m
m
m Device that channels incoming data from any of the
multiple input ports to any of the output ports.
m Ê
Ê
..CIRCUIT SWITCHING
2..PACKET SWITCHING
m In circuit switching a dedicated path is established for
m communication. EX..telephone networks
m In packet switching, the messages to be transmitted is
broken to small PACKETS.
m ROUTING and TRANSMISSION are the two functions
required to move packets through networks
m The router uses the information in the packet-(IP
header, Type, Priority) to route the packets from input
to output with minimal packet loss..
m!"#
m A medium for transmitting information in the form of
light pulses along a glass/fiber
m Also known as LIGHT PIPE
m Provides greater bandwidth
$
%$ m &' (
)
%&*
^A technology used to increase the information rate
^Here multiple signals can traverse through a single
strand of optic fiber
'
^ y the use of this
technology, optic
fiber
transmission
system can carry
32-80
wavelengths
modulated @
2.5gbps- 0gbps
per wavelength
m & m &%
^In MAN, links between the nodes are optical fibers
^Here packets are in the optical format
^O-E-O conversion are required at the interface
&m
^LIMITED PACKET PROCESSING
^SLOW OPERATION
^COST AND COMPLEXITY
^CROSS TALK
These limitations degrades the performance of the
system affecting the bandwidth
m'm +
^The solution is OPTICAL PACKET SWITCHING
^The signals are being processed by means of OPTICAL
SWITCH FA RIC
OPTICAL SWITCH FA RIC
Optical signals
Optical signals
'
An OPS node consists of
following components
. INPUT INTERFACE
2. SWITCHING
MATRIX
3. UFFER
4. OUTPUT INTERFACE
5. ELECTRONIC
CONTROL
UNIT
' ,
^Wave length conversion
->conversion of external to internal
m wavelengths
->identification of the beginning and end of the
header and payload
^Provides synchronization
^Header processing
m m'
^Processing routing information
^Updates header information
^Forwards header to output interface
&(
^ Optical switching of the payloads according to
the commands from the control unit
m' ' ,
^Provides 3R(reamplification ,reshaping, retiming)
regeneration
^Attaches updated header to corresponding
optical payload
^Conversion of internal to external wavelength
^resynchronization
,m&
^A generic packet format consists of
m Header
Payload
Additional GUARD ANDS before and after payload
%
^A packet header may comprise of following fields
m Ê
- provides synchronization
m Ê-provides source node address
Destination Label-provides destination node
address
m -type and priority of the carried payload
- .
m Ê
:Packet sequence number to
reorder packets arriving out of order and guarantee in-
order packet delivery
m m : Operation, Administration,Maintenance
m
: Head Error Correction
m
/'
^Two types of optical switching techniques
.ALL OPTICAL LA EL SWAPPING (AOLS)
[Link] CRYSTAL SWITCHES
m 0
m Consists of Optical Core Networks
.Edge Router
[Link] Router
m Here Packets can be routed independent of Payload
it Rate, Coding format ,length etc
m Can handle IP packets as well as ATM cells
0
^A Lower it Rate (LA EL) is attached to the
front of the packet
^A LA EL contains-
.Error checking information
2. Source Information
3. Destination Information
4. Framing and timing information
m
^Packets entered through EDGE nodes (source
side) is encapsulated with the optical label
^Header is removed.
^At internal CORE nodes, the label is optically erased,
embedded with a new label
^The payloads with the label gets routed in the networks
^At the Edge nodes (destination side) ,the label is Erased
back to packet payload
^Updated header is encapsulated to the payload
w
J /'%1
^Principle : -when an electric field is applied to
liquid crystal, the molecules line up and
become opaque
^The molecules are so thin and straight, will allow light of a
particular orientation to pass through the liquid crystal
^It consists of 2 components
4. CELL
5. DISPLACER
%%
: Formed by placing the liquid crystal between 2
plates of glass
^Glass is coated with oxide materials that conducts
electricity
^The function is to REORIENT the polarized light
entering the cell
Ê
^It is a composite crystal that directs the polarized light
leaving the cell
-
^The new technology Ȃregarded as ULTIMATE
m SOLUTION to bandwidth needs PROVIDING
-->IMPROVED EFFICIENCY
-->LOW COSTS
-->UTILISE DWDM
%m 01
Ê Ê
ÊÊÊ
