hen we use the import, the class which is required that should be
W
only imported
Processor Directives #include #include
#include
#define #define
#import
These two directives are being support by c These
two directives are being support by c++ These two are not
supported by java
if we are using #include and #define, we are importing each and every
class which is present in some particular package. It will increase the
burdern on the compiler. So it is not a good practice. so in c and c++
we have to use the two processor directives but in java we can select
a particular class that needs to be imported which reduces the stress
on the compiler.
Inheritance means, acquiring the properties of one class into another
class
Inheritance Not supported in C, it is supported in C++, in java , it is
supported. Java does not support multiple inheritance
pointers pointers are supported by c and c++. In java it is being
eliminated and it is being replaced by references.
Pointers causes the issue of memory leaks so to overcome this java
as eliminated the pointers
- -------------Day12 21st July----------------
When joining the company we have three types of application
1) console based application
2) Desktop or stand alone applications
3) web-based application
) console based systems
1
the machine tha is being used by the bus conductors that type of
machine is known as console based systems. it doesn't have pointer
like a mouse. Just a small keypad to give the ticket
to make such aaplications we must know the following technologies
Core java + SQL + Embedded systems
Today it is deprecated. As a fresher, No new projects are being done.
User just maintain the existing projects
) Desktop applications/Stand alone application
2
Such projects works on the local machine.
They take some space from your overall screen. For example
Calculator.
The following technologies should be known Core Java [Applets,
AWT, Swings ======> GUI] + SQL
) Web-Based Application
3
Such projects involve servers
the ui is displayed on the browsers
echnologies that should be known Core Java + Advance Java
T
[JDBC, Servlets, JSP] + Frameworks [Spring] + UI[HTML, CSS,
Javascript, Angular 14, react, bootstrap etc] + SQL [MySQL, Oracle] +
Dev-ops
here are three editions of java
T
1) java Standard Edition (Java SE) Contains Libraries and packages
- Also known as J2SE or java 2 standard edition
- Referred to as the Core Java Software
- Used in building applets or desktop applications
) Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) Creating Web Applications
2
- Also Known as J2EE or java 2 Enterprise Edition
- Used to build server side applications
) Java Micro Edition (java ME) Creating Mobile and small devices
3
application
- Also known as java 2 micro edition
- used in building applications for wireless devices such as mobile
phones and PDAs
yntax of the abstract method
S
access-modifier keyword (abstract) return type method-name();
ifference between normal method and abstract method
d
for normal methods, there will be method body, but for the abstract
method there will be no method body
Inside interface by default there are abstract methods
asic java programming elements
B
package - Class
- Interface
- Enum
Class - Inside class, we can write variables, we can write methods,
and we can write variables inside method
Interface - Inside interface we can write variables, we can write
methods, but we cannot write variables inside methods. since
methods inside inside interface are abstract and abstract method don't
have method body
Enum - Inside enum, we can write variables, we can write methods,
and we can write variables inside method.
nderstanding JVM
U
Q) What happens internally if we are compiling and running the java
program ?
--> to run the java program, it involves two steps compilation and
running the java program
first we compile the program what does it mean ? during compilation
we check whethere our java program is correct according to the
syntax of the java language and if it is correct a .classFile is
generated. the generated dot classfile consist of byte code instructions
which is difficult for the humans to understand. it can be only
understand by the machines and in our scenario it is jvm (Java virtual
machine).
the command for compiling the java program is javac [Link]
now what is running ? running is done by the jvm. It take the
generated dot classFile as input and checks whether everything is
good or not and gives the output if everyting is correct if it is not good
then we will get error
java is platform independent but jvm is platform dependent
-------------------------Day 13 22nd july—------------------------
Internal architecture of JVM
Class Loader
Class Loader will perform 3 operations Loading, Linking and
initialization
Linking- suppose there are two classes classA andclassB both
are present in the same package, and we want to call the
method which is present in classA, in classB we can call that
method inside the main method which is present in classB. Now
to use classA method in classB, classA should be present if it is
not there then we will get an error. So there is a linkage between
class A and class B. that linking is handled by the class Loader.
Loading- when we want to run a java program we perform2
steps compilation and running, when we compile the java
program using the command javac [Link] if everything is
perfect, a dot classFile is generated and that file we gave to
VM, But before giving it to JVM, that file gets load into class
J
Loader and this part is handled by the Loader. Loading inside the
loading process linking checks the linkage between the any class
present or not some normal checks releatedto linking is done by
linking.
Initialization -there are three types of variablesstatic,instance
and local. The memory for the static variables is initialized
whenever we are compiling the program. The memory for
instance and local variable is initialized when we are running the
program. This function is also performed by the class loader.
Class Area
Heap Area
Stack Area
PC - Registers
Native Method Stack
Execution Engine - Interpreter and garbage collector
) How many memory areas are there in JVM ?
Q
-> there are 5 memory memory areas in JVM
1)Class Area
2)Heap Area
3)Stack Area
4)PC Registers
5)Native method stack
Class Area- Inside class area we store meta dataabout the class
Heap Area- Every java object will be created insidethe heap area.
Inside the Heap memory there is a special memory known as SCP
(String Constant Pool)
Stack area- whenever we are executing a method, thatmethod
requires some temporary memory to store the data in results, that
temporary memory will be allocated in the stack area
Consider the following example
Int a =20;
Int b = 10;
Int c =20 + (a+B)
Now 20 will store in a, 10 will store in b, 20+(a+b) will store in c and
(a+b) will be stored in stack area.
It allocates temporary memory which is needed by the java methods
to store their data and results.
PC Registers (Program Counter Registers) -It maintainslog files
which thread is executing at a particular point of time.
What are native method ?
The methods which are not written in java but those are used in java
they are known as native methods. For example all the method written
in applets
Such methods are stored inNative method Stack.
xecution Enginehas two componentsInterpreter andGarbage
E
Collector
Interpreter -This component reads the byte code instructionspresent
in the dot class file and executes them in the sequential manner.
Garbage Collector -GC is going to destroy all theunused or
unreferenced objects from the heap memory.
- ------Day 14 and Day 15 videos are not available--------
Object Class
Inheritance - acquiring the properties of one class into another. We will
use the key word extends. But we do ot require for the object class
because by default it acts as a parent class for all the classes.
Object class act as a first class in the hierarchy of java classes
TODO
Object class
Basics of inheritance
—---Day 16 no class—--
--Day 17 27th july—----------
—
Some methods which are present in object class
hashCode(), equals(), toString(), getClass(), finalize() these 5 methods
will be covered in today’s class
ait(), notify(), and noifyAll() these methods are used to communicate
w
between threads. This concept is known asinterthread
communications
Inside heap area we cannot get the address of the object. Objects live
inside heap memory and heap memory lives inside the JVM and full
form of JVM is java virtual machine i.e it is a virtual machine we
cannot get the address of the object.
hashCode() gives the unique identification number for the object to
distinguish objects
quals():It is boolean method, which checks the addresslocations of
e
two objects. If both the objects are present in the same location,
equals() will return true, If they are different locations then equals()
method will return false.
etClass():It is used to get the fully qualifiedclass name. For eg. to
g
find method1 bleongs to which class we will uset the
[Link]()
t oString():It is used to convert the object intoString represented
format.
hat is the difference between final, finally, finalize
W
Basic idea of garbage collector
Garbage collector will destroy all unused or unreferenced objects from
the heap area.
To call the garbage collector we can use he following method
[Link]().
If garbage collector is being called in your program then internally
finalize method will be called
--------------------------------Day 18
—
—---------------------------------------------------
bject
O
Objects are created from the class.
We can create any number of objects in a class.
To create an class object, we need to usenewkeywordand initialize
that object with the help of aconstructor.(Constructorname should
same as class name).
ariable
V
A variable provides identity to a memory location by using variables,
we can process the information easily.
ClassA, meth1(), a, aobj all these are known as identifiers
Naming conventions of an identifier
1)A Java identifier can start wit
a)A to Z
b)a to z
c)$ of _
2)A java identifier never starts with a number. But we can any
number combination between 0 and 9 in the name of an
identifier.
3)We can use only two symbols as identifier names [$ and _ ]
other special characters are invalid.
4)There should not be any space between the names of an
identifier.
5)Java is case sensitive, so int a=10 and int A=20 both are
different.
