Chapter 2
Database System Concepts and Architecture
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Chapter 2 Outline
Data Models, Schemas, and Instances Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence Database Languages and Interfaces The Database System Environment Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs Classification of Database Management Systems
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Data Models, Schemas, and Instances
Data abstraction
Suppression of details of data organization and storage Highlighting of the essential features for an improved understanding of data
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Data Models, Schemas, and Instances (cont'd.)
Data model
Collection of concepts that describe the structure of a database Provides means to achieve data abstraction Basic operations
Specify retrievals and updates on the database
Dynamic aspect or behavior of a database application
Allows the database designer to specify a set of valid operations allowed on database objects
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Categories of Data Models
High-level or conceptual data models
Close to the way many users perceive data Describe the details of how data is stored on computer storage media
Low-level or physical data models
Representational data models
Easily understood by end users Also similar to how data organized in computer storage
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Categories of Data Models (cont'd.)
Entity
Represents a real-world object or concept
Attribute
Represents some property of interest Further describes an entity
Relationship among two or more entities
Represents an association among the entities Entity-Relationship model
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Categories of Data Models (cont'd.)
Relational data model
Used most frequently in traditional commercial DBMSs
Object data model
New family of higher-level implementation data models Closer to conceptual data models
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Categories of Data Models (cont'd.)
Physical data models
Describe how data is stored as files in the computer Access path
Structure that makes the search for particular database records efficient
Index
Example of an access path Allows direct access to data using an index term or a keyword
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Schemas, Instances, and Database State
Database schema
Description of a database Displays selected aspects of schema Each object in the schema
Schema diagram
Schema construct
Database state or snapshot
Data in database at a particular moment in time
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence
Internal level
Describes physical storage structure of the database Describes structure of the whole database for a community of users Describes part of the database that a particular user group is interested in
Conceptual level
External or view level
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence (cont'd.)
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Data Independence
Capacity to change the schema at one level of a database system
Without having to change the schema at the next higher level
Types:
Logical Physical
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
DBMS Languages
Data definition language (DDL)
Defines both schemas Specifies the internal schema Specifies user views/mappings to conceptual schema Allows retrieval, insertion, deletion, modification
Storage definition language (SDL)
View definition language (VDL)
Data manipulation language (DML)
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
DBMS Languages (cont'd.)
High-level or nonprocedural DML
Can be used on its own to specify complex database operations concisely Set-at-a-time or set-oriented
Low-level or procedural DML
Must be embedded in a general-purpose programming language Record-at-a-time
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs
Centralized DBMSs Architecture
All DBMS functionality, application program execution, and user interface processing carried out on one machine
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Basic Client/Server Architectures
Servers with specific functionalities Client machines
Appropriate interfaces to utilize these servers Local processing power to run local applications
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Two-Tier Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs
Server handles
Query and transaction functionality related to SQL processing User interface programs and application programs
Client handles
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Two-Tier Client/Server Architectures (cont'd.)
Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
Provides application programming interface (API) Allows client-side programs to call the DBMS
Both client and server machines must have the necessary software installed
JDBC
Allows Java client programs to access one or more DBMSs through a standard interface
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Classification of Database Management Systems
Data model
Relational Object Hierarchical and network (legacy) Native XML DBMS
Number of users
Single-user Multiuser
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
Classification of Database Management Systems (cont'd.)
Number of sites
Centralized Distributed
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Cost
Open source Different types of licensing
Copyright 2011 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
