lOMoARcPSD|4943347
Data communication cat
Information Technology (Mount Kenya University)
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SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATICS
CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT TEST 2
UNIT NAME: DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORK
UNIT CODE: BIT 2204
• Describe the TWO techniques used for analog-to-digital conversion. (2
marks)
Pulse Code Modulation
the inforamation contained in the samples an analog signal can be represented or
shown in the form of digital words in a serial bit of words.
Delta Modulation
it compares the present sample values to the previous sample values, based on the
difference amplitude is going to be increased or decreased by step signal.
• Network protocols are standards that allow computers to communicate.
Explain four important protocols, their jobs and acronym.
(2 marks)
• Transmission Control Protovol. (TCP)
It is a popular communication protocol which is used for communicating over a
network. It devides any message into series of packets that are sent from source to
destination and there it gets reassembled.
• Internet Protocol. (IP)
it works with TCP and assigns IP addresses to the data packets.
• File Transfer Protocol. (FTP)
it allows users to transfer files from one machine to another.
• HyperText Transfer Protocol. (HTTP)
It is designed for transferring a hypertext among two or more systems.
• Networking standards define the rules for data communications that are
needed for interoperability of networking technologies and processes. List at
least FOUR Standards Organizations and identify different types of
Standards (2 marks)
International Standard Organization (ISO)
American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
Electronic Industries Association(EIA)
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Standard Council of Canada (SCC)
De facto − These are the standards that are followed without any formal plan or
approval by any organization. They have come into existence due to traditions or
facts.
De jure − These standards are the ones which have been adopted through
legislation by any officially recognized standards organization.
• Describe how Multiplexing works and discuss various multiplexing
techniques (3 marks)
Multiplexing is the process of combining separate signal channels into one
composite stream. It is carried out to increase the utilization of
transmission
channel. In a multiplexed system, a number of devices share the capacity of one
link. The devices direct their transmission stream to a multiplexer which combines
them into a single stream . At the receiving end, the stream is fed into a
demultiplexer, which separates the stream back into its component transmissions
and directs them to their receiving devices.
• List and explain THREE techniques of digital to analog conversion (3
marks)
• Amplitude Shift Keying
The amplitude of analog carrier signal is modified to reflect binary data.
• Frequency Shift Keying
The frequency of the analog carrier signal is modified to reflect binary data.
• Phase Shift Keying
The phase of the original carrier signal is altered to reflect the binary data. When a
new binary symbol is encountered, the phase of the signal is altered. Amplitude and
frequency of the original carrier signal is kept intact
• Compare and Contrast OSI reference model and TCP/IP model (2
marks)
OSI model gives guidelines on how communication needs to be done, while
TCP/IP protocols layout standards on which the Internet was developed.
OSI model is a generic model that is based upon functionalities of each layer.
TCP/IP model is a protocol-oriented standard
• Digital modulation techniques have a greater demand, for their capacity to
convey larger amounts of data than analog modulation techniques. Discuss
three types of digital modulation techniques. Use well labelled diagrams
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(3 marks)
Amplitude Shift Keying
The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the input data whether it
should be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending upon the
carrier frequency.
Frequency Shift Keying
The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, depending upon the
input data applied.
Phase Shift Keying
The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the input.
• State and explain three major elements of a LAN architecture (3
marks)
Hardware Components:
LAN can be thought of as a system composed of a series of building blocks.
These blocks can be added and configured as needed.
LAN Software:
Once the physical building blocks of the LAN are put into place, the next step is
to make them functional. Software is needed for devices to function cooperatively
and effectively on the LAN
The People:
Among the most important elements of a LAN are the people. The purpose of a
LAN is to allow the sharing of resources. This sharing is done by people making
them an integral part of the structure
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