THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology

REPORT

Instructor: Le Quoc Huy

Class: 21ES
Members:
1. Tran Dinh Bao (leader)
2. Hoang Thi Tuyet My
3. Bui Do Hai Trinh
4. Pham Minh Chien

Da Nang, 9𝑡ℎ September, 2023

 DUTIES OF EACH MEMBER

Calculate Simulate Write report

Tran Dinh Bao X X X

Hoang Thi Tuyet My X

Bui Do Hai Trinh X X

Pham Minh Chien X

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 Contents
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1
A. Theoretical Foundation: ...................................................................................................2
I. Common-Emitter Amplifier: ...........................................................................................2
II. Frequency Response: ................................................................................................2
B. Calculate: ........................................................................................................................3
I. DC analysis: ..................................................................................................................3
II. AC analysis: High frequency response ......................................................................5
III. AC analysis: Low frequency response .......................................................................7
C. Simulate: .........................................................................................................................9
I. MATLAB ........................................................................................................................9
II. LTSpice: ...................................................................................................................11
D. Table Check: .................................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................14

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 INTRODUCTION
An electronic amplifier is a device which increases the power of the signal by keeping the
shape(contour) of the signal same but increasing the amplitude. In other words, it is a power
modulator.
The amplifier we are going to use in this lab is a BJT amplifier which essentially means that
the input impedance of this amplifier is not entirely infinite but its huge. Therefore a small
amount of current passes through the input and the energy is lost. The ideal amplifier is the
amplifier which has infinite input impedance and infinite Open loop gain.
 A. Theoretical Foundation:

I. Common-Emitter Amplifier:
 The common emitter amplifier is characterized by high voltage (Av) and current gain
(Ai). The amplifier typically has a relatively high input resistance (1 - 100 KΩ) and a
fairly high output resistance. Therefore it is generally used to drive medium to high
resistance loads. This amplifier is typically used in applications where a small voltage
signal needs to be amplified to a large voltage signal. Since the amplifier cannot drive
low resistance loads, it is usually cascaded with a buffer that can act as a driver.
II. Frequency Response:
 The gain of an ideal amplifier should remain the same for any frequency of the input
signal. Therefore, the frequency response curve (gain in dB plotted against frequency)
becomes a straight line parallel to the frequency axis.
 In actual practice, the coupling capacitors and the emitter bypass capacitor reduce the
gain at lower frequencies. The capacitance internal to the transistor and stray
capacitance due to the wiring reduce the gain at higher frequencies.
 The following figure shows the typical frequency response characteristics of C-E
amplifier. The curve is flat only for middle range of frequencies. There is one low
frequency 𝑓𝐿 and one high frequency 𝑓𝐻 beyond which the gains, 𝐴𝐿 and 𝐴𝐿 are 0.707
times the gain 𝐴𝑀 (maximum gain) at the middle frequencies. The two frequencies are
called lower and higher cut off frequencies. The difference between them is called the
bandwidth.

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 B. Calculate:

I. DC analysis:

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4
II. AC analysis: High frequency response

5
6
III. AC analysis: Low frequency response

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 C. Simulate:
I. MATLAB

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 From the Bode diagram, we can see that
𝐴𝑀 = 43.8𝑑𝐵 = 1043.8/20 ≈ 154.88
And

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 𝑓𝐿 = 743𝐻𝑧 And 𝑓𝐻 = 183𝑘𝐻𝑧 and
II. LTSpice:
1. DC Analysis:

 From these values, we can conclude that

𝐼𝐶 = 1.51𝑚𝐴 and 𝑉𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐸 = 5.499 − 2.279 = 3.22𝑉
2. Frequency Response:

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 We conclude that,
𝐴𝑀 = 43.93𝑑𝐵 = 1043.93/20 ≈ 157.22
And
𝑓𝐿 = 715.49𝐻𝑧 and 𝑓𝐻 = 187.99𝑘𝐻𝑧
D. Table Check:

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 CONCLUSION
 Amplifier frequency response can be determined by splitting the circuit into two models,
one valid at low frequencies where coupling and bypass capacitors are most important,
and a second valid at high frequencies in which the internal device capacitances
control the frequency-dependent behavior of the circuit
 The frequency-dependent characteristics of the bipolar transistor are modeled by
adding the base-emitter and base-collector capacitors 𝐶𝜋 and 𝐶𝜇 to the hybrid-pi model.
The value of 𝐶𝜋 is proportional to collector current 𝐼𝐶 , whereas 𝐶𝜇 is weakly dependent
on collector-base voltage.

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