MASS TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS
Diffusion, Concentration and Fick’s Law
Dr. Fahad Ali Rabbani
Diffusion is relative flow of one material into another
Mass flow process by which species change their position relative to their neighbours.
Diffusion of a species occurs from a region of high concentration to low concentration
(usually). More accurately, diffusion occurs down the chemical potential (µ) gradient.
To comprehend many materials related phenomenon (as in the figure below) one must understand
Diffusion.
Roles of Diffusion
Oxidation Creep
Metals Many mechanisms
Sintering Aging
Precipitates
Doping Carburizing
Semiconductors Steels
Many more… Material Joining Diffusion bonding
When a perfume bottle is opened at one end of a room, its smell reaches the other end via
the diffusion of the molecules of the perfume.
If we consider an experimental setup as below (with Ar and H 2 on different sides of a
chamber separated by a movable piston), H2 will diffuse faster towards the left (as
compared to Ar). As obvious, this will lead to the motion of movable piston in the
direction of the slower moving species.
H2 diffusion direction
Ar H2
Movable piston
Piston motion
with an orifice
Piston moves in the
direction of the slower
moving species
Ar diffusion direction
CONCENTRATION:
• Concentration in a mixture of components can be
expressed in many ways.
Concentration gradient. Concentration can be designated in many ways (e.g. moles per unit
volume). Concentration gradient is the difference in concentration between two points
(usually close by).
Steady state. The properties at a single point in the system does not change with time. These
properties in the case of fluid flow are pressure, temperature, velocity and mass flow rate.
In the context of diffusion, steady state usually implies that, concentration of a given
species at a given point in space, does not change with time.
Important terms
MASS CONCENTRATION:
• Mass of a component per unit volume of the mixture.
• For component A in a mixture,
TOTAL MASS CONCENTRATION:
• Density of the mixture, mass per unit volume of the
mixture.
MOLAR CONCENTRATION:
• Moles of a component per unit volume of the mixture.
• For component A in a mixture,
• For a gaseous mixture,
TOTAL MOLAR CONCENTRATION:
• Total moles in a mixture per unit volume.
• For gaseous mixture,
MASS FRACTION:
• Mass concentration of a specie per unit total mass density.
MOLE FRACTION:
• Molar concentration of a specie per unit total molar density.
• For liquid mixtures,
• For gas phase mixtures,
VELOCITIES:
• In
a multicomponent mixture, the various species will
move at different velocities.
• Therefore evaluation of velocity of a gas mixture requires
averaging of the velocity of each specie.
I. Mass average velocity
II. Mole average velocity
MASS AVERAGE VELOCITY:
MOLAR AVERAGE VELOCITY:
FRAMES OF REFERENCE:
MASS FLUX:
• Mass of specie i that passes through a unit area per unit
time.
MOLAR FLUX:
• Moles of specie i that passes through a unit area per unit
time.
FICK’S LAW:
• The basic law of diffusion given by Adolf Eugen Fick in 1885.
• The law states that molar flux of a species relative to an observer is
propotional to the concentration gradient of the species.
• If A diffuses in a binary mixture of A and B then,
• The constant of proportionality is the Diffusivity or Diffusion
Coefficient (D).
• ‘D’ is assumed to be independent of the concentration gradient.
• Diffusivity is a material property. It is a function of the composition
of the material and the temperature.
FICK’S EQUATION (RELATIVE TO STATIONARY COORDINATES):
• Molar average velocity is given by
• Molar flux relative to a stationary observer is given by
• For a binary mixture of components A and B,
--------------(1)
FICK’S EQUATION (RELATIVE TO STATIONARY COORDINATES):
• Fick’s Law equation:
• Molar flux relative to observer moving with molar average
velocity is given by
FICK’S EQUATION (RELATIVE TO STATIONARY COORDINATES):
Bulk Flow Molecular Diffusion
• If the concentration of A in mixture is small (dilute solution)
• Same as for stationary observer.
• For gas phase diffusion,
PROBLEM:
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