Application Based Programming in
Python
Lecture - 3
Operators, Expression and Data types
Today’s Outline
• Previous Session:
• Introduction to Token.
• Statements and Expressions.
• Today’s Session:
• Data Types, indexing and Operators
• Mutable and Immutable data types.
• Data type conversion.
• Operators.
• Hands on Session with Jupyter Notebook:
• We will practice on the Python basic elements in Jupyter Notebook.
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Data Types
• Data type is the classification of the type of values that
can be assigned to variables.
• Dynamically typed languages, the interpreter itself
predicts the data type of the Python Variable based on
the type of value assigned to that variable.
>>> x = 2
x is a variable and 2 is its value
>>> type(x)
int
x can be assigned different values;
>>> x = 2.3
hence, its type changes accordingly >>> type(x)
float
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Data Types (Numbers)
The number data type is divided into the following five
data types: >>> a = 0x19
>>> a = 2 >>> type(a)
>>> type(a) int
• Integer int >>> a = 2 + 5j
• Long Integer (removed from >>>
py3)a = 2.5 >>>type(a)
• Floating-point Numbers >>> type(a) complex
float >>> type(a)
• Complex Numbers >>> a = 0o11 float
>>> type(a) >>> a = 9999999L
int >>> type(a)
long
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Data Types (String)
• Python string is an ordered collection of characters
which is used to represent and store the text-based
information. Strings are stored as individual characters
in a contiguous memory location. It can be accessed
from both directions: forward and backward.
>>> a = “Sharda”
>>> print(a)
Sharda
>>> a = ‘University’
>>> print(a)
University
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Data Types (String)
• Characters of string can be individually accessed using
a method called indexing.
• Characters can be accessed from both directions:
forward and backward.
• Forward indexing starts form 0, 1, 2…. Whereas,
backward indexing starts form −1, −2, −3…
>>> a = “Sharda University”
>>> print(a[5])
t
>>> print(a[-1])
y
>>> print(a[-5])
r
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• Mutable Data Types: Data types in python where the
value assigned to a variable can be changed
• Immutable Data Types: Data types in python where the
value assigned to a variable cannot be changed
Lists
Tuples
Data Types (Tuples)
• Tuple data type in Python is a collection of various
immutable Python objects separated by commas.
• Tuples are generally used for different Python Data
Types.
• A Python tuple is created using parentheses around the
elements in the tuple. Although using parentheses is
only optional, it is considered a good practice to use
>>> a = (1,2,3,4)
them. >>> print(a)
(1,2,3,4)
>>> a = (‘ABC’,’DEF’,’XYZ’)
>>>print(a)
(ABC,DEF,XYZ)
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Data Types (Tuple)
• To access an element of a tuple, we simply use the
index of that element. We use square brackets.
• Reverse Indexing by using indexes as −1, −2, −3, and
so on, where −1 represents the last element.
• Slicing that is, extract some elements from the tuple.
>>> a = (1,2,3,4) >>> a = (1,2,3,4)
>>> print(a[1]) >>> print(a[-1])
2 4
>>> a = (‘ABC’,’DEF’,’XYZ’) >>> a = (‘ABC’,’DEF’,’XYZ’)
>>>print(a[2]) >>>print(a[1:])
XYZ (DEF, XYZ)
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Data Types (List)
Unlike strings, lists can contain any sort of objects:
numbers, strings, and even other lists. Python lists are:
• Ordered collections of arbitrary objects >>> a = [2,3,4,5]
• Accessed by offset >>> b = [“Sharda”,
• Arrays of object references “University”]
•
>>> print(a,b)
Of variable length, heterogeneous, and arbitrarily
nestable >>> [2,3,4,5]
• Of the category, mutable sequence [‘Sharda’,
• Data types in which elements are stored in the index
’University’]
basis with starting index as 0
• Enclosed between square brackets ‘[]’
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Data Types (List)
• Much similar to strings, we can use the index number to
access items in lists as shown below.
• Accessing a List Using Reverse Indexing
• To access a list in reverse order, we have to use indexing from
−1, −2…. Here, −1 represents the last item in the list.
>>> a = [“Sharda”, “University”, “Computer”]
>>> print(a[0])
Sharda
>>> print(a[-1])
Computer
>>> print(a[1])
University
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Data Types (Set)
• It is an unordered collection of elements which means
that a set is a collection that stores elements of
different Python Data Types.
• In Python sets, elements don’t have a specific order.
• Sets in Python can’t have duplicates. Each item is
unique.
• The elements of a =set
>>> myset in Python
{“sharda”, are “science”}
“computer”, immutable. They
can’t accept changes once added.
>>>print(myset)
{‘sharda', 'computer', 'science’}
>>>myset = set((“sharda”, “computer”, “science”))
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Data Types ( Dictionary)
• Yet another unordered collection of elements.
• Difference between dictionary and other unordered
Python data types such as sets lies in the fact that
unlike sets, a dictionary contains keys and values rather
than just elements.
• Unlike lists the values in dictionaries are accessed using
keys and not by their positions
>>>dict1 ={“Branch”:”computer”,”College”:”Sharda”,”year”:2025}
>>>print (dict1)
{‘Branch’:’computer’,’College’:’Sharda’,’year’:2025}
>>>di = dict({1:’abc’,2:’xyz’})
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Data Types ( Dictionary)
• The keys are separated from their respective values by a
colon (:) between them, and each key–value pair is
separated using commas (,).
• All items are enclosed in curly braces.
• While the values in dictionaries may repeat, the keys are
always unique.
• The value can be of any data type, but the keys should be
of immutable data type, that is
• Using the key inside square brackets like we used to use
>>>dict1 ={“Branch”:”computer”,”College”:”Bennett”,”year”:2020}
the index inside
>>>print square brackets.
(dict1[year])
2020
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Datatype Conversion
• As a matter of fact, we can do various kinds of
conversions between strings, integers and floats using
the built-in int, float, and str functions
>>> x = 10 >>> y = "20" >>> z = 30.0
>>> float(x) >>> float(y) >>> int(z)
10.0 20.0 30
>>> str(x) >>> int(y) >>> str(z)
'10' 20 '30.0'
>>> >>> >>>
integer float string float float integer
integer string string integer float string
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Explicit and Implicit Data Type
Conversion
• Data conversion can happen in two ways in Python
1. Explicit Data Conversion (we saw this earlier with the int, float, and str
built-in functions)
2. Implicit Data Conversion
• Takes place automatically during run time between ONLY numeric values
• E.g., Adding a float and an integer will automatically result in a float
value
• E.g., Adding a string and an integer (or a float) will result in an error
since string is not numeric
• Applies type promotion to avoid loss of information
• Conversion goes from integer to float (e.g., upon adding a float and
an integer) and not vice versa so as the fractional part of the float is
not lost
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Implicit Data Type Conversion:
Examples
The result of an expression that involves >>> print(2 + 3.4)
5.4
a float number alongside (an) integer
>>> print( 2 + 3)
number(s) is a float number
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>>> print(9/5 * 27 + 32)
80.6
>>> print(9//5 * 27 + 32)
59
>>> print(5.9 + 4.2)
10.100000000000001
>>>
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Implicit Data Type Conversion:
Examples
The result of an expression that involves >>> print(2 + 3.4)
5.4
a float number alongside (an) integer
>>> print( 2 + 3)
number(s) is a float number
5
The result of an expression that involves >>> print(9/5 * 27 + 32)
80.6
values of the same data type will not result
>>> print(9//5 * 27 + 32)
in any conversion
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>>> print(5.9 + 4.2)
10.100000000000001
>>>
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Operators
• Arithmetic Operators (**, *,/,//,%,+,_)
• Comparison Operators (<, <=, >,
>=, ==)
• Python Assignment Operators (=,
+=, -=, *=, /=)
• Logical Operators (and, or, not)
• Bitwise Operators (&, |, ~, >>, <<,
^)
• Membership Operators (in, not in)
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Operator
• Arithmetic operator
Low High
Precedence
+ - * / // % **
Plus minus multiplication Float Integer Mod power
division division (remainder)
3 3 2 2 2 2 1
Left to right Right to left
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Comparison Operators
Boolean expressions ask a question Operator Description
== Equals to
• Produce a Yes or No result which we use to control != Not equals to
program flow <> Not equals to
Boolean expressions using comparison > Greater than
operators evaluate to: < Less Than
• True / False - Yes / No >= Greater Than Equals to
<= Less Than Equals to
Comparison operators look at variables
• But do not change the variables
== Equals to is used for comparison
= Is used for assignment 29
Example
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Logical operators
• Logical operators are the and, or, not operators.
Operator Meaning Example
and True if both the operands are true x and y
or True if either of the operands is true x or y
not True if operand is false (complements the operand) not x
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Logical Boolean
AND/OR True/False
AND OR
X Y Output >>>a=7>7 >>>a=7>7 or X Y Output
and 2>-1 2>-1
TRUE TRUE TRUE >>>print(a) >>>print(a) TRUE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
>>>print(7 and 0 or 5) TRUE FALSE TRUE
FALSE TRUE FALSE 5
FALSE TRUE TRUE
FALSE FALSE FALSE
FALSE FALSE FALSE
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Logical operators
Just the reverse of
NOT
what is there.
• not(true) false
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Bitwise operators
Operator Description
& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it
Bitwise operators act on operands as exists in both operands
if they were string of binary digits. | Binary OR It copies a bit if it exists in either
operand.
^ Binary XOR It copies the bit if it is set in one
operand but not both.
It operates bit by bit.
~ Binary Ones Complement It is unary and has the effect of 'flipping'
bits.
• 2 is 10 in binary and 7 is 111.
<< Binary Left Shift The left operands value is moved left by
In the table below: the number of bits specified by the right
operand.
• Let x = 10 (0000 1010 in binary) and y = 4 >> Binary Right Shift The left operands value is moved right
by the number of bits specified by the
(0000 0100 in binary) right operand.
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Bitwise operators
AND
Operation Output Operation Output
• Same as 101 & 111. 0&0 0 0|0 0
• This results in 101 0&1 0 0|1 1
5&7 • Which is binary for 5. 1&0
1&1
0
1
1|0
1|1
1
1
• Binary for 4 is 0100, and that for 8 is
1000.
• After operation, output is 1100
4|8 • Which is binary for 12.
• Bitwise operators are used in encryption algorithms and
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applications
Bitwise operators
XOR
XOR (exclusive Operator Output
OR) returns 1 0^0 0
• If one operand is 0 Otherwise, it 0^1 1
and another is 1. returns 0. 1^0 1
1^1 0
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Shift operator
A shift operator performs bit manipulation on data by shifting the bits of its first operand right or left
Shift operator
Left Shift (<<) Let’s Solve 15^13
12 & 10
Right Shift (>>)
11|00
5<<2
5>>2
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Bitwise operators
Operators Let’s Solve
()
** 10*4>>2 and 3
+x, -x, ~x
*, /, //, %
+, -
<<, >> 10%(15<10 and
& 20<30)
^
|
==, !=, >, >=, <, <=,
in, not in
not 10/(5-5)
and
Or
=,*=,/=,//=,%=
2.5%0.15
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Membership Operators
Operator Precedence
Operators Meaning
() Parentheses
** Exponent
+x, -x, ~x Unary plus, Unary minus, Bitwise NOT
*, /, //, % Multiplication, Division, Floor division, Modulus
+, - Addition, Subtraction
<<, >> Bitwise shift operators
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise XOR
| Bitwise OR
==, !=, >, >=, <, <=, in, not in Comparisions, Membership operators
not Logical NOT
and Logical AND
or Logical OR
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Thank You
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