COMPUTER SYSTEM

COMPONENTS
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O
devices).
2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the hardware
among the various
application programs for the various users.
3. Applications programs – define the ways in which the system resources
are used to solve
the computing problems of the users
(compilers, database systems, video
games, business programs).
4. Users (people, machines, other
computers)
 
OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 1
 INTRODUCTION TO
OPERATING
Task SYSTEMS
1: Create a logical diagram of computer system to get output

Virtual Mass
Memory Physical Storage
Memor Device
y

Registers CPU Waiting

Queue
OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 2
 INTRODUCTION TO
OPERATING
Task 2: Where is OS? SYSTEMS
USERS

RESOURCES /
HARDWARE

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 3

 INTRODUCTION TO
OPERATING
Task SYSTEMS
3: Why not full memory space shown in system properties?

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 4

WHAT IS AN O.S?
An O.S is a program that provides interface b/w hardware and users. OR
A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer
and the computer hardware. OR It is a group of s/w computer to manage
resources as well as to bridge the h/w & s/w.
 
Key Purpose of O.S
·         Extended machine (an interface b/w h/w & users)
·         Resource management (management of devices)
 
Operating system goals
·         Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.
·         Make the computer system convenient to use.
·         Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
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GOALS OF OS
Primary :
Convenience
User Friendly
Secondary:
Efficiency

COMPUTER GRAPHICS BY DR. M. WASIM 6

FUNCTIONS OF OS
Process Management
Memory Management
I/O Devices Management
Network Management
Security Management
File Management

COMPUTER GRAPHICS BY DR. M. WASIM 7

OPERATING-SYSTEM
STRUCTURE
-Batch Operating System
-Multiprogramming
-Multitasking( Time Sharing extension of Multiprogramming )

COMPUTER GRAPHICS BY DR. M. WASIM 8

GENERATION
 
First generation 1945 – 1955
- Vacuum tube
- O.S was Plug board (PLA)
- Calculating engine (by Von Neuman)   
           
Second generation 1955 – 1965
- Transistors
- Production of IBM
            IBM     1401 (os/1401)
            IBM     7094 (both worked together)

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 9

IBM 1401
They read to punch card with very high speed
(Only read able device)
 
IBM 7094
They perform calculation
(Calculation is very fast, FMS, Fortran Monitoring System)
                                                 
After read        calculation
                        Job >>1401 >>>>>>>>>>> Job >>>>>>>> 7094

After calculation      

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 10

 Procedure to Sending jobs

$ Job
$ Fortran
$ Data format
$ Load
$ Run
 
Third generation 1965 – 1980

- IC based (components)
- System/360 or os/360
- Fred Brooks (writer)
- Title of this book is “Comprehensive”

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 11

IBM

- DEC–PDP–1(4K Memory, 18 bits operation)

- O.S was “MULTICS”

Ken Thomsons
- First person, worked on Linux.
- He has read System/360 previously.
- He writes Linux after MULTICS.
 
Fourth generation 1980 – 1990
- DOS was very popular
- Components LSI >>>>>>>>>> VLSI
- O.S is DOS, UNIX, and Windows

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 12

Fifth generation 1991 – 2005
- O.S – Java (Trial basis)
- Distributed processing
- Distributed file system
 Smart card
- An application on Windows 2000
- Centralize Processing
1. Process management          
2. File system management
3. Memory management
4. I/O management
5. GUI management
6. System calls management
7. Error/Exception management
8. Log management
9. Device management
10. Interrupt handling management OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 13
OPERATING SYSTEMS DEFINITION  
 Resource allocator - Manages and allocates resources.
 Control program - Controls the execution of user programs and
operations of I/O devices.
 Kernel 
• A kernel is the central part of an operating system
• It manages the operations of the computer and
the hardware - most notably memory and CPU time
• Kernel, which contains many device drivers

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 14

MAINFRAME SYSTEMS  
 Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
 Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers control from
one job to another. 
 First rudimentary operating system
 Resident monitor
• Initial control in monitor
• control transfers to job
• When job completes control transfers   back    to monitor

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 15

 MAINFRAME SYSTEMS  
Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System

Multi Programmed Batch Systems

Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time,
and the CPU is multiplexed among them.

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OPERATING SYSTEMS FEATURES
NEEDED FOR MULTIPROGRAMMING
 

 I/O routine supplied by the system

 Memory management – the system must allocate the memory
to several jobs
 CPU scheduling – the system must choose among several jobs
ready to run
 Allocation of devices

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TIME SHARING SYSTEMS
(INTERACTIVE COMPUTING)  
 The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept in memory
and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only if the job is in
memory)
 A job swapped in and out from the memory
 On-line communication between the user and the system is provided;
when the operating system finishes the execution of one command,
it seeks the next “control statement” from the user’s keyboard
 On-line (active job) system must be available for users to access data
and code
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DESKTOP SYSTEMS  
 Personal computers – computer system dedicated to a single user.
 I/O devices – keyboards, mouse, display screens, small printers.
 User convenience and responsiveness.
 Can adopt technology developed for larger operating system.
 Often individuals have sole use of computer and do not need
advanced CPU utilization or protection features.
 May run several different types of operating systems (Windows,
MacOS, UNIX, Linux)

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MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS  
Multiprocessor systems with more than one CPU in close communication.

Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and a clock;

communication usually takes place through the shared memory.
Advantages of parallel system
1      Increased throughput
2      Economical
3      Increased reliability
• graceful degradation
• fail-soft systems
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 SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSING
(SMP)  
  1. Each processor runs same O.S
2. Each processor runs an identical copy of the operating system.
3. Many processes can run at once without performance
deterioration.
4. Most modern operating systems support SMP

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 21

ASYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSING  

1.  Each processor is assigned a specific task; master processor

schedules and allocates work to slave processors.
2.  More common in extremely large systems

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DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS  
 Distribute the computation among several physical processors
 Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own local memory;
processors communicate with one another through various
communications lines, such as high-speed buses or telephone lines
 Advantages of distributed systems.
1      Resources handling
2      Computation speed up – load sharing
3      Reliability P1 >>>>>>>>>>>> Clock1
4      Communications  P2 >>>>>>>>>>>> Clock2

5      Requires networking infrastructure

6      Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area networks (WAN)
7      May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems
8      Different processors have different clock & memory
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GENERAL STRUCTURE OF CLIENT-
SERVER
When  
a user request to a c/s then it will active and after providing the
job against the user request its activity becomes zero.
 Highly structured
 Efficient
 Low memory required
 It use all the resources very well but not involve it self in any
operation.
 It is also controlled all resources

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CLUSTER SYSTEMS  
 Clustering allows two or more systems to share storage.
 Provides high reliability.
 There are two types of multiprocessing, Symmetric Multiprocessing
and Asymmetric Multiprocessing. Multiprocessing system has more
than one processor and they can execute multiple process
simultaneously. In Symmetric Multiprocessing, processors shares the
same memory.

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CLUSTER SYSTEMS  
 In Asymmetric Multiprocessing there is a one master processor that
controls the data structure of the system. The primary difference
between Symmetric and Asymmetric Multiprocessing is that
in Symmetric Multiprocessing all the processor in the system run tasks in
OS. But, in Asymmetric Multiprocessing only the master processor run
task in OS.

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REAL TIME 
When the processor & all controls run at the same time then it is
called real time.
 
Real-Time Systems
 Data comes at real time
 Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as
controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial
control systems, and some display systems
 Well-defined fixed-time constraints
 Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-time
OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 27
HARD REAL-TIME SYSTEMS  
 Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term
memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
 Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by general-
purpose operating systems.
 No compromise on task & time
 e.g ROBOTS

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 28

SOFT REAL-TIME SYSTEMS  
 Limited utility in industrial control of robotics
 Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality)
requiring   advanced operating-system features.
 There is some compromisation on task & time

DESIGNING OF A PROCESSOR
 Instruction set ------- 37 instruction in 8086
 Instruction working/what does is doing?
 Clock tuning processing

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 29

APPROACHES TOWARDS
DEVELOPMENT  
1. Monolithic system development approach
2. Layered system development approach
3. Virtual machine sys. Development approach
4. Client-Server system development approach

1. Monolithic System                   
- A main program
- A set of service
- A set of utility   

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APPROACHES TOWARDS
DEVELOPMENT  
2. Layered System
   MULTICS
- Hierarchies of layer
- Each layer has only one job to do
4.     User
- Closely coupled layer
3.     I/O
- e.g MULTICS                                                             
 
2.     Process Communication
.
1.     Memory
0.     Process allocation

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 31

 APPROACHES TOWARDS
DEVELOPMENT  
3. Virtual Machine System
   - Which simulates all H/W
- DOS virtual machine 380K
- Java  virtual machine 620K
  Memory
    One instruction is execute at (1/100) MHz.

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 32

APPROACHES TOWARDS
DEVELOPMENT  
Handheld Systems

 Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

 Cellular telephones
 Issues:
a. Limited memory
b. Slow processors
c. Small display screens.

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 33

MIGRATION OF OPERATING
SYSTEMS 

OPERATING SYSTEMS BY DR. M. WASIM 34

READING ASSIGNMENT
1. Parallel Systems
2. Distributed Systems
3. Client Server Architectures

Understand & compare these systems

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