13-Nov-25

CONTROL By Gaurav Omee, MCA, DCL

STRUCTURES IN IDI’s Blended Learning
Specialist
PYTHON Core Faculty (IS), SAI India.

FLOW OF
CONTROL
IN
PROGRAMS

Image source: [Link]

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If

Types of If else
conditional
statement If elif else

Nested if else
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Before
• We need to know the
getting into • Logical Operators and
conditional • Indentation
statements

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Equals: a == b

Different Not Equals: a != b

Logical Less than: a < b

operators Less than or equal to: a <= b
used in Greater than: a > b
Python
Greater than or equal to: a >= b

Indentation
• Python relies on indentation (whitespace at the beginning of a line)
to define scope in the code. Other programming languages often use
curly-brackets for this purpose.
• Eg
• a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a") # you will get an error

• #because print has not been given indentation. The correct

#format should be like below
• a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")

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if:
• If is used when a simple code of block is to be performed.
• Here the condition mentioned holds true then the code of
the block runs otherwise not.
• Syntax :
if condition:
# Statements to execute if condition is true
• Example :
if 15 > 7:
print("15 greater than 7")
Output:
print("Program ended") 15 greater than 7
Program ended

Notice the indentation used in above example python code

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elif:
• The elif keyword is Python's way of saying "if the
previous conditions were not true, then try this
condition“
• E.g.
• a = 33
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")

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else:
• The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught
by the preceding conditions.
• Eg:
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
else:
print("a is greater than b")

And
• The and keyword is a logical operator, and is used to
combine conditional statements:
• Eg:
a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b and c > a:
print("Both conditions are True")

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Or
• The or keyword is a logical operator, and is used to
combine conditional statements.
• Eg
a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b or a > c:
print("At least one of the conditions is True")

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Not
• The not keyword is a logical operator, and is used to
reverse the result of the conditional statement:
• E.g.
a = 33
b = 200
if not a > b:
print("a is NOT greater than b")

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Nested if
• You can have if statements inside if statements, this is
called nested if statements.
• E.g.
x = 41
if x > 10:
print("Above ten,")
if x > 20:
print("and also above 20!")
else:
print("but not above 20.")

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The Pass statement

• if statements cannot be empty, but if for some reason you
have an if statement with no content, put in the pass
statement to avoid getting an error.
• Eg
a = 33
b = 200

if b > a:
pass

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ITERATION
(LOOP)

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Loops in Python Programming

Language

WHILE LOOP FOR LOOP

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While Loop
• LOOP statements let you execute a sequence of statements multiple times.

• Until a specified criterion is true, the block of statements will be

continuously executed in while loop.

• As soon as the condition gives “False” output, the control will pass to the
next line that is out of the loop boundary.

• It’s very important for programmer to write a Loop in way that it must be
false some time otherwise your programme will go in infinite loop (never
ending stage).

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Syntax for While Loop

while expression:
statement(s)
Example:
# Print iCISA
# Guess, How many times iCISA will get printed
count = 0
while (count < 3):
count = count+1
Output:
print(“iCISA") iCISA
iCISA
iCISA

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For Loop
• Mainly used when a set of codes needs to be repeated for certain
number of times.
• The for-loop is usually used with an iterable object such as a list or a
range.

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Syntax for For Loop

for iterator_var in sequence:
statements(s)

In place of iterator variable, generally we give small i

In place of sequence, you may give any list or range. (Note: in
Python any word is also like a list, so you may give any word also in
place of sequence. Example on next slide.

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The Pass statement

• Whenever you are writing a Loop, there must be some statements
inside the loop.
• You cannot keep the statement portion empty. but if for some reason
you don’t have any statement then you can use pass to avoid getting
an error.
• Remember, we used pass in if statement also, for the same reason.
• Example of pass in For loop:

# An empty loop
# Guess, what will be output ?
for letter in “gauravkumaromee”:
Output
pass
e
print(letter)
(The last letter will be stored in letter after running the
loop till whole word gaurakumaromee. Bcoz pass
statement will allow to execute the loop till end.)

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The break statement

• This is also a loop control statement. As soon as Python compiler
encounters break inside any loop, the programme controls comes out
of the loop.
• Even if the loop condition is true, break will forcefully move the
programme control out of the loop.
• Example:

#Guess the output #Output will be

for i in range(5): 0
if i == 3: 1
break 2
print(i)

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The continue statement

• The continue statement skips the current iteration of the loop and
jump to the next iteration.
• It means it returns the control to the beginning of the loop.
• Example:

#Guess the output

#Output will be
for i in range(5):
0
if i == 3:
1
continue
2
print(i)
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Thank you !

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