Classical Probability
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ScribdTranslationsClassical Probability
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ScribdTranslationsClassical probability
1. Example
In a box there is a blue ball, a green one, a red one, a yellow one, and a black one.
What is the probability of drawing a ball with closed eyes from the
box, is this yellow?
Solution
The event 'E' is to take a ball out of the box with closed eyes (if it is done
With eyes open, the probability is 1) and that it is yellow.
There is only one favorable case, since there is only one yellow ball. The cases
There are 5 possible ones, since there are 5 balls in the box.
Por lo tanto, la probabilidad del evento «E» es igual a P(E) = 1 / 5.
As can be seen, if the event is to take out a blue, green, or red ball
black, the probability will also be equal to 1/5. Therefore, this is an example
de probabilidad clásica.
2. Example
What is the probability that, when rolling a die, the result obtained is
equal to 5?
Solución
A die has 6 faces, each with a different number (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).
So, there are 6 possible cases and only one case is favorable.
Then, the probability of rolling a 5 on the die is equal to 1/6.
Again, the probability of getting any other result from the die
it is also equal to 1/6.
3. Example
In a classroom there are 8 boys and 8 girls. If the teacher randomly selects one
student from your class, what is the probability that the chosen student
to be a girl?
Solution
Event 'E' is to select a student at random. In total, there are 16 students.
but since a girl is to be chosen, there are 8 favorable cases. Therefore
so P(E) = 8/16 = 1/2.
Also in this example, the probability of choosing a boy is 8/16=1/2.
that it is as likely for the chosen student to be a girl as
let it be a boy.
Mutually exclusive
Example
If a die is rolled, calculate the probability of:
They drop by 3 points or less or
It falls by 5 points or more
As they are mutually exclusive AnB=0
P(AoB) = P(a) + P(B)
=P(3 or less) + P(5 or more) = 3/6 + 2/6 = 5/6
2. Example
A letter is randomly chosen from the word SCHOOL. What is the probability?
to choose an A or an E?
Possibilities:
The chosen letter can be A.
2. The chosen letter can be E.
Events: These events are mutually exclusive because they cannot occur
at the same time.
Mutually non-exclusive
Example
A positive integer is chosen at random from 1 to 19. What is the probability?
whether the number is a multiple of 3 or 5?
Solution:
Since there are 19 numbers, the number of elements in the sample space is
#E = 19.
These are the events:
A ≡ Obtain a number multiple of 3
B ≡ Obtain a number multiple of 5.
If we can identify the number of elements of the sample space A∪Blo
we solve directly as follows:
A∪B = {3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18}
⇒A∪B = 8
⇒P(A∪B)= #(A∪B)/ #E =8/19
2. Example
A number is chosen from 1 to 50, what is the probability that it
Is the number a multiple of 3 and less than 20?
Solution:
The total cases to be chosen are 50. And the numbers less than 20 that
multiples of 3 are
[19:3] = 6 favorable cases.
Donde los corchetes
[]: Indicate the integer part of the division. Then the requested probability is
P=6/50=3/25
Independent events
1.Example
You roll a die, and if it doesn't land on 6, you roll again. What is the probability of
get a 6 on the second throw?
Events
The first roll is not a 6.
The first roll is a 6
Why are the events independent?
The fact that the first roll is not a 6 does not change the probability of
that the second launch is a 6. (Some people like to say, "the
"Giving, do not remember what you took before."
2. Example
Sacas una canica de una bolsa con 2 canicas rojas, 2 blancas, y una verde.
You observe the color, put it back in the bag, and take out another marble. What is it?
the probability of drawing a red marble both times?
Events
To draw a red marble on the first try.
Draw a red marble on the second attempt.
Why are the events independent?
The events are independent because you returned the first marble to the bag.
and your second attempt was with the bag in its original state.
Dependent event
Example
Suppose we have 5 blue marbles and 5 red marbles in a
bag. We take out a marble, which can be blue or red. Now there are 9 left in the bag.
bag. What is the probability that the second marble is red?
It depends. If the mapping was in the bag, we have 4 red marbles out of 9, like this.
how the probability of drawing a red marble on the second chance is
However, if there is still no basic information on the subject, still
There are 5 red marbles in the bag and the probability of drawing a red marble from the
the bag is 5/9.
The second chance is a dependent event. It depends on what happened in
the first opportunity.
2. Example
A box contains 6 bills of $500, 3 of $50, and 1 of $100. Determine the
probability that when extracting two of these, both are $500
Probability of the first bill of $100.6/10=0.6
The probability of the second $500 bill = 5/9 = 0.5556.
The probability that the two dependent events occur =
(0.6)()0.333
Exhaustive events
1. Example.
Of the 500 employees of King Dynamics, Inc., 170 are classified as
administrative staff members, 290 as line workers and the 40
the remaining workers are auxiliary employees. The events collectively
exhaustive are S, L and A. If an employee is selected at random,
( )= ⁄ = .
( )= ⁄ = .
( )= ⁄ = .
Due to the certainty that the selected employee comes from
one of these three collectively exhaustive categories, ( = )
. + . + . = . .
2. Ejemplo
In the Totto store, they are selling 3 red caps, 2 blue bags, 3 wallets.
black and 2 red straps. What is the probability of the event occurring in the
Which Felix bought a red cap?
P (Gorra roja) = 3 / 10
What is the probability that the event occurs in which Carlos buys a
blue bag?
P (Blue bag) = 2 / 10
¿Qué probabilidad existe de ocurra el evento en cual María Mónica compre una
black wallet?
P (Black wallet) = 3 / 10
What is the probability that the event of Diana buying a occurs.
red strap?
P (Correa roja) = 2 / 10
P (Red hat) + P (Blue bag) + P (Black wallet) + P (Red strap) = 1
(3 / 10) + (2 / 10) + (3 / 10) + (2 / 10) = 10 / 10 = 1
Eventos complementarios
Example
If the probability of rain is 0.60, what is the probability of it not raining?
llueva?
2. Example
Two events are complementary when their union is equal to the space.
sample, that is, let A and B be two events of an experiment. Then A and B
they are complementary events.
Roll a die.
Omega = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Sale par:E1 = {2, 4 ,6}
Odd set. E2 = {1, 3, 5}
Sale less than 3.E3 = {1,2}
Sale 3 or more. E4 = {3, 4, 5, 6}
E1 and E2 are complementary events and E3 and E4 are also events.
complementary.
Sale 5 El = {5} No sale 5 E2 = ( 1, 2, 3, 4,6} Por tanto El y E2 serán también
complementary events. Thus, it is seen that those who are complementary do not
existen en un conjunto pero que son necesarios para tener el conjunto
universe that is omega
