = (A ) = (2B)

8 2 2 2 2 4
A = ((2B) ) = (4B ) = 16B

4. Calculate B : 2

2
B = [1 −1 − 1 1] × [1 −1 − 1 1] = [ 1 + 1 −1 − 1 − 1 − 1 1 + 1 ] = [2 −2 − 2 2]

2
B = 2 × [1 −1 − 1 1] = 2B

5. Substitute B into A : 2 8

8 4 2 2 2 2 2
A = 16B = 16(B ) = 16(2B) = 16(4B ) = 64B = 64(2B) = 128B

Therefore, A 8
= 128B .

Problem 30: Skew-Symmetric Matrices

Given that A 1
, A2 , A3 , . . . are skew-symmetric matrices and a matrix B is defined as:
n 2r−1
B = ∑ (2r − 1)A
r=1 2r−1

Determine the nature of matrix B.

1. Expand the summation for matrix B:

2(1)−1 2(2)−1 2(3)−1
B = (2(1) − 1)A + (2(2) − 1)A + (2(3) − 1)A +. . .
2(1)−1 2(2)−1 2(3)−1

1 3 5 2n−1
B = A + 3A + 5A +. . . +(2n − 1)A
1 3 5 2n−1

3 5
B = A 1 + 3A + 5A +. . .
3 5

2. Take the transpose of matrix B:

T 3 5 T
B = (A 1 + 3A + 5A +. . . )
3 5

T T 3 T 5 T
B = A + 3(A ) + 5(A ) +. . .
1 3 5

3. Apply the property of skew-symmetric matrices:

For a skew-symmetric matrix A , A i

T
i
= −A i . Also, if k is odd, then (A k
i
)
T
= (A
T
i
)
k
= (−A i )
k
= −A
k
i
.
T 3 5
B = −A 1 − 3A − 5A −. . .
3 5

T 3 5
B = −(A 1 + 3A + 5A +. . . )
3 5

T
B = −B

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Since B T
, matrix B is a skew-symmetric matrix.
= −B

P1 Exam Details
For the P1 exam, expect questions related to strength, quality, and number, but note that the weightage is less
compared to other exams.

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