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NP Hard and NP Complete Problem

NP-hard problems are challenging to solve but easy to verify, while NP-complete problems are both in NP and as difficult as any problem in NP. If a problem is NP-complete, it can be solved in polynomial time by a non-deterministic machine, and all NP problems can be reduced to it. Examples of NP-hard and NP-complete problems include the Travelling Salesman Problem and determining Hamiltonian cycles in graphs.

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45 views2 pages

NP Hard and NP Complete Problem

NP-hard problems are challenging to solve but easy to verify, while NP-complete problems are both in NP and as difficult as any problem in NP. If a problem is NP-complete, it can be solved in polynomial time by a non-deterministic machine, and all NP problems can be reduced to it. Examples of NP-hard and NP-complete problems include the Travelling Salesman Problem and determining Hamiltonian cycles in graphs.

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madhangosikonda23
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NP Hard and NP Complete Problem

The NP-hard problems are solved in polynomial time by non-deterministic machines and are difficult
to find but simple to prove. NP (Nondeterministic Polynomial) is a class of decision problems in
computer science where a proposed solution can be verified quickly. NP-hard problems are at least
as challenging as the hardest problems in NP, and solving them efficiently is believed to be extremely
difficult, though not necessarily impossible.

What is an NP Problem?

If a problem is in NP and is equally difficult as any other problem in NP, it belongs to the class NPC.
Even if a problem is not in NP itself, it is NP-hard if all problems in NP can be reduced to it in
polynomial time.

All NP problems would be solvable in polynomial time if a polynomial time algorithm existed for one
of these issues. These issues are referred to as NP-complete. NP-completeness is a phenomenon that
is significant for both theoretical and practical reasons.

If a language B meets both of these requirements, it is NP-complete.

B is in NP

Every A in NP is polynomial time reducible to B.

Language B is called NP-Hard if it meets the second property but not necessarily the first. If there is
an NP-Complete problem A that Turing reduces to B, then a search problem B is NP-Hard.

Until P = NP, the NP-Hard issue cannot be solved in polynomial time. Looking for an effective
algorithm is unnecessary when a problem is revealed to be NPC. We can instead concentrate on
creating an approximation algorithm.

NP-Hard Problem

If problem Y is NP-Complete and convertible to X in polynomial time, then issue X is NP-Hard. The
difficulty of NP-Hard and NP-Complete tasks is equal. NP class is not required for NP-Hard Problems.

If every NP problem can be solved in a polynomial amount of time, it is called NP-Hard.

Examples

The following problems are NP-Hard:

1. The circuit-satisfiability problem

2. Set Cover

3. Vertex Cover

4. Travelling Salesman Problem

NP Complete Problem

If a problem Y exists and is reducible to X in polynomial time, then the problem X is NP-Complete.
Both NP and NP-Complete problems are challenging. If a problem is a NP and NP-Hard Problems
component, it is NP-Complete. In polynomial time, a non-deterministic Turing machine can solve an
NP-Complete problem.

When an issue is np-complete, it is np and np hard together.

np complete issues can, therefore, be verified in polynomial time, according to this.

Examples

Following are some NP-Complete problems, for which no polynomial time algorithm is known.

1. Determining whether a graph has a Hamiltonian cycle

2. Determining whether a Boolean formula is satisfiable, etc

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