VRRP Implementation and Configuration

Contents

1. Introduction to VRRP

2. VRRP Implementation

3. Typical Application Scenarios of VRRP

4. Basic VRRP Configurations

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Problems Faced by a Single Gateway
Is it feasible to configure
multiple gateways to
implement redundancy?

Router Router

IP: 192.168.1.254/24 IP: 192.168.1.254/24

Switch Switch

Ethernet Ethernet

HostA HostB HostC HostA HostB HostC

IP: 192.168.1.1/24 IP: 192.168.1.2/24 IP: 192.168.1.3/24 IP: 192.168.1.1/24 IP: 192.168.1.2/24 IP: 192.168.1.3/24
Gateway: Gateway: Gateway: Gateway: Gateway: Gateway:
192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254
When the gateway (router) is faulty, the hosts that use the router as the gateway cannot communicate with the Internet.

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 Overview of VRRP
⚫ VRRP groups several routers into a virtual router. If one of routers fails, traffic can be
switched to another router, ensuring service continuity and reliability.
Physical network topology Logical network topology

R1 R2 Virtual router
Virtual IP address:
192.168.1.254/24
GE0/0/0 VRRP GE0/0/0
192.168.1.251/24 192.168.1.252/24

Switch Switch

PC1 PC2 PC3 PC1 PC2 PC3

IP: 192.168.1.1/24 IP: 192.168.1.2/24 IP: 192.168.1.3/24 IP: 192.168.1.1/24 IP: 192.168.1.2/24 IP: 192.168.1.3/24
Gateway: Gateway: Gateway: Gateway: Gateway: Gateway:
192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254

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• VRRP sets up a virtual router on a LAN.

• In this example:

▫ There are two routers on the LAN: R1 and R2. The IP addresses of R1 and
R2 are 192.168.1.251/24 and 192.168.1.252/24, respectively.

▫ Configure R1 and R2 to constitute a virtual router. The virtual router uses IP

address 192.168.1.254.

▫ All PCs use IP address 192.168.1.254 as the default gateway address.

Basic VRRP Concepts (1)
⚫ VRRP router: A router running VRRP, such as
R1 and R2. VRRP is configured on interfaces
of routers and works based on interfaces.
R1 VRRP VRID: 1 R2 ⚫ Virtual router ID (VRID): A VRRP group
GE0/0/0 GE0/0/0
192.168.1.251/24 192.168.1.252/24 consists of multiple routers (interfaces) that
VRRP
work together and are identified by the
Switch same VRID. Routers in the same VRRP group
exchange VRRP packets and form a virtual
router. Only one master router can exist in a
PC1 PC2 PC3
VRRP group.
IP: 192.168.1.1/24 IP: 192.168.1.2/24 IP: 192.168.1.3/24
Gateway: Gateway: Gateway:
192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254

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Basic VRRP Concepts (2)
⚫ Virtual router: Each VRRP group forms a virtual
router that is a logical device. A VRRP group
forms only one virtual router.
Virtual IP address: 192.168.1.254
R1 Virtual MAC address: 0000- R2 ⚫ Virtual IP address and virtual MAC address: A
5e00-0101
GE0/0/0
192.168.1.251/24
GE0/0/0
192.168.1.252/24
virtual router has its own IP address and MAC
VRRP
address. The IP address is specified by the
Switch network administrator during VRRP
configuration. A virtual router can have one or
more IP addresses. Generally, this IP address is

PC1 PC2 PC3

used as the gateway address. The format of the
IP: 192.168.1.1/24 IP: 192.168.1.2/24 IP: 192.168.1.3/24 virtual MAC address is 0000-5e00-01xx, where
Gateway: Gateway: Gateway:
192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 xx is the VRID.
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Basic VRRP Concepts (3)
⚫ Master router: The master router forwards packets in a
VRRP group. In each VRRP group, only the master router
responds to the ARP Request packet destined for the
Master Backup virtual IP address. The master router periodically sends
R1 R2 VRRP packets to notify the backup router in the same

GE0/0/0 GE0/0/0 VRRP group of its own status.

192.168.1.251/24 192.168.1.252/24
Priority: 200 VRRP Priority: 100 ⚫ Backup router: The backup router listens to the VRRP
packets sent by the master router in real time and is ready
Switch to take over services of the master router.
⚫ Priority: The priority value is used to elect the master and
backup routers. The priority value ranges from 0 to 255. A
larger value indicates a higher priority. If the values are the
PC1 PC2 PC3
IP: 192.168.1.1/24 IP: 192.168.1.2/24 IP: 192.168.1.3/24 same, the interface IP addresses are compared. The
Gateway: Gateway: Gateway:
192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254
interface with the largest IP address is preferred.

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 VRRP Packet Format
⚫ VRRP has only one packet type — Advertisement packets. Advertisement packets are
multicast packets and can be transmitted only in the same broadcast domain. The
destination multicast address of Advertisement packets is 224.0.0.18.
Ethernet Header IP Header VRRP Packet

Count IP
Ver Type Virtual Rtr ID Priority
Addrs

Auth Type Adver Int Checksum

DIP: 224.0.0.18
DMAC 01-00-5E-00-00-12 IP Address (1)
SIP: IP address of the
(multicast MAC address)
master router's port …
SMAC: 00-00-5E-00-01-XX
Protocol: 0x70 IP Address (n)
(virtual router MAC
(VRRP protocol Authentication Data (1)
address)
number: 112)
Authentication Data (2)

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• Fields in a VRRP Advertisement packet:

▫ Ver: VRRP has two versions. VRRPv2 applies only to IPv4 networks, and
VRRPv3 applies to both IPv4 and IPv6 networks.

▫ Virtual Rtr ID: Virtual router ID associated with the packet.

▫ Priority: Priority of the VRRP router that sends the VRRP packet.

▫ Count IP Addrs: Number of virtual IP addresses contained in the VRRP

packet.

▫ Auth Type: VRRP supports non-authentication, plain-text password

authentication, and MD5 authentication, corresponding to values 0, 1, and
2, respectively.

▫ Adver Int: Interval for sending VRRP Advertisement packets. The default
value is 1s.

▫ IP Address: Virtual IP address of the associated virtual router. Multiple IP

addresses can be configured.

▫ Authentication Data: Password required for authentication.

VRRP Timers
⚫ VRRP defines two timers:
 ADVER_INTERVAL timer: specifies the interval at which the master router sends VRRP
Advertisement packets. The default value is 1s.
 MASTER_DOWN timer: indicates that the backup router preempts the Master state after
the MASTER_DOWN timer expires. The MASTER_DOWN timer is calculated as follows:
◼ MASTER_DOWN = (3*ADVER_INTERVAL) + Skew_time (offset time)
◼ Skew_Time = (256 – Priority)/256

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 Contents

1. Introduction to VRRP

2. VRRP Implementation

3. Typical Application Scenarios of VRRP

4. Basic VRRP Configurations

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 VRRP State Machine
⚫ The VRRP state machine has three states: Initialize, Master, and Backup.
Initialize

Receive a packet with a priority higher

than the local priority
Master Backup
The MASTER_DOWN timer expires, or a VRRP
Advertisement packet with the priority of 0 or a
VRRP Advertisement packet with a priority lower
than the local priority is received.

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• A startup event can be automatically triggered by the system after VRRP is

configured or triggered by the change of the lower-layer link from unavailable to
available on the interface configured with VRRP.
VRRP States
Device in Master State Device in Backup State

1. Sends a VRRP Advertisement packet each time the 1. Receives VRRP Advertisement packets from the master router and

ADVER_INTERVAL timer expires. checks whether the master router is working properly based on

2. Uses the virtual MAC address to respond to ARP Request packets information in the packets.

destined for the virtual IP address. 2. Does not respond to an ARP Request packet carrying a virtual IP

3. Forwards IP packets sent to the virtual MAC address. address.

4. Allows a virtual IP address to be pinged by default. 3. Discards IP packets sent to the virtual MAC address.

5. When multiple devices are in Master state, they compare their IP 4. Discards IP packets sent to the virtual IP address.

addresses in received packets with the same priority. If the IP 5. Resets the MASTER_DOWN timer but does not compare IP

address in the packet is greater than the local IP address, the device addresses if it receives a VRRP Advertisement packet carrying a

switches to the Backup state. If the IP address in the packet is less VRRP priority higher than or equal to the local VRRP priority.

than or equal to the local IP address, the device remains in the

Master state.

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 VRRP Master/Backup Election (1)
Master/Backup election when VRRP priorities
Master Backup are different
2 2
1. The VRRP priority of R1's interface is 200, and that of R2's interface is
Backup Backup
100. When the two devices are initialized, they both switch to the Backup
state.
R1 R2
Master Backup
2. R1 and R2 switch from the Backup state to the Master state after the
GE0/0/0 GE0/0/0
192.168.1.251/24 192.168.1.252/24 MASTER_DOWN timer expires. Therefore, R1 switches to the Master
4
Priority: 200 3 Priority: 100 state faster than R2.
1 1 3. R1 and R2 send VRRP packets to each other to elect the master. The
Switch
router with a higher priority is elected as the master, so R1 is elected as
the master.
4. After R1 is elected as the master, it immediately sends gratuitous ARP
packets to advertise the virtual MAC address to the connected devices
and hosts.
PC1 PC2 PC3
IP: 192.168.1.1/24 IP: 192.168.1.2/24 IP: 192.168.1.3/24
Gateway: Gateway: Gateway:
192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 Gratuitous ARP packet

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• If a VRRP-enabled device in Initialize state receives an interface Up message and

its priority is lower than 255, it switches to the Backup state. The device switches
to the Master state when the MASTER_DOWN timer expires.

• If the device with a higher priority and the device with a lower priority start in
sequence, the device with a higher priority enters the Master state first. After
receiving a VRRP Advertisement packet with a higher priority, the device with a
lower priority remains in Backup state.

• If the device with a lower priority and the device with a higher priority start in
sequence, the device with a lower priority switches from the Backup state to the
Master state first. After receiving the VRRP Advertisement packet with a lower
priority, the device with a higher priority switches to the Master state.
 VRRP Master/Backup Election (2)

Master Master
2
Master/Backup election when VRRP priorities
2
are the same
Backup Backup
1. The VRRP priorities of GE0/0/0 interfaces on R1 and R2 are both 200.
R1 R2 When the two devices are initialized, they both switch to the Backup
Backup Master state.
GE0/0/0 GE0/0/0 2. Because the priorities of R1 and R2 are the same, R1 and R2 switch
192.168.1.251/24 192.168.1.252/24 from the Backup state to the Master state after the MASTER_DOWN
4 timer expires.
Priority: 200 3 Priority: 200 3. R1 and R2 exchange VRRP packets with the same priority. R1 and R2
1 1 compare their interface IP addresses to select the master. Because the
interface IP address of R2 is greater than that of R1, R2 is selected as
Switch the master.
4. After R2 is elected as the master, it immediately sends gratuitous ARP
packets to advertise the virtual MAC address to the connected devices
and hosts.

PC1 PC2 PC3

IP: 192.168.1.1/24 IP: 192.168.1.2/24 IP: 192.168.1.3/24 Gratuitous ARP packet
Gateway: Gateway: Gateway:
192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254

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• If a VRRP-enabled device in Initialize state receives an interface Up message and

its priority is lower than 255, it switches to the Backup state. The device switches
to the Master state when the MASTER_DOWN timer expires.

• If the device with a higher priority and the device with a lower priority start in
sequence, the device with a higher priority enters the Master state first. After
receiving a VRRP Advertisement packet with a higher priority, the device with a
lower priority remains in Backup state.

• If the device with a lower priority and the device with a higher priority start in
sequence, the device with a lower priority switches from the Backup state to the
Master state first. After receiving the VRRP Advertisement packet with a lower
priority, the device with a higher priority switches to the Master state.
 VRRP Master/Backup Election (3)

When a router interface is configured as the VRRP IP

address owner (the interface IP address is the same as
the virtual IP address), the router can directly switch to
R1 R2 the Master state without waiting for any timer to expire.
GE0/0/0 GE0/0/0
192.168.1.254/24 192.168.1.253/24 Master/Backup election process when a device
Master Backup interface is configured as the IP address owner
VRRP VRID: 1 VRRP VRID: 1 1. The VRRP priorities of GE0/0/0 interfaces on R1 and R2 use
Switch
Priority: 100 Priority: 100
the default value — 100. However, the IP address of GE0/0/0
on R1 is the same as the virtual IP address.

2. R1's GE0/0/0 directly switches to the Master state, and R1

becomes the master.
PC1 PC2 PC3
IP: 192.168.1.1/24 IP: 192.168.1.2/24 IP: 192.168.1.3/24
Gateway: Gateway: Gateway:
192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254

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• In most cases, the interface IP address of a VRRP router does not overlap with
the IP address of a virtual router. That is, an independent IP address is planned
for the virtual router instead of the interface IP address of a router. There is also
an exception. For example, if IP addresses are insufficient on some networks, the
interface IP address of a router may be used as the IP address of the virtual
router. In this case, the router becomes the master.

• The priority of a VRRP-enabled interface cannot be manually set to 255. When

the IP address of an interface is configured as the IP address owner, the priority
of the interface automatically changes to 255.
 VRRP Active/Standby Switchover
The Master Is Deleted from the VRRP Group The Master or Link Fails
R1 is deleted from the
1 VRRP group, for example,
the VRRP configuration
of the interface is
deleted.
R1 R2 R1 VRRP packets
R2
VRRP packet
priority = 0 cannot reach
2 3 1 2
R2 due to a
Master Backup Master Master link fault. Backup Master

Switch Switch

PC1 PC2 PC3 PC1 PC2 PC3

Switching time = Skew_time Switching time = 3*ADVER_INTERVAL + Skew_time

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• If the master gives up the master role (for example, the master is deleted from
the VRRP group), it sends VRRP Advertisement packets carrying a priority of 0 to
the backups. Without waiting for the MASTER_DOWN timer to expire, the backup
router with the highest priority switches to the Master state after a specified
switching time. This switching time is called Skew_Time.

• If the master cannot send VRRP Advertisement packets due to network faults, the
backups cannot learn the running status of the master immediately. In this
situation, the backup router with the highest priority switches to the Master state
after the MASTER_DOWN timer expires.
VRRP Active/Standby Switchback (1)

Master Backup Backup Master

R1 R2 R1 R2

Priority = 200 Priority = 150 Priority = 200 Priority = 150

VRRP VRRP

Switch Switch

PC1 PC2 PC3 PC1 PC2 PC3

1. In normal situations, the master forwards user packets. 2. When R1 fails, a new VRRP master/backup election is
As shown in the figure, all user traffic reaches the performed. As shown in the figure, R2 becomes the
Internet through R1. new master to forward user packets.

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 VRRP Active/Standby Switchback (2)

Master Backup

R1 R2 VRRP preemption mode:

⚫ Preemption mode (enabled by default): If the backup

Priority = 200 Priority = 150
VRRP
is enabled with the preemption function, it immediately

Switch switches to the Master state when detecting that the

priority of the master is lower than its own priority.

⚫ Non-preemption mode: If the preemption function is

disabled on the backup, the backup remains in Backup

PC1 PC2
state until the master fails even when detecting that the
PC3
priority of the master is lower than that of the backup.
3. After R1 recovers, a new VRRP master/backup election
is performed. R1 becomes the new master to forward
user packets because R1 has a higher priority than R2.

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• When the preemption mode is enabled for a VRRP group and an active/standby
switchover is performed, the switching time is as follows:

▫ Switching time = 3*ADVER_INTERVAL + Skew_time + Delay_time

• In preemption mode, if the master is unstable or the network quality is poor, the
VRRP group frequently switches, causing frequent update of ARP entries. To
resolve this problem, you can set a preemption delay. After the preemption delay
plus the value of the MASTER_INTERVAL timer, if the master becomes stable, a
switchback is performed.
 Contents

1. Introduction to VRRP

2. VRRP Implementation

3. Typical Application Scenarios of VRRP

4. Basic VRRP Configurations

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VRRP Load Balancing
⚫ In the scenario where multiple virtual routers (VRRP groups) are created and each physical router plays different
roles in different VRRP groups, the virtual IP addresses of different virtual routers function as different intranet
gateway addresses to implement load balancing.

Vrid 1 Master Vrid 1 Backup

Virtual ip: 192.168.1.254 R1 R2 Virtual ip: 192.168.1.254
Priority: 200 Priority: 100

VRRP
Vrid 2 Backup Vrid 2 Master
Virtual ip: 192.168.1.251 Virtual ip: 192.168.1.251
Priority: 100 Priority: 200
Switch

PC1 PC2 PC3

IP: 192.168.1.1/24 IP: 192.168.1.2/24 IP: 192.168.1.3/24
Gateway: Gateway: Gateway:
192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.251

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 VRRP Monitoring the Uplink Interface Status

VRRP can monitor the status of the uplink interface.

When a device detects a fault on the uplink interface
or link, the device reduces the VRRP priority. This
GE0/0/1
ensures that the backup with a normal uplink can be
elected as the Master to forward packets. R1 R2

Master Backup
VRRP

Switch

PC1 PC2 PC3

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• If association between VRRP and the uplink interface is not configured and the
uplink interface or link of R1 (master) in the VRRP group fails, the VRRP group
cannot detect the fault and the master cannot forward traffic. In this case, the
active/standby switchover cannot be performed, causing a traffic blackhole.
 Association Between VRRP and BFD
⚫ With association between VRRP and BFD enabled, when the backup detects a fault
through BFD, the backup switches to the Master state immediately without waiting
for the MASTER_DOWN timer to expire. This implements millisecond-level
active/standby switchover.

R1 R2
GE0/0/0 GE0/0/0
192.168.1.251/24 192.168.1.252/24
Master BFD session
Backup

Switch

PC1 PC2 PC3

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• If the link between devices in a VRRP group fails, VRRP Advertisement packets
cannot be exchanged to negotiate the Master or Backup state. A backup switches
to the Master state when the MASTER_DOWN timer expires. During the waiting
period, user traffic is still forwarded to the master, resulting in user traffic loss.

• A BFD session is established between the master and backup in a VRRP group
and is bound to the VRRP group. BFD immediately detects communication faults
in the VRRP group and instructs the VRRP group to perform an active/standby
switchover, minimizing service interruptions.

• For association between VRRP and BFD, a VRRP group adjusts priorities according
to the BFD session status and determines whether to perform an active/standby
switchover according to the adjusted priorities. In practice, delayed preemption is
configured on the master and immediate preemption is configured on the
backup. When the backup detects that the BFD session goes Down, it increases
its priority to be higher than the priority of the master to implement a fast
switchover. After the fault is rectified and the BFD session goes Up, the new
master reduces its priority and sends a VRRP Advertisement packet. After the
delay, the new master becomes the backup again.
 Application of VRRP and MSTP

SW1 SW2
Instance 1 vlan 10 primary Instance 1 vlan 10 secondary
Instance 2 vlan 20 secondary Instance 2 vlan 20 primary

VRID 1 : Master VRID 1 : Backup

VRRP
VRID 2 : Backup VRID 2 : Master

SW3

MSTP prevents loops.

HostA HostB
Blocked port in MSTI 1 VRRP active/standby
IP: 192.168.1.1/24 IP: 192.168.2.1/24
Blocked port in MSTI 2 switchover can be used.
Gateway: Gateway:
192.168.1.254 192.168.2.254
VLAN 10 VLAN 20

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• MSTP maps one or more VLANs to an MSTI. Multiple VLANs share a spanning
tree, and MSTP implements load balancing.

• The VRRP-enabled gateway can be automatically switched based on network

topology changes, improving network reliability.

• VRRP+MSTP can implement load balancing while ensuring network redundancy.

 Contents

1. Introduction to VRRP

2. VRRP Implementation

3. Typical VRRP Applications

4. Basic VRRP Configurations

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Basic VRRP Configuration Commands (1)
1. Create a VRRP group and configure a virtual IP address for the VRRP group.
[interface-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] vrrp vrid virtual-router-id virtual-ip virtual-address
The virtual IP address of a VRRP group must be unique. Interfaces in the same VRRP group must use the same
VRID.
2. Configure a priority for each device in the VRRP group.

[interface-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] vrrp vrid virtual-router-id priority priority-value

In most cases, the priority of the master is higher than that of the backup.

3. Configure a preemption delay for the VRRP group.

[interface-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] vrrp vrid virtual-router-id preempt-mode timer delay delay-value

4. Configure the VRRP group to work in non-preemption mode.

[interface-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] vrrp vrid virtual-router-id preempt-mode disable

By default, the preemption mode is enabled.

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Basic VRRP Configuration Commands (2)
5. Associate the VRRP group with an interface.
[interface-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] vrrp vrid virtual-router-id track interface interface-type interface-number [
increased value-increased | reduced value-decreased ]
You can configure the device to increase or decrease its priority when detecting an uplink interface or link fault.
The IP address owner and Eth-Trunk member interfaces cannot be associated with VRRP.
6. Associate the VRRP group with a BFD session.

[interface-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] vrrp vrid virtual-router-id track bfd-session { bfd-session-id | session-name

bfd-configure-name } [ increased value-increased | reduced value-reduced ]
If session-name bfd-configure-name is specified, the VRRP group can be associated only with static BFD
sessions with automatically negotiated discriminators or static BFD session discriminators.
If bfd-session-id is specified, a VRRP group can be bound to only static BFD sessions.

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VRRP Configuration Example

GE0/0/1 R1 configuration:
Master R1 R2 Backup [R1] interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
GE0/0/0 GE0/0/0 [R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] ip address 192.168.1.253 24
192.168.1.253/24 192.168.1.252/24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254
Switch
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] vrrp vrid 1 priority 120
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] vrrp vrid 1 preempt-mode timer delay 10
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] vrrp vrid 1 track interface
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 reduced 30
HostA HostB HostC
IP: 192.168.1.1/24 IP: 192.168.1.2/24 IP: 192.168.1.3/24
Gateway: Gateway: Gateway:
192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.254
R2 configuration:
Requirements: [R2] interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
• R1 and R2 form a VRRP group. R1 is the master and R2 is the backup.
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] ip address 192.168.1.252 24
• The preemption mode is used when the master recovers. The preemption
delay is 10 seconds. [R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254
• The master monitors the status of the uplink interface to implement [R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] vrrp vrid 1 priority 110
automatic VRRP active/standby switchover.

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Verifying Basic VRRP Configurations
[R1]display vrrp [R2]display vrrp
GigabitEthernet0/0/0 | Virtual Router 1 # Set the VRID to 1. GigabitEthernet0/0/0 | Virtual Router 1
State : Master The device is in Master state in the VRRP State : Backup # The device is in Backup state in the VRRP
group. group.
Virtual IP : 192.168.1.254 Virtual IP : 192.168.1.254
Master IP : 192.168.1.253 Master IP : 192.168.1.253
PriorityRun : 120 #Set the priority of the interface in the VRRP PriorityRun : 110 #The priority of the interface in the VRRP
group to 120. group is 110.
PriorityConfig : 120 PriorityConfig : 110
MasterPriority : 120 MasterPriority : 120
Preempt : YES Delay Time : 10 s # Enable the preemption mode Preempt : YES Delay Time : 0 s # Enable the preemption mode
and set the preemption delay to 10s. and set the preemption delay to 0.
TimerRun : 1 s TimerRun : 1 s
TimerConfig : 1 s TimerConfig : 1 s
Auth type : NONE Auth type : NONE
Virtual MAC : 0000-5e00-0101 Virtual MAC : 0000-5e00-0101
Check TTL : YES Check TTL : YES
Config type : normal-vrrp Config type : normal-vrrp
Track IF : GigabitEthernet0/0/1 Priority reduced : 30
IF state : UP

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 Quiz

1. (Multiple) Which of the following statements about the IP address in VRRP

packets are true? ( )
A. The source IP address is the IP address of an interface on the master.

B. The source IP address is the virtual IP address of the virtual router.

C. The destination IP address is a broadcast IP address.

D. The destination IP address is the IP address of the multicast group.

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1. AD
 Quiz

2. (Multiple) Which statements about VRRP timers are true? ( )

A. The default interval for sending VRRP Advertisement packets is 1s. The interval for
sending VRRP Advertisement packets associated with a VRRP router must be the same.

B. If the preemption delay is set to 4s, the backup becomes the new master if it does not
receive a VRRP Advertisement packet from the master within 4 seconds.

C. Set the preemption delay to 4s and the interval for sending VRRP Advertisement
packets to 2s. If the backup does not receive a VRRP Advertisement packet from the
master within 6s, the backup becomes the new master.

D. On a busy network, set the preemption delay to a large value to prevent VRRP flapping.

32 Huawei Confidential

2. AD
 Summary

⚫ As an important reliability technology, VRRP is often used to implement gateway

redundancy. VRRP improves network reliability and implements load balancing.
⚫ The VRRP priority is used to control VRRP master/backup election, and
active/standby switchover and switchback. To ensure network stability, the
preemption delay mechanism is designed for VRRP to reduce network flapping.
⚫ VRRP can monitor the status of uplink interfaces to detect network faults and
associate with VRRP to ensure network reliability. VRRP can also be bound to BFD
sessions to implement fast convergence. In addition, VRRP can be used together
with MSTP, which is a common networking solution in campus networks.

33 Huawei Confidential
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