Object Oriented
Programming-Java
Basics
1
Application Programming Interface(API) or
Java Class Libraries(JCL).
Java programs consist of pieces called classes.
These classes are grouped into packages—collections
of related classes
Classes include pieces called methods that perform
tasks
Java contain a collection of ready made clasess called
Java class libraries, which are also known as the Java
APIs (Application Programming Interfaces).
Class libraries are embedded in compilers by compiler
vendors
You can either use ready made classes or create your
own classes (user defined classes) 2
Five Phases of Java Program
Edit
Creasing a program
Writing source code using
Editors e.g. notepad etc are used, some
editors are integrated in IDEs.
Written program is saved in secondary
storage in a file with .java extension
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Five Phases of Java Program
Compile
uses the command javac to compile a program in
command window for windows, mac, and linux.
Java Compiler is used
Java compiler translates Java source code into
bytecodes
Stores them on disk in a file ending with .class
Bytecodes are executed by the JVM—a part of the
JDK
JVM abstracts OS and Hardware so that program
only interacts with JVM
The JVM is invoked by the java command when you
run a program. 4
Five Phases of Java Program
Load
program is placed in primary memory(RAM)
before it can execute
Loader is used for program loading
loader takes the .class files containing the
program’s bytecodes and transfers them to
primary memory(RAM).
The class loader also loads any of the .class
files provided by API or JCL that your program
uses.
The .class files can be loaded from a disk on
your system or over a network/Internet. 5
Five Phases of Java Program
Verify
as the classes are loaded, the bytecodes are
examined to ensure that they are valid and do
not violate Java’s security restrictions.
bytecode Verifier is used for Java code
verification
java enforces strong security, to make sure
that Java programs arriving over the network
do not damage your files or your system.
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Five Phases of Java Program
Execute
the JVM executes the program’s bytecodes,
thus performing the actions specified by the
program.
translates the bytecodes into the underlying
computer’s machine language.
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General Structure of a Java
program
//there must be at least one class declaration
public class Sample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link]("Hall Java");
}
}
( ) parentheses indicate method
{ } braces forming blocks to delimit the body of declaration
“ ” double quotation
‘ ’ quotation
; semicolon to terminate statement 8
Statements-perform method’s task
General Structure of a Java
program
Class: keyword is used to declare a class
Public: keyword is an access modifier which represents
visibility.
Static: is a keyword, class method or static method. There is
no need to create object to invoke the static method. The main
method is executed by the JVM, so it doesn't require to create
object to invoke the main method. So it saves memory.
Void: is the return type of the method, it means it doesn't return
any value.
Main: represents startup of the program.
String[] args: is used for command line argument. We will
learn it later.
[Link]: output object which allow output of characters to 9
command-line.
Outputting to the Console cont…
print: does not place output cursor at the beginning of a new
line
e.g
public class Sample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link]("Hall Programing");
[Link]("Hall Java");
}
}
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Outputting to the Console cont…
println: place output cursor at the beginning of a new line
e.g
public class Sample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link]("Hall Programing");
[Link]("Hall Java");
}
}
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Outputting to the Console count.
printf: formats output
E.g
public class Sample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link]("%s", "Hall World");
[Link]( "%s\n%s\n", "Welcome to", "Java Programming!" );
}
}
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Outputting to the Console count.
Each format specifier is a placeholder for a value and specifies
the type of data to output.
Format specifiers also may include optional formatting
information.
Format specifiers example:
%s: placeholder for string
%d: placeholder for integers
%f: placeholder for doubles
%c: placeholder for character
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Inputint from the Console.
Scanner
import [Link];
public class Addition{
public static void main(String args[]){
Scanner input = new Scanner([Link]);
int number1;
int number2;
int sum;
[Link]("Enter first integer");
number1 = [Link]();
[Link]("Enter second integer");
number2 = [Link]();
sum = number1 + number2;
[Link]("sum is %d\n", sum); }}
Expression: Portions of statements that contain calculation. 14
[Link]: standard input object reads of information typed by the user.
Escape Sequence
\: backslash is called escape character.
\n: Newline. Position the screen cursor at the
beginning of the next line.
\t: Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the
next tab stop.
\r: Carriage return. Position the screen cursor at the
beginning of the current line—do not advance to the
next line. Any characters output after the carriage
return overwrite the characters previously output on
that line.
\\: Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.
\“: Double quote. Used to print a double-quote
character. For example displays 15
Comments
Comments make the code Readable
Give Comments wherever necessary
Eg.
// This is a single line of comments
/* This is a block
of comments */
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Data Types
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Primitive Data Types
Keyword Description Size(Range)
int Integer 32 bits()
byte Byte-Length Integer 8 bits()
short Short Integer 16 bits()
long Long Integer 64 bits()
float Single-Precision Floating Point 32 bits()
double Double-Precision Floating Point 64 bits()
char A Single Character 16 bits()
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boolean A Boolean Value (true or false) 1 bit()
Type Conversion & Casting
A variable can be assigned a value that is different
to its data type
In cases where precision is not lost, conversion is
automatically handled
Eg. int x = 5;
long y = x;
In cases where precision is lost Type Casting has
to be done
Eg. int x = 5;
short y = (short) x;
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Variables (Fields)
A variable is a location in the computer’s memory where a
value can be stored for use later in a program
Have a name(any valid identifier): Locate variable.
Have a type: specifies the kind of data stored at that
memory’s location.
Defining a variable.
AccessSpecifier DataType VariableName = Value;
private int x = 5;
char c = ‘x’;
boolean b; 20
final int i = 8;
Variables (Fields)
Types of Variables
Local Variable: A variable that is declared
inside the method is called local variable.
Instance Variable: A variable that is declared
inside the class but outside the method is
called instance variable . It is not declared as
static.
Static variable: A variable that is declared as
static is called static variable. It cannot be
local.
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Variables (Fields)
e.g
public class A
{
int data=50;//instance variable
static int m=100;//static variable
void method()
{
int n=90;//local variable
}
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}//end of class
Operators
An Operator performs a function on one, two
or three operands
Categories of Operators in Java :-
Arithmetic Operators
Relational and Conditional Operators
Shift and Logical Operators
Assignment Operators
Special Operators
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Binary Arithmetic Operators
Java supports various arithmetic operators for all
integer and floating point operators
Operator Use Description
+ op1 + op2 Adds op1 and op2
- op1 - op2 Subtracts op2 from op1
* op1 * op2 Multiplies op1 by op2
/ op1 / op2 Divides op1 by op2
% op1 % op2 Computes the remainder
of dividing op1 by op2 24
Unary Arithmetic Operators
Shortcut increment decrement operators
Operator Use Description
++ op++ Increments op by 1; evaluates to the value
of op before it was incremented
++ ++op Increments op by 1; evaluates to the value
of op after it was incremented
-- op-- Decrements op by 1; evaluates to the value
of op before it was decremented
-- --op Decrements op by 1; evaluates to the value
of op after it was decremented
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Relational and Conditional
Operators
Compares two values and determines the
relationship between them
Operator Use Returns true if
> op1 > op2 op1 is greater than op2
>= op1 >= op2 op1 is greater than or equal to op2
< op1 < op2 op1 is less than op2
<= op1 <= op2 op1 is less than or equal to op2
== op1 == op2 op1 and op2 are equal
!= op1 != op2 op1 and op2 are not equal 26
Relational and Conditional
Operators
Used to construct decision making expressions
Operator Use Returns true if
&& op1 && op2 op1 and op2 are both true, conditionally
evaluates op2
|| op1 || op2 either op1 or op2 is true, conditionally
evaluates op2
! ! op op is false
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Shift and Logical Operators
Shift Operators perform bit manipulation on data by
shifting the bits of its first operand right or left
Operator Use Description
>> op1 >> op2 shift bits of op1 right by
distance op2
<< op1 << op2 shift bits of op1 left by
distance op2
>>> op1>>>op2 shift bits of op1 right by
distance op2 (unsigned)
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Shift and Logical Operators
e.g. :- 13 >> 1
Shifting 1101 (13) to right by one position
results in 110 (6)
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Shift and Logical Operators
Bitwise functions of number operands
Operator Use Description
& op1 & op2 bitwise and
| op1 | op2 bitwise or
^ op1 ^ op2 bitwise xor
~ ~ op bitwise complement
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Shift and Logical Operators
When its operands are numbers, the & operation
performs the bitwise AND function on each parallel
pair of bits in each operand
op1 op2 Result
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
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Shift and Logical Operators
e.g. :- 13 & 12
1101 //13
& 1100 //12
-------
1100 //12
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Assignment Operators
Basic assignment operator (=) is used to assign
one value to another
Shortcut Assignment Operators
Operator Use Equivalent to
+= op1 += op2 op1 = op1 + op2
-= op1 -= op2 op1 = op1 - op2
*= op1 *= op2 op1 = op1 * op2
/= op1 /= op2 op1 = op1 / op2
%= op1 %= op2 op1 = op1 % op2
&= op1 &= op2 op1 = op1 & op2 33
Special Operators
Operator Description
?: Shortcut if-else statement
[] Used to declare arrays, create arrays, and
access array elements
. Used to form qualified names
( params ) Delimits a comma-separated list of
parameters
( type ) Casts (converts) a value to the specified type
new Creates a new object or a new array
instanceof Determines whether its first operand is an
instance of its second operand
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Special Operators
op1 ? op2 : op3
returns op2 if op1 is true or returns op3 if op1
is false
[ ] operator
e.g. :-
float[] arrayOfFloats = new float[10];
arrayOfFloats[6] accesses the 7th element of
the array
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Special Operators
Dot (.) Operator :-
Accesses instance members of an
object or class members of a class
The ( ) operator :-
Used to list arguments when calling a method
The new operator :-
Used to create new objects
e.g. :- Integer anInteger = new Integer(10);
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Special Operators
The instanceof Operator :-
Tests whether first operand is an instance of
the second
op1 instanceof op2
op1 must be the name of an object and op2
must be the name of a class
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